"Behavior" on

Why would he do this? To put it simply, it is this:

The factors that influenced him to do this are:

Brain

According to the order of appearance in the history of animal evolution, the brain It can be divided into three layers -

The first layer: "Automatic control layer". For example, you will shiver when your body temperature is low, you will feel hungry when your blood sugar is low, and you will activate your stress response when you are injured. These are all the functions of the automatic control layer. The automatic control layer is the oldest layer in the brain, even reptiles have it. The automatic control layer is only responsible for the lowest level functions.

The second level: "limbic system", responsible for emotions, is unique to mammals to a certain extent. It is the function of the limbic system to feel scared when we see scary things, and then it passes the information to the first layer, making us tremble. Desire, frustration, fear, anger...all emotions are a matter of the limbic system.

Amygdala: This is responsible for the emotions of fear, anxiety, aggressive impulses, and anger. The amygdala is divided into two parts: the "central amygdala" and the "basolateral amygdala". The central amygdala is responsible for innate fear. Basolateral amygdala, responsible for learned fear.

Dopamine: It produces a feeling of pleasure and is the brain’s reward for success in various behaviors. Dopamine is synthesized in many areas of the brain. Dopamine is related to expectations. If expectations are met, dopamine will be given less; if expectations are exceeded, dopamine will be given more. The brain not only rewards you for the reward itself, but also rewards you for the anticipation of the reward.

The third layer: "Neocortex" is the last part of the brain to appear in evolution. The neocortex is responsible for high-level functions such as cognition, memory, abstract thinking, decision-making, etc. The neocortex of primates is the most developed, and the human neocortex is the most developed among primates—and the human neocortex does not fully develop until we are in our 20s.

Frontal cortex: It prevents us from being completely controlled by emotions and provides rational thinking. The frontal cortex grows slowly and does not fully mature until your 20s. It is highly plastic and its operation is particularly energy-consuming.

— Prefrontal Cortex: The front end of the frontal cortex, this area called the "prefrontal cortex", is the decision-maker in the brain. The prefrontal cortex can also classify objects according to abstract rules and remind us to be self-disciplined. The prefrontal cortex is also composed of two parts:

- The dorsolateral prefrontal lobe, which emphasizes pure rationality. It makes decisions extremely calmly and purely based on profit calculations.

——The ventromedial prefrontal lobe specializes in listening to the sounds of various emotions.

1. The operation of the frontal cortex particularly consumes energy.

2. The brain directly controls human behavior, which is completely implemented at the hardware level. And the interactions between these areas can also determine behavior.

3. If you want to change a person's behavior, the most direct way is to change his brain.

Hormone

Chinese sometimes translates hormone as "hormone". It and dopamine are both substances responsible for transmitting information in our bodies and are "chemical messengers" . The difference between the two is that dopamine is a "neurotransmitter" that is only effective on brain neurons, and the signal transmission speed is very fast, on the millisecond level; hormones can affect cells throughout the body, but hormones The action is slow, taking several hours or even days.

Testosterone: It is a type of so-called "male hormone". It is mainly secreted by the male testicles. The adrenal glands also secrete a smaller amount, so men have much more testosterone than women. According to neurobiologists, the role of testosterone is to intensify the brain's response to stimulation. Testosterone makes people more active in meeting challenges and participating in competition, which is to *amplify* people's ability to act in certain aspects.

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone: Their molecular formulas and functions are similar. They are both produced by the hypothalamus in the brain and can affect the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and amygdala of the brain. nuclei and frontal cortex. Oxytocin, in particular, can inhibit the activity of the central amygdala, making people reduce fear and anxiety, reduce aggression, and feel safe. It allows us to better distinguish between ourselves and the enemy. Oxytocin can even make people feel xenophobic and even strengthen racist tendencies.

1. The nervous system of the brain directly determines human behavior;

2. Environmental factors such as visual, sound and olfactory stimulation affect the human nervous system from one second to several minutes; < /p>

3. Hormones, on the other hand, exert their effects hours and longer beforehand.

Environment

How does childhood affect a person’s life? The essence of childhood problems is stress. Specifically, the key to childhood is family, the key to family is class, and class determines biological pressure.

Some children live in threats, and some children live in opportunities. From parents' requirements for their children and parents' response to their children's various demands, these two dimensions can divide tutoring into four styles.

Low requirements and low response are called "neglecting type". This means that parents completely ignore their children and completely let them go. You can imagine that this style is definitely not good, and such parents are completely unqualified.

High demands and low responses are called "authoritarian". Children who grow up in this environment are usually obedient on the surface, but dissatisfied on the inside. When you grow up, you work very hard and may achieve career success in a certain area, but your social skills are not good and you mainly rely on experience.

Low demands and high responses are called "indulgent types". When such children grow up, they often have poor self-control, cannot stand setbacks, often have bad relationships with others, and do things recklessly.

High demands and high responses are called "authoritative types". This kind of family relationship is relatively equal. Any rules you set must be discussed with the children first to gain mutual understanding. Children will strive to meet their parents' requirements while remaining autonomous. When they grow up, they will do well both at work and socially, and they will be particularly independent.

Glucocorticoids:

1. Many children have not received enough family care since childhood, and have even been abused by their parents. These stresses will cause a hormone called "glucocorticoid" levels increase.

2. Glucocorticoids can damage children’s cognitive ability, interaction ability, self-control ability and ability to feel the emotions of others, hinder the growth of the frontal cortex, and may damage the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory and learning. These children have a highly developed amygdala, which is responsible for experiencing stress, fear, anger, and violence.

3. The lower the socioeconomic status of a child, the greater the stress he feels, and the higher his glucocorticoid levels. Childhood adversity also damages the dopamine system, making people more likely to become addicted to alcohol, drug dependence, and depression as adults. The more childhood shadow factors experienced, the more likely it is that children will have mental problems when they grow up, and it will be harder to overcome these shadow factors.

4. The reality is that parenting style is highly related to socioeconomic status. Parents with high status tend to use authoritative and permissive parenting, while parents with low status tend to use authoritarian and neglectful parenting.

Genes

More or less amygdala, more or less oxytocin, directly affects a person's behavior. Every cell that makes up the amygdala and oxytocin is manufactured extremely strictly according to the genetic drawings. So of course genes have a major influence on human behavior. We must first clarify two concepts:

"Gene expression": determined by the environment

"Gene version": describes the innate differences between people.

Heritability: It refers to the extent to which the *differences* between people are determined by different *versions* of genes.

"Behavioral genetics" specializes in studying the behavioral characteristics of people growing up in different environments. Research results: The influence of genetic factors on people is almost between 40% and 60%.

"Molecular genetics," the study of the different effects of different versions of a specific gene on behavior. Research results: Whether the same gene version is good or bad is closely related to the environment.

A general trend found in heritability research is that children from families with higher socioeconomic status have greater genetic influence; children from families with lower socioeconomic status have less environmental influence. The bigger.

70% of the IQ of children from wealthy families is determined by genes.

Only 10% of the IQ of children from poor families is determined by genes.

Culture

The differences between groups of people are what we call “culture”.

Culture has a decisive influence on people during childhood. That's when our frontal cortex, which is least under genetic control, is immature and most receptive to the infusion of social conventions. Social customs are determined by the hard environment of civilization.

Collectivist culture emphasizes harmonious existence, interdependence, group, and conformity; East Asian collectivism comes from traditional agricultural farming methods.

Individualism is about rights, autonomy, uniqueness, and personal achievement. Herdsmen are more individualistic, because herding is lonely; Americans are individualistic. First of all, the United States is a country of immigrants. People leave their homes to come to this land. Those who choose to leave their homes are those who don’t care much about collectivism. Furthermore, the adventurous history of the United States' expansion into the West also suited the individualistic behavior pattern.

So culture is determined by hard conditions. And culture is constantly evolving.

Evolution

1. Individual selection, kin selection and group selection are called the three legs of animal behavior evolution by Sapolsky.

Individual selection: You want to spread your genes. To do this, you must compete as an individual with other individuals for mating rights. You must protect your offspring.

Kin selection: Theoretically, there is no essential difference between the same version of a gene being passed down through your son and through your brother. The only problem is based on the probability of gene mixing.

Group selection: There is now increasing evidence that cooperation exists widely in the animal kingdom.

2. Animals like humans are also the product of evolution. As humans, we like to praise altruistic behavior and group selection, but individual selection and kin selection are also the nature of animals, and they are likely to be deeper natures.

3. More and more evidence shows that we humans are certainly not as extreme as animals, but we are certainly not completely separated from animal attributes. Compared with animals, humans seem to have more signs of "group selection" that transcend genes, rather than evolving purely according to the rules of "selfish genes."

4. Human beings have redefined or allowed us to reunderstand evolution. Evolution occurs at multiple levels. Humans have deviated from the evolutionary model of animals.

Why do you think this person has no willpower? But what can he do? The hardware structure of his brain is not very reasonable!

When you want to make a decision for a certain behavior, don’t forget that your so-called rationality and self-control abilities are much lower than you think.

The sad fact is that due to the poor environment of many children from poor families, they have no chance to compete for their talents.

When a child who has experienced various childhood shadows finally reaches the age of five and enters kindergarten, when faced with the marshmallow, he has actually lost.

In adolescence, you are an animal whose judgment cannot keep up with your emotions.

Their testosterone levels are at the peak of their lives, their limbic systems are more active than ever, and at this moment when they need their prefrontal cortex the most, their prefrontal cortex hasn’t grown yet!

We pay a price for the chaos of youth, but some things are worth the high price.

The "culture" of a manager of a Beijing high-tech company may be more like his Silicon Valley peers than his elementary school classmates.

Sociobiology is a subject that can make people fight.

I do not provide a position, I provide how to be worthy of having a position. You have to really understand biological evolution.