When did the Central Plains immigrants move south to Chaoshan? What is the progressive effect on the development of Chaoshan area?

The change of geographical landscape in this area an era ago.

Below, we describe the landscape changes before the Central Plains Han culture directly entered the area, that is, before the central government established and unified the area. At this stage, it is almost impossible for us to obtain reliable documents about the history of this area, and most of the records in some local chronicles are just speculation. We can only describe it with the help of decades of archaeological discoveries in this field. In the meantime, there must be logical reasoning. But we strictly abide by the teachings of the sages, "those who don't know don't know, those who don't know don't know", and strive to get rid of the illusion of being far away from the facts. This stage lasted for quite a long time, and we divided it into two periods to describe it.

The discovery and excavation of many Neolithic cultural sites in recent decades in the Neolithic Age (8000-3500 years ago) make us have reason to believe that there were very active human activities in this area during this period.

8,000 ~ 6,000 years ago, today's Hanjiang Delta Plain is still an ancient bay. On the coast and islands of Guwan, the original residents in this area chose some low-hilly platforms near the sea, such as the north of Chen Qiao ditch in Chaoan, Shiwei Mountain under Ta, Chenghai Inner Bottom, Xiangshan Mountain in South Australia and other places as their camps. These low hill platforms are generally about 0/0 meter above the water surface/kloc-0, with dense hills as barriers on the back, and rivers or lakes not far from the camp. Primitive residents collected edible leaves and fruits in the forest near the camp, dug out taro and potato tubers with shovels and spears, and hunted birds and animals with stone-bone arrows. They put domesticated pigs and cows on the grass slope at the foot of the mountain. They used primitive canoes to fish and pick up shells in the bay. Oysters rich in rocks by the sea are their important food. In order to dig this delicious food out of the hard oyster mountain, they made a tool called "oyster peck". The sun and the moon change, and year after year, shells near the camp actually pile up like mountains.

In the hilly area a little far from the sea, there are other living camps on the mountains near the Hanjiang River, Rongjiang River, Lianjiang River and Longjiang River. These camps are generally built on the hilltop platform or concave land 30 meters away from the river10, surrounded by high peaks, with plenty of sunshine and shelter from the wind. In some river valleys or small watersheds, camps are relatively concentrated, forming large-scale settlements. For example, in the middle reaches of Jinxi River, a tributary of Lianjiang River, within 2.5 square kilometers of Fiona Fang, at least 65,438+00 camps were established by the original residents in this area. They lived in these camps for quite a long time, from hunting and gathering to semi-agricultural society. In the camp, there are sheds made of bamboo and thatch for shelter from the wind and rain, and small caves for making pottery. Residents make pottery with porcelain clay and firewood near the camp. The Jinxi River flows right in front of the camp. In the open area of the valley, the river accumulates in the low-lying area and becomes a small swamp. Some platforms along the river have been reclaimed and planted with sweet potatoes, potatoes and upland rice; Original rice seeds suitable for hydroponics are also planted in lowlands and near ponds, where water can be transferred. By the end of the Neolithic Age 3,500 years ago, a school of farming cultural landscape had appeared in the above areas.

During this period, the coastal traffic between this area and Zhejiang, Fujian and the Pearl River Estuary began to develop. The development of transportation has brought about the cultural exchange between the primitive inhabitants of this area and the southeast coast, and some similarities in the styles of stone tools and pottery are the result of this exchange.

The Bronze Age (about 3500-2 100 years ago) lasted from the middle of Shang Dynasty to the early Western Han Dynasty, which can be divided into two stages.

In the previous stage (about 3,500-2,800 years ago), there was an archaeological culture called "Floating Shore Culture" in eastern Guangdong and southwestern Fujian, and we tend to regard the area covered by this culture as a small country (from "Tsung i Jao on Historical Relics Around it" and "Looking at the South China Sea from Floating Shore Relics"). At this stage, in addition to continuing to maintain cultural exchanges with the southeast coastal areas, due to the opening of the Tingjiang and Ganjiang waterways in the upper reaches of the Han River, this area began to contact the Shang and Zhou cultures in the Central Plains through Jiangxi as an intermediary. The bronze kudzu unearthed in Tai Po, Raopingding is the physical evidence of this contact. This area began to enter the age of bronze culture. Although a large number of bronzes, including some bronze tools, have been unearthed in a shameful Fu Bin cultural site outside this area (such as Dayingzhai Mountain Tomb in Nan 'an, Fujian); However, at this stage, the bronze culture in this area is not developed. Among the discovered sites, bronze weapons are few and stone tools are still widely used in life and production.

At this stage of the historical change of geographical landscape in Chaoshan area, the production and life style of indigenous people in this area is basically the same as that in the late Neolithic period. However, the development area of coastal areas, middle and upper reaches of rivers and tributary valley basins has expanded compared with the late Neolithic period. The appearance of large-scale pottery and wine vessels shows that grain production has been scaled up and agricultural cultural landscape has become more and more prominent; Migratory farming methods have caused some abandoned residential areas and cultivated land in developed areas, and after several rainy seasons, secondary grass-rich and long forests have been bred. The vegetation has not been destroyed.

In the later period (2800 ~ 2 100 years ago), the traffic links between this area and the upper reaches of Dongjiang River and Beijiang River were established through Meijiang River. After the destruction of the Chu Dynasty in 355 BC, some Vietnamese moved south along the coastal roads, bringing more advanced modernization to Fujian and Guangdong. As a result, Fu Bin culture, which lasted for centuries in this area, suddenly disappeared dramatically and was replaced by a new cultural type, covering almost the whole Lingnan area. This new cultural type is characterized by a large number of Yue bronzes and Kuiwei. Bronzes, printed hard pottery and primitive porcelain in this area are obviously influenced by Yue culture.

At this stage, the advanced rice planting technology spread by the Vietnamese who moved south had a great impact on the landscape of this area. Due to the use of plows, hoes, shovels, large hoes and bronze farm tools in stone tools, the scale of rice cultivation has greatly exceeded the previous stage, and rice planting areas have appeared in the middle reaches of Rongjiang River. The original farming system of point planting rice has also been replaced by fire cooking system. With the progress of farming system, cultivated land can produce more output, and the settled life is slightly guaranteed. As a result, the aborigines in this area began to establish relatively large fixed settlements. When the food supply is slightly adequate, the handicraft industry will develop faster. The scale of pottery kiln has expanded; Stone workshops have gradually shrunk, and instead, workshops engaged in copper and tin casting have begun to appear. Accordingly, people exploit porcelain clay and ore as raw materials, mow grass and cut down trees as fuel, and the closed natural environment of mountains and forests also leaves traces of human activities. At this stage, the landscape in this area is worth mentioning, that is, it has a strong military atmosphere-many bronze weapons unearthed in recent years are proof.

It seems that the Qin Dynasty's conquest of Baiyue King in Lingnan never reached this area-at least today, there is no very conclusive material to prove that Qin people have been to this area. At the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Han Dynasty, South Vietnam stood on its own feet in Lingnan. Zhao Tuo, the monarch of South Vietnam, was originally from A Qin. He traveled in the south for a long time and became more sophisticated in culture. Therefore, although this area was under the jurisdiction of South Vietnam at that time, it was located at the border and the landscape changed little.

Changes of geographical landscape in this area from BC 1 century to AD1century.

In the sixth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (1 1 1), Nanyue and Lingnan areas in Hanping entered the national territory. From this period, Chinese culture directly entered this area, and counties under the central government began to be established in this area. The introduction of China culture will definitely change the geographical landscape of this area. However, it is still very difficult to describe the landscape changes in this period: there are still few documents about the history of this area at this stage, and even fewer archaeological discoveries in this period than in the previous period. The following description only tries its best on the premise of being faithful to the materials. This section is still described in two stages.

Han, Jin and Southern Dynasties (BC 1 1 1-600)

Immigrants from the Central Plains who came to this area gradually increased, and the degree of localization of local aborigines became deeper and deeper. The population in this area is still sparse, and the level of productivity is developing slowly compared with the previous period. Terraces, low hills and mountain basins are still the main land for agricultural development and utilization, and rice cultivation accounts for a large proportion. In Rongjiang, Lianjiang middle and upper reaches and Hanjiang middle reaches, the settlements are relatively concentrated. The hills and the same land are still lush with vegetation, and there are herbivores such as water deer and badgers. The coastal areas are rich in fish, shrimp and shellfish. These have become the targets of residents' arrest. In the diet of local residents, meat, especially fish, shrimp, shellfish and mussels, has long been an indispensable non-staple food. The migration of Han people has brought a brand-new architectural form to this area. Near the Dongjiang Estuary of the Han River and at the foot of Guishan Mountain, new residents leveled several platforms with low hills, and built a Chinese-style building with three courtyards, beams and ditches, rammed earth walls and tile roofs, which was tall and magnificent. The appearance of settlement landscape in China is the biggest change of geographical landscape in this period.

Scholars moved eastward, and immigrants from the Central Plains entered this area in succession, which inevitably led to changes in the geographical landscape of this area. Due to the lack of information, our description can only be paid. The only thing that can be pointed out is that at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yi 'an County was established in the ninth year of Yixi (4 13), which was the beginning of the establishment of state-level counties in this area. The establishment of five counties and many counties in Yi 'an County will inevitably lead to changes in the settlement landscape. Historical Changes of Geographical Landscape in Chaoshan Area in Tang and Five Dynasties (600-960)

By the Tang Dynasty, the development level of Chaozhou was still very low and the living environment was still very bad. Many places in the Hanjiang River Delta have not been silted up. There are dense forests and herds of wild elephants. Crocodiles in Hanjiang River and Meijiang River are called evil streams. Immigrants from the Central Plains can't adapt to the local hot and humid climate. Until the late Tang Dynasty, Chaozhou was a relegation place for guilty officials. At the end of Dali (779), the long stick was banished to Chaozhou, and Xie Shangbiao wrote the words "comfort the corner of the sea, protect yourself from fatigue". In the fourteenth year of Yuanhe (8 19), Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou, but Xie Shangbiao still said that there was a "hurricane crocodile, which was unexpected" and "poisonous fog and miasma broke out every day".

However, since the ebb tide in Chang and Han dynasties, the harsh geographical landscape in this area has been improved. Due to the constant war in the north, the people of the Central Plains moved to the south one after another, and the wave of immigration spread to Chaozhou, which made the population of this area grow rapidly and the degree of economic development also improved. Rice has become the most important crop variety. The upper part of Hanjiang Delta connects Rongjiang River and Lianjiang Plain, and there is a large rice planting area. Banana hemp is the most important raw material for textile production, and sericulture has also begun to appear in the local area. Chaozhou county was moved to the east of this rice-growing area. On Hulu Mountain in the west of the city, there is an official pavilion built by Su Li, the secretariat of Zhenyuan twelfth year (796). At that time, the car was stabbed in history, and the northwest leaned against the pavilion. It was probably a look at Pingchou, and the rice waves turned to gold. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, in order to defend this pastoral area, a dike was built at the foot of Zhugan Mountain. The local ceramic industry began to rise. From the upper berth of Beiguan Kiln in the northwest of Chaozhou City to Hongcuopu and Zhuyuandun in the south of the city, pieces of porcelain kilns are concentrated. As the support of ceramics export, local shipping has also developed. The great ship can be traced back to Chaozhou City through the tides. Along the coast, there are salt stoves for cooking salt. In terms of settlement landscape, tile houses have become very common in the local area. Chen Yaozuo in the Northern Song Dynasty once told people that from Song Jing to Lingnan, there were tile houses in Guangzhou. All counties in Lingnan are affected, and there are a large number of adobe houses in Chaozhou House (poems by Su Dongpo and Wu). The large earthen house site discovered in Xinheng, Jieyang is an example of the settlement landscape at that time. Buddhism and Taoism spread in the local area, some caves in Xiaobeishan area were built into cave temples, and Chaozhou's position in Guangdong was improving day by day. As already stated in the imperial edict of Tang Wenzong in the fifth year (840), Chaozhou is a big county in Lingnan, which is slightly similar to Shaozhou (Book House Yuan Gui Volume 63 1).

/kloc-the changes of geographical landscape in this area from the 0/0 century to the 0/6 century.

Song and Yuan Dynasties (960- 1370)

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, this area entered a period of comprehensive development. A large number of Central Plains immigrants settled in Chaozhou via Fujian and Jiangxi, and the population surged. The entry of a large number of laborers promoted the large-scale economic development in this area.

The progress of agricultural technology has changed the geographical landscape of this area. First of all, some large-scale water conservancy projects have appeared. In the northwest and north of this area, ponds have been built in mountain basins and valley slopes in the middle reaches of Rongjiang, Lianjiang and Huanggang rivers, and the scale of agricultural reclamation has been further expanded. In the upper part of the Hanjiang Delta Plain, the artificial river celery ditch can be excavated by using the blocked old river channel, which can not only divert water to irrigate farmland, but also drain waterlogging. In chaoyang river Creek, villagers dug up the hillside, filled it with masonry cover plates, built an underground culvert, and left 18 shaft on the culvert as a passage, which was convenient for entering and leaving when cleaning up silt and debris. This canal is a unique man-made landscape. Secondly, in order to better develop and utilize the Hanjiang River Delta, after long-term practice, people have found the form of building dikes to prevent water from reclaiming farmland. By the Song Dynasty, the two major tributaries of Korean coal, Dongxi and Xixi Dike, had been built in the middle of the delta, and the farmland from the west of the delta to the north of Longxibao, Jiangdongzhou and the north of Hengshan in the east was fully developed, forming a relatively stable agricultural economic environment, and delta agriculture has developed since then.

During this period, the natural resources in this area were fully utilized, the production of fishery, salt industry and ceramics industry was very prosperous, and shipping and commerce also developed by leaps and bounds, gradually forming a marine economic type.

From Raoping to Huilai, there are many fishing ports and fishing villages along the coast. Xiaojiang, Zhaopin and Longjing Salt Field all have large-scale production. Probably at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anzhong passed by Chaozhou, saw the grand occasion of salt production in Chaozhou, and recited the poem "Ten thousand stoves smoke and cook snow in the morning". Near Chaozhou County (now Chaozhou City), the ceramic industry is developed. Bijia Mountain in the eastern suburb is called "Baiyao Village", and porcelain kilns are everywhere. It extends from Bozi Mountain in Xiantian, southeast of Bijia Mountain, to Yingpan Mountain and Houhu Mountain in Chengyang Port, and it is also covered with porcelain kilns. The production scale of this large-scale porcelain workshop can be comparable to that of the famous kiln at that time. With the further development of the shipping industry developed by ceramics industry, there are many masts in Chaozhou, Fengling and other big ports, with seagoing ships reaching Quanzhou, Xinghua and even Shandong in the north and Guangfu, Lei and Qiong in the south.

The development of traffic also has an impact on the changes of geographical landscape. In Song Zhezong, Li Qian, a salt official, dug a tail stream 15 miles long in the north of Huqiu Mountain in Chengyang Port of Chenghai, connecting the East Stream and the North Stream of the Han River, so as to facilitate the transportation of salt in Xiaojiangchang. This ancient canal adds an artificial landscape to the local water network. The postal route from Fujian to Guangzhou passes through this area. On the road, from the Hanjiang River upstream, from Meijiang River to Dongjiang River, and then down to Guangzhou, there are many waterways along the way, and construction began and continued to improve. In the upper part of Guangzhou, in the early Southern Song Dynasty, trees were planted along the way, sentries were set up and soldiers were stationed. After the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, the road section connecting Fujian in the east was frequently renovated, paving slabs, repairing stone bridges and repairing temple columns to facilitate pedestrians. Bridges are mostly flat bridges. The longest flat bridge is the Peace Bridge on Lianjiang River. In the seventh year of the Southern Song Dynasty (117), after decades of continuous improvement, the bridge on the Han River was finally finalized. This is a unique bridge, which combines beam bridge and pontoon bridge. Its special structural form has been preserved until the 1950s. By the Yuan Dynasty, the postal service in this area was developed and the post station system was more perfect. The establishment of the post road connecting southwestern Fujian and southern Jiangxi in eastern Guangdong promoted the formation of the border economic zone between Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi with the Hanjiang River basin as the center, and it still played a role until modern times.

In the Tang Dynasty, the population of this area was mainly concentrated in the valley platform and the top of the delta in the north. At this time, the population of the middle and upper parts of the coastal Shalong platform and delta plain increased sharply, and the population density in the east was greater than that in the west. According to Chaozhou annals? 6? 1 Chronicle records that the administrative divisions of this area changed as follows during the Northern Song Dynasty: between Taiping and Xingguo, there were 6 townships in Haiyang County in the east and 2 townships in Chaoyang County in the west; Yuanfeng, Haiyang County leads 7 townships with 35 capitals, and Chaoyang County leads 4 townships 16 capitals. Among them, Yande and Huaide Township in Haiyang County, located in the Hanjiang Delta, are the capital of 1 1 and the capital of 7. Obviously, population growth has also increased the number of settlements in this area.

Stimulated by industry and commerce, the population gathered in the city, and the population near Chaozhou City was dense. "San Yang Zhi" records:

(Chaozhou) Zicheng is outside the Guo family, five miles northwest, five miles south, separated by a river to the east, and only two miles of houses. Fiona Fang's miles are crowded with people.

It can be seen that the city scale of Chaozhou is still quite large. In terms of urban construction, the walls of Chaozhou Zicheng and Outer City have been built one after another. In the 27th year of Zhiyuan (1290), Chaozhou had a large urban population, which was less than that of Song Dynasty. This is related to the decline of ceramic industry near Chaozhou County during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

The growing influence of religion has also changed this landscape. Temple buildings have greatly increased. Kaiyuan Temple in the county and Kaizen Temple in Lingshan were all added in the Song Dynasty. Zhiping Temple in Chaoyang, Shuangfeng Temple, Xuanyuan Temple and Zhaoxian Temple in Jieyang, Kanluo Temple and Bao Fuyuan Temple in Haiyang, and the mysterious temple in Fucheng are all famous temples in the local area, all of which were built in the Song Dynasty (Tong Mingzhi). Floating pictures built by Buddhist believers soar into the sky. Folk, various temples abound.

The construction of scenic spots is a new factor in the change of geographical landscape in this period. Jinshan in Fucheng, Hulu Mountain in West Lake and Dongshan in Chaoyang have been artificially rectified, mowed and fouled, and pavilions have been built, so that artificial landscapes and natural landscapes complement each other. Some stone temples in mountainous areas have become tourist attractions because of their unique and beautiful natural scenery.

The change of geographical landscape is vividly reflected in the poet's poems. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anzhong's poem Chaoyang Daozhong said:

In the first minute of Rising Sun Road, thunder drums turned the tide and the soles of your feet stinked. The morning smoke boils snow, and the autumn wind cuts Huang Yun. The mountains are high and the grass is far from deep, and crocodiles in the stream are afraid of old texts. If there is a borrower, Kang Cheng will try his best.

At that time, there were rich fish salt landscapes on both sides of Chaozhou Post Road, which left a deep impression on the poet and even gave birth to the idea of living in seclusion here. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Chaozhou's social and economic development was closer to the level of advanced areas in the south of the Yangtze River. The great poet Yang Wanli praised the poem Jieyang Daozhong:

The ground is as flat as palm trees, and there are postal kiosks and beams in the wild. In the past, Chaozhou was at the bottom, but now the scenery is in the south.

Ming Dynasty to Early Qing Dynasty (1370 ——1670)

At this stage, due to the implementation of the maritime ban, the long tradition of industrial and commercial foreign trade in this area was suppressed. However, the agricultural economy has made great progress because it has obtained enough labor force. The geographical landscape has also changed.

Since the Song Dynasty, land development in the middle and upper reaches of the Han River and reclamation in the delta have led to shallow siltation of the Han River. Seaports such as Chaozhou and Fengling, which are a little far from the sea, have disappeared and become coastal Zhelin, Wang Bi,? Ports such as Pudong were replaced. However, due to the ban of the imperial court, Chaozhou maritime merchants can only engage in some maritime transshipment trade, and the port is obviously neglected.

Ceramic production, which was in its heyday in the Song Dynasty, eventually declined because of the loss of transportation support. Bijiashan kiln, the main production base of exported porcelain in eastern Chaozhou, has been completely abandoned. In the past, the scenes of smog during the day and candlelight at night, such as the passage of the river, could not be reproduced.

Due to the influence of the sea ban, a large number of immigrants from Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Tingzhou and other places in Fujian moved into Chaozhou. These places used to have small land and dense population, and most of the residents were engaged in trade. Moreover, the original population of this area has been growing continuously.

With abundant labor resources, the land in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang Delta has been further developed. Many beaches and swamps have been newly reclaimed as farmland, and various water conservancy facilities have been continuously built and improved. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the dikes of the tributaries of the Han River were rebuilt or rebuilt, which improved the flood-fighting ability. Embankments along the river in the middle and lower part of the newly developed delta plain will continue to be built. The seawalls at the mouth of Hanjiang River and Rongjiang River are built to prevent moisture, light and salt. At the same time, culverts were built, old rivers were dredged and new ditches were excavated, which ensured the irrigation and drainage of farmland in the embankment. These canals are also used for water transportation. For example, during Jiajing period, the Zhongli River dug along the northern foot of Pu Sang Mountain not only played the role of irrigation and drainage canal, but also became the traffic artery between Longxi and other three capitals in Jieyang County.

With abundant labor resources, agricultural production has changed from extensive to intensive, the planting area of double-cropping rice has continued to expand, and the commercialization tendency of agricultural economy has strengthened. Cash crop planting has become the most developed commodity production department. Sugarcane, cotton, hemp, fruit, etc. are all planted on a certain scale. Jiajing's Records of Chaozhou recorded that there were 29 kinds of fruits planted in Chaozhou at that time, including 7 kinds of oranges and 2 kinds of oranges. Chaozhou orange has become a famous local product. Guo's Miscellaneous Notes in the Tide commented: "Chaozhou fruit is the first product, sweet and smelly, with fat meat and few stones, thick skin and delicious taste, ranking first in the world." These famous fruits are also sold as commodities. Xue Kan's "Kathy" records the reason why he left the stream during excavation. One of them said that the three cities of Shangpu, Dongpu and Longxi in the Xixi Delta of the Han River "produce orange pomelo fruit" because of the river congestion, "business is in a hurry, business is in a hurry". During this period, most of the land in Chaoshan Plain has been reasonably developed and utilized. On the low platform on the hillside, pieces of sugar cane are planted. In fields with abundant water, rice and grain are separated. In the Hanjiang Delta, there are many deep sedimentary soil layers, and oranges and oranges are in the forest, with many fruits. Sharon, on the higher ground, also grows cotton and marijuana. Many low hills and plateaus have been cultivated into fruit gardens, longan, litchi, almond, olive, persimmon, grapefruit ... full of fragrance.