How many natural disasters occurred during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty? How did the Han Dynasty deal with it?

Today, what Bian Xiao brings you is how many natural disasters occurred during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? I hope I can help you.

It can be said that the Western Han Dynasty is the second period of frequent natural disasters in the history of China after the pre-Qin period. During this period, floods, droughts, locusts, hail, epidemics, earthquakes and other disasters showed a trend of multiple and mass.

According to the available data, there are 186 large-scale natural disasters recorded in the history of the Western Han Dynasty in 2 10 years, including 32 floods, 38 droughts, 35 earthquakes, 20 locust plagues, 9 wind disasters 19, 5 frost disasters, hail disasters 10 and epidemics. Among them, the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was the most serious. According to statistics, during the 55-year reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were 43 natural disasters, including drought 10, locust 165438, flood 6, earthquake 3, wind 3, frost 4, freezing and snow 2, hail 3 and plague 65438.

The following are the records of some natural disasters during the Liang Wudi period:

BC 138:

In the spring of three years, the river flooded the plain, and people were hungry and ate people. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 137:

In the summer of four years, the wind was as red as blood. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

June, drought. -Purple Tongzhi Han Jian Ji Jiu

BC 136:

In May, locusts. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 135:

In spring, June and February, 2006, the disaster of Gaomiao in Liaodong occurred. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 132:

In summer and May, Bingzi and Zhangzi rebuilt Puyang, focusing on sixteen counties of Juye, Tonghuai, Sisi and Fanjun. -Zizhi History of History as a Mirror

65438 BC +0 years:

In summer and April, meteor frost kills grass. -Zizhi History of History as a Mirror

May, earthquake. Forgive the world. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 130 years:

Summer, drought, locusts. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

In July, strong winds uprooted trees. -Zizhi History of History as a Mirror

August, mom. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 129:

Summer, drought, locusts. -Zizhi History of History as a Mirror

BC 124 years:

In the spring of five years, there was a great drought. -Zi Tongzhi Han Jianji Xi

BC 123:

65438+February, heavy rain, freezing to death. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 120 years:

Shandong is flooded and people are hungry and cold. -Zi Tongzhi Han Jianji Xi

65438 BC+065438 BC+07 BC

Rain kills ice. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

Winter, October, rain, no ice. -Zi Tongzhi's Han Jianji 12

65438 BC+065438 BC+05 BC

In March, it rained heavily and snowed heavily. In summer, thousands of people starved to death in Kanto due to floods. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

65438 BC+065438 BC+04 BC:

Summer and April, rain and hail. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

Kanto, the country has been hungry for more than 40 years, and people eat people. -Zi Tongzhi's Han Jianji 12

65438 BC+065438 BC+02 BC

In autumn, frogs and frogs fight. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

1 10 BC:

It was a bit dry, so the officials asked for rain. -Zi Tongzhi's Han Jianji 12

BC 109:

Gong was very worried about the drought and said, "When the Yellow Emperor was in power, there was a great drought, and a drought was three years." That is the imperial edict from top to bottom, saying, "There is a great drought, so it is a great drought period!" "-child Tongzhi Han Jianji thirteen

BC 108:

In winter, December, thunder; Hail, as big as a horse's head. -Zi Tongzhi Han Jianji Thirteen

BC 107:

Summer is dry, and many people die of thirst. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 105:

Autumn, drought, locusts. -Zi Tongzhi Han Jianji Thirteen

BC 104:

Locusts fly from the east to Dunhuang. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

BC 103:

Autumn, locusts. -Zi Tongzhi Han Jianji Thirteen

BC 100:

It's raining white. Summer, drought. -Zi Tongzhi Han Jianji Thirteen

In 95 BC:

Autumn, drought. -Zizhi History of History as a Mirror

In 92 BC:

Summer, drought. -Zizhi History of History as a Mirror

9/kloc-0 BC/:

In summer and April, the wind broke the trees. -Zizhi History of History as a Mirror

Guihai, earthquake. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

In 90 BC:

Autumn, locusts. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

In 88 BC:

In July, earthquakes often happen suddenly. -The history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

It can be seen from the above records that the most frequent natural disasters in Liang Wudi period were droughts, which mostly occurred in summer and autumn, such as summer drought in 130 BC, summer drought in 107 BC, autumn drought in 105 BC and autumn drought in 95 BC. We all know that crops ripen in summer and autumn, but it was in these two seasons that a large-scale drought broke out during the Liang Wudi period, and even brought several "locusts", such as the "summer drought locust" in 130 years. 105 years ago "autumn, drought, locust." And this is tantamount to adding insult to injury.

In addition, due to technical problems in the Han Dynasty, the grain output was not so high, which led to drought and locust plague. In this way, all parts of the Western Han Dynasty often failed to harvest. Therefore, during the Liang Wudi period, there was a situation that "everyone ate". For example, before 138, "the river flooded the plain, and the people were hungry and cold, and the people were struggling", and before 1 14, "Kanto County and China were starved for more than 40 years, and the people were struggling". It can be said that the mass famine in Liang Wudi period was not uncommon, and it was very serious.

As the saying goes, "the weather is beautiful, and the country is rich and the people are safe." As we all know, if natural disasters occur frequently in a dynasty, it will inevitably lead to the situation that the people are in poverty and the country is not safe. What's more, it will directly lead to the demise of a dynasty, such as the New Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. This is more or less related to frequent natural disasters, people's hunger and widespread famine. So many people here don't understand why such frequent and serious natural disasters during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty actually caused a large-scale situation of "people eating people", "people freezing to death" and "people dying of thirst", while the great emperor Wu was as stable as Mount Tai?

Moreover, as we all know, there was a situation of "big county and big warehouse" and "ten rooms and nine empty rooms" in the continuous foreign war in the middle and late period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. In addition, at this time, natural disasters were serious and famine appeared on a large scale. If these were in other dynasties, I'm afraid this country would have perished long ago. But why didn't he come here to shake the foundation of the Han Dynasty? During this period, the people's resistance never seems to have happened. What makes people suffer so much, but still support the big fellow's rule over the world?

In fact, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was able to stabilize the rule of the Han Dynasty under the situation that "the world was abandoned and the people ate". Among them, all kinds of famine policies implemented during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty contributed greatly. It can be said that it is precisely because of these correct and effective disaster relief measures that the rule of the Han Dynasty became so stable. So what famine policy did Liang Wudi implement?

Famine prevention policy

As the saying goes, "people who are good at managing their families should take precautions before they happen." If the host wants to have a harmonious family, he must know how to prevent problems before they happen, especially when managing the country. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, many measures were taken to prevent famine years. First of all, Emperor Wu encouraged people to grow food according to local conditions. Dong Zhongshu once said: "It is not good to grow wheat in Guanzhong today. It can be said that with the implementation of Liang Wudi, a large number of wheat with stronger vitality and stronger drought and wind resistance have been planted in these areas. This is why with the widespread planting of wheat, the probability of people spending the "famine year" has increased, and the ability of the Han Dynasty to resist famine years has become stronger. After all, with more food, the disaster year is not so terrible.

Of course, Liang Wudi not only does not encourage farmers to grow food according to local conditions. Moreover, he also popularized various advanced farming methods and advanced farm tools. For example, in the first 89 years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Zhao Guo, a grain expert, to popularize his "land substitution method" and advanced agricultural tools, such as plows and carts. "Land substitution method" is a very suitable farming method for growing grain in arid areas, and its yield can even reach "a bumper harvest in one year. The more land you plant, the more good things you have". Coupled with the help of coupled plows and carts, farmers at that time got the result that "Gu Duo gets twice the result with half the effort and the people do whatever they want".

Of course, the above methods alone are not enough to stop the disaster year. After all, not every place is suitable for growing wheat, and not every place is suitable for implementing the "land replacement method". Therefore, while carrying out these methods, Emperor Wu also built many huge water conservancy projects and irrigation projects all over the country. For example, in Gounian, "Zheng is a great farmer, he said." In different times, the food in Guandong came from Weihe River, while the land in Guanzhong was rich. "I was thinking, Xu Bobiao, a water conservancy engineer in Qi State, sent tens of thousands of people to wear grass canals for three years. At that time, the Cao-Wei Canal, with a total length of150km, started from the Yellow River and ended in Chang 'an, not only solved the problem of water use in eastern Guanzhong, but also created tens of thousands of hectares of fertile land for kanto region.

It can be said that it is precisely because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took precautions, vigorously promoted grain planting methods and advanced agricultural tools, and built numerous water conservancy projects and irrigation projects all over the country, which greatly enhanced the disaster resistance of the Han Dynasty. It is precisely because of the strengthening of disaster resistance that Emperor Wudi was able to recover quickly from large-scale natural disasters again and again, and the people were able to resist natural disasters against them again and again.

Disaster relief policy

Of course, "natural disasters are unknown, and man-made disasters are particularly avoidable." Although the more serious natural disasters caused by man-made disasters were greatly avoided during the Liang Wudi period, the occurrence of natural disasters was always inevitable. No matter how hard Emperor Wu tried to prevent famine, natural disasters always had a certain impact on the Han Dynasty. So when the famine came, how did Emperor Wu deal with it?

As we all know, the first thing a country should do for the occurrence of famine is relief, and Liang Wudi is no exception. At that time, the money, grain, goods, even land and other relief items distributed by Liang Wudi to the people were free, and the people did not have to pay any fees. For example, in the third year of Yuanshou, "Shandong was flooded and the people were hungry and cold." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered "sending granaries to help the poor in Xu County", allowing county officials to open granaries and then distributing food to the victims free of charge.

At the same time, when the disaster scope is too large and the government is busy with disaster relief, in order to prevent those affected people from starving to death because the government fails to distribute relief food in time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sometimes ordered the temporary opening of the mountains and rivers that belonged to the government to allow the affected people to collect food from the mountains and rivers. For example, in the second year of Dingyuan, due to the situation of "starving thousands of people" in Guanzhong, the court was too busy to help, and Liang Wudi promulgated the imperial edict of "cherishing the mountains and rivers in Chize for the people", which was to open the mountains and rivers in the affected areas to Lin Ze, thus avoiding more people from starving to death. For example, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also issued imperial edicts to give up private pastures belonging to the imperial court in order to relieve the people. In the sixth year of Jianyuan, due to the plague of locusts, Liang Wudi issued the imperial edict of "stopping gardening horses to help the poor", and then gave the pasture where the imperial court raised horses to the people for use.

Of course, sometimes in the process of disaster relief, the court will inevitably lack food, and this time, Liang Wudi did not give up the victims. On the contrary, he spent more financial resources to transport food from grain-rich areas to help the affected people. For example, the following year, "Thousands of people starved to death in Kanto", and Liang Wudi promulgated the imperial edict of "Land of the South of the Yangtze River, Land of Fire Farming, Land of Square Inch, Millet Jiangling of Sichuan", that is, from Bashu area with abundant grain but not affected, to kanto region, which was seriously affected, to help the victims.

It can be said that at the time of the disaster, Emperor Wu always adhered to the concept of "never leaving or abandoning" the victims and tried his best to help them. Even at that time, Lin Ze, a private mountain and river in the imperial court, was open.

The most important thing in a disaster is to provide disaster relief in time, and after the disaster relief is completed, the next most important task is "post-disaster reconstruction". How to resettle these people in the next step and how to make them recover from the disaster in the shortest time is a top priority. At this point, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did a good job and even succeeded.

After the disaster relief, the first thing Emperor Wu did was to give the affected people the land they needed most. After all, after a disaster, the court can't always help the victims for free. Their self-sufficiency is the most important thing, which needs the help of the land. In terms of land grant, Liang Wudi mainly implements two policies, namely, "opening farmland by fake people" and "reclaiming farmland". As "Three Gardens and Three Ponds on Salt and Iron" said, "There are many county officials today, such as birds and Miyata Ikezawa. Three blessings are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the land is narrow and crowded, so corn and vegetables cannot support each other. Land transfer and departure. " "False commons" refers to the land used by the imperial court, such as official land, wasteland, irrigation land and some gardens, ponds and gardens, which are leased to landless refugees in the form of tenancy. Farmers don't have to pay taxes in the first year of leasing, and then they only have to pay 30% tax. This can not only solve the living problems of refugees to a certain extent, but also solve the financial problems of the government after disaster relief, which can be said to be a very good policy.

"Resettlement and reclamation" means moving refugees who lost their land due to disasters to border areas. As we all know, during the Liang Wudi period, although the people were miserable because of years of war, the Han Dynasty also got rich rewards, the most generous of which was the return of territory. Liang Wudi once had Wuwei County, Zhangye County, Dunhuang County, Jiuquan County and other emerging counties. However, because these counties are located in the frontier, the population here is small, which is the most true portrayal of the vast territory and sparsely populated. This is why the territory of the Han Dynasty expanded, but the area of cultivated land did not increase. In these places, a lot of land is in a state of neglect.

In sharp contrast to the frontier, the Central Plains is vast and sparsely populated. Seeing this, I think everyone knows what Emperor Wu will do! The answer is simple, that is, to move those victims who have no land in the Central Plains to the frontier with a large population and a small population. Of course, this migration is not meaningless. After all, there is no benefit, and ordinary people will never want to go to these poor places.

At that time, in order to let these people go to these places willingly, Emperor Wu gave a series of preferential policies. First of all, people who voluntarily go to the frontier can not only get free land, but also get the treatment of "county officials' food, clothing, housing and transportation" in the first year, that is, when they first went, the court was responsible for all the living expenses. At the same time, people who go to the frontier to farm land can get tax-free treatment for several years, that is, in the fourth year of Yuan's inauguration, "725,000 poor people in Kanto moved to Longxi, Beidi, Xihe, Huiji", that is to say, in this year alone, as many as 725,000 families from the Central Plains moved to the frontier areas.

Of course, with land, these victims also need reconstruction tools such as food seeds and production tools, which I think people who have just been affected by the disaster can never buy. So Liang Wudi also considered this kind of problem, and his solution was to give people a "loan". For example, in the first three years of the Yuan Dynasty, Liang Wudi promulgated the imperial edicts that "officials and people can borrow money from the poor to gain fame" and "the rich can borrow money from each other", that is to say, eligible officials and people can lend money to the poor in the form of loans, and then pay them back slowly after one year is spent. For example, in the sixth year of Yuanshou, because of the freezing rain, Liang Wudi also ordered the counties to "borrow from their own businesses".

In addition, Liang Wudi has also lightened the burden on victims in other aspects. For example, in the third year of Yuanshou, due to the serious disasters in some areas, Liang Wudi issued an imperial edict to "reduce the number of troops stationed by monks in western Gansu and northern Gansu by half", which meant that the victims in some affected areas were exempted from labor, so that the victims who were exempted from labor could have food.

In other words, under the arrangement of Liang Wudi, the people of the Han Dynasty escaped many large-scale natural disasters. After the disaster, people lost their land and everything, but with the help of Emperor Wu, they owned these things again, and almost all of them were free. All they have to pay is to continue to work as hard as before. You said that's it. How can the affected people resist Emperor Wu again?

It can be said that it was with the help of these active and effective famine policies implemented by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty that the Han Dynasty was able to remain as stable as Mount Tai under the double blow of Emperor Wu's militarism, arrogance of county officials and frequent natural disasters. It is precisely because of the active prevention and response of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty before the famine, and also because after the famine, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty still insisted on "people-oriented" and tried his best to help the victims return to their previous living conditions, which made the world so stable in the Han Dynasty. That's the truth. Even though all people were in a cannibalistic situation, people were still willing to obey the rule of Liang Wudi.