Changes in food from ancient times to the present

The emergence of four major cuisines in pre-Qin period

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the differences between the north and the south gradually emerged, and Shandong cuisine, the earliest local flavor dish in China, was formed in the north. In the south, the Chu people who occupy the "land of plenty" used superior natural resources to form the embryonic form of Su cuisine. In the west, the "land of abundance" after Li Bing's flood control attracted a large number of immigrants, which combined with the dietary customs of the ancient Shu country to form the embryonic form of Sichuan cuisine. In contrast, Cantonese cuisine appeared relatively late. When Emperor Gaozu was canonized as the King of South Vietnam, he made all kinds of delicious food, including flying, diving, moving and planting, which has been passed down to this day. The eclectic diet fashion has created Cantonese cuisine.

Second, the catering culture in Qin and Han Dynasties-the formation period of catering culture in China.

? The Qin and Han Dynasties was the peak of the development of feudal society in China, and the whole Chinese nation was thriving. During this period, our communication with foreign countries has become increasingly frequent, and many kinds of food have been introduced. After Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, he introduced pomegranate, grapes, walnuts, watermelons and other fruits, cucumbers, spinach, carrots, celery, lentils, green onions and other vegetables through the Silk Road, which enriched our food culture. Tofu, known as "the fifth invention of China", was also served at this time.

Third, the peak of food culture-Tang Dynasty

? As the proudest history of China people, the food culture has developed and prospered, and the inclusive Tang and Song Dynasties naturally developed with the economic and political development, reaching a peak. ? The phenomenon of paying too much attention to diet was particularly serious in the Tang Dynasty. The dishes are divided into three grades: high, medium and low. High-end dishes at court banquets, the most famous of which is barbecue. Barbecue means that the scholar has just become an official or has been promoted. In order to cope with the congratulations of relatives and colleagues, we must invite a meal. Shangshu ordered Zuo servant to shoot Wei Juyuan for a "tail-burning" banquet at home. The dishes were delicious and rare in the world. The 58 dishes at the banquet can be said to be the representatives of high-grade dishes in the Tang Dynasty market. Gong Li soup is a kind of health food invented by Li Deyu, Prime Minister of Tang Wuzong. It costs 30,000 yuan to decoct with gemstones, pearls, realgar, cinnabar and seashells!

Yuan Chao-hotpot

Hot pot, called "ancient style soup" in ancient times, got its name because it made a "splash" sound when it was put into boiling water. Hot pot is colorful and full of flavor. Hot pot is not only delicious food, but also contains many connotations of food culture, adding elegance to people's tastes. Although hot pot is delicious, we should pay attention to hygiene and science when eating hot pot. First, pay attention to fresh ingredients to avoid food poisoning. At present, there are two theories about the origin of hot pot: one is that it was in the Three Kingdoms period or Yang Di era, when the "bronze tripod" was the predecessor of hot pot; The other is that hot pot began in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the "dou" in unearthed cultural relics refers to hot pot. It can be seen that hot pot has a history of 1900 years in China. Chongqing hot pot is recorded in Zuo Si's Sandu Fu. It can be seen that its history is at least 1700 years.

Song dynasty

People who have got rid of the threat of hunger have more leisure time and more leisurely thoughts to ponder over diet, study cooking methods and invent various delicacies to satisfy the enjoyment on the tip of their tongue. Cooking techniques that any chef must be familiar with today, such as boiling, roasting, roasting, frying, frying, boiling, stewing, marinating, steaming, waxing, honey and plucking onions, all matured in the Song Dynasty. Now we can taste ham, Dongpo meat, hot pot, sashimi (called "left" by Song people), fried dough sticks, glutinous rice balls, popcorn, various cakes and other foods and snacks, which were also invented or popular in Song Dynasty.

? Dongpo pork and ham were invented by Song people.

? 1 1 Century Huangzhou in Hubei Province is still a "wild land". The troubled Su Shi spent the first low tide of his life here. Because of the Wutai Poetry Case, he was demoted to Huangzhou, where he became an assistant of a Yong Tuan, a humble and idle post with no real power. But this optimistic poet is determined to find the joy of life from the plain life. A delicious bite of food can obviously make the gloomy secular life glow with comfort.

? Braised pork, the most common dish in China's menu, is rich in flavor, fat but not greasy, and delicious, which makes foodies' forefingers move greatly. Today, people think that this cooking technology that successfully transforms greasy pork into mellow food was invented by Su Shi in Huangzhou, and people named this food "Dongpo Meat". Dongpo is an abandoned old camp in Huangzhou, where Su Shi cultivated land and was close to nature, hence the name "Dongpo Jushi".

? Huangzhou people in the Song Dynasty didn't know that an ordinary piece of pork could become delicious under the complicated action of fire and wine after magical cooking. "Huangzhou good pork is cheap as dirt, the rich refuse to eat, and the poor don't know how to cook." In the eyes of gourmet Su Shi, this is tantamount to profligacy.

tomorrow

Peanut originally came from two places of origin near Suzhou 1538. The first accurate record of corn was in 1555, from Henan. First of all, it should be introduced to other parts of China. Before that, corn may be intermittently quoted by a common name suitable for all kinds of cereals. Corn must have come by sea, or it may have entered Yunnan by land. Before Columbus, corn was unknown in China, but when Europeans arrived in the Far East, it was undoubtedly introduced. The Portuguese found that corn grows better than any other crops in tropical conditions, so they planted corn everywhere, often when it first sailed to a certain area. Because of its high yield, corn is easy to grow and spread quickly even in hilly and barren soil.

? Around this time, tobacco (and possibly some small food crops) also entered China with the Iberians. Several crops in South China are identified by their names, which associate the adjective "Fan" with the names of local crops with a long history. They are typical Latin American plants collected and widely spread by Iberians; Some of these foods are not eaten by English speakers. In contrast, the names of standard European crops and crops imported from the New World are more subtle. Red pepper must have come with it, and it is widely popular in most parts of South Asia and East Asia, which shows that it was introduced early and spread quickly. In China, red pepper is really popular only in Hunan province, but it is famous and applied all over the country.

? By the end of the Ming Dynasty, food crops in the New World were very important even in remote areas of China. Xu Xiake, a persistent traveler in the late Ming Dynasty, found that the Yao people in the remote mountainous areas in the inland of South China also relied heavily on potatoes and sweet potatoes for their livelihood.

? There are only a handful of other new crops, because China already has most of the crops that other Asian countries can provide. Cotton planting has greatly expanded, and tallow may have just been planted, because it was not mentioned in the original materials before the Ming Dynasty, but these crops are not food crops. The change of crop proportion is more important: the status of rice has been further strengthened, and it plays an important role as the main staple food in China, just like now. At the same time, wheat became popular in the south, and flour became an increasingly important food. Rosky found that the poor in Fujian could not afford rice and turned to flour products as their staple food. Flour is probably made into noodles, and Fujian people regard it as a staple food regardless of wealth.

Ching Dynasty

During the Qing dynasty, palace delicacies entered the homes of ordinary people. Xianfeng five years, cheap square roast duck restaurant opened; Tongzhi three years, Quanjude restaurant opened. This period is the great development period of our so-called time-honored brands today. For example, the sauce mutton in Yueshengzhai, the pickles in Liubiju, the stinky tofu in Wang Zhihe, the sour plum soup in Xinyuanzhai and the instant-boiled mutton in Donglaishun have all become delicacies on the table of ordinary people. There are apricot cheese, fried chestnuts, sachima, hibiscus cake and so on.

Tea table and tea narration: Accompanied by ancient music-Manchu maid presented white jade milk tea

Serving snacks: tea knife cuts almonds, bergamot crisp apple cake

Box-protecting products: dragon and phoenix depicting gold, box-protecting dragon brand column (with eight candied fruits)

Sixi Dried Fruit, Tiger Skin, Peanut, Odd Taste, Big Flat Milk, White Grape, Snow Mountain Plum.

Four sweet apples, longan, peaches and plums.

Burning incense to prolong life: an ancient music companion banquet-burning incense into the banquet

Five appetizers: dragon, phoenix, Cheng Xiang, shredded chicken with scarlet letter, cucumber with blessing, grilled fish fillet with Chinese characters, spicy belly with Chinese characters, mushrooms with Chinese characters and Nostoc flagelliforme.

Bobo four products: royal beans, yellow sesame rolls, golden cakes and jujube paste cakes.

Four kinds of pickles: palace cucumber sauce, black vegetables, pickled mustard tuber skin with sugar and garlic.

Dedicated to Huanpiti: A Music Feast —— Manchu Maids Dedicated to Kweichow Moutai

First-class soup: dictyophora longjing

Three kinds of imperial food: phoenix-tailed shark's fin, red plum, pearl fragrance and Kung Pao rabbit meat.

Bobo's second product: bean powder milk horn.

Three products of imperial cuisine: sauteed frog and stuffed pigeon.

Imperial cuisine: fried cuttlefish shreds with eight-treasure wild ducks and bergamot golden rolls.

Bobo's second product: Golden Canary Ruyi Roll

Imperial cuisine: fried chicken fillet with scallop, hydrangea and milk.

Imperial food: Lianfuhai dried ginseng, mushroom duck feet, colorful beef tenderloin.

Bobo's second product: Longxu Noodles.

Barbecue 2: Roasted pheasant raw meat with lotus leaf and onion sweet noodle sauce.

Three kinds of imperial food: delicacies, thorns, dragons, buds, lotus roots, tofu, straw mushrooms and broccoli.

A product of porridge: red bean porridge

Fruit one product: timely fruit platter.

2 1 century or so

1970s: The dishes on every table are similar.

In this era of material shortage, radish and cabbage once became the main course on the table of ordinary people, replacing food. Every household is pickling pickles, and it seems that only on holidays will jiaozi be "almost unlimited". Occasionally, important guests are arranged to kill chickens and ducks for entertainment. In ordinary families, women still don't eat with their guests. Especially in small and medium-sized cities, there are only elders and men at home at the dinner table.

Before the 1950 s, the standard of health was "only asking not to get sick" Twenty years later, this standard seems to have not changed-a very important reason is that there are not so many diabetics in this era, and the sweetest baked sweet potatoes and popcorn are only occasionally enjoyed by children. The symbols of this era are very similar: push open different doors, the dishes on each table are similar, the furniture in each room is similar, people's clothes are similar, and their desire for life is similar.

1980s: From Food and Clothing to Well-off Society

In this era, China people, who are moving from food and clothing to a well-off society, are gradually showing an unprecedented abundance at the dinner table. In the past, the limited supply of Chinese cabbage has given way to fungus, loofah, tomatoes, mushrooms and peas. Especially in the middle and late period, the vegetable baskets of urban residents can be filled with all kinds of fruits and vegetables all year round.

When the initial supply of grain, oil and non-staple food was opened and all the tickets were expelled from the historical stage, it heralded the arrival of a new diet era: braised pork, which was only served on holidays, has gradually begun to increase. Salmon and perch, unheard of before, have also become delicacies on people's tables. Everyone has an obvious feeling that the living standard is changing from food and clothing to a well-off society. Even so, milk that can obviously improve physical fitness is still unpopular in this era. Until the mid-term, the whole country implemented the vegetable basket project, including poultry, eggs, milk, fruits and vegetables. After nearly ten years of hard work, the shortage of non-staple food supply has been completely solved.

In the late 1980s, coarse grain food gradually faded out of the people's dining table, and flour and rice became the protagonists on the dining table, while coarse grains became the supporting roles. Some coarse grains have been eliminated, at the same time, game and seafood have gradually begun to appear on people's dining tables, and various snakes, mice, giant salamanders, pangolins and civets have come out one after another. At that time, it was not forbidden to eat these delicacies, so people liked to eat those delicious braised delicacies. From these dishes, people can vaguely see that the dawn has come.

1990s: The arrival of gluttony era.

From the early days of this era, the rich in China can even eat 100 billion yuan a year at the dinner table, and the types and grades of dishes have begun to enter the peak of history. Abalone is the most eye-catching on the dining table in this era. Since ancient times, this dish has been a symbol of noble life. In various dynasties, eating abalone was often a happy enjoyment that only the rich and nobles, emperors and generals could have. Although its nutrients are not the most complete, its psychological satisfaction is extraordinary. In this era of "pursuing psychological satisfaction", a gourmet pointed out the extent to which abalone was warmly welcomed in Chinese mainland: "There is a certain distance between food and nutrition. At the dinner table, the most important thing is taste rather than nutrition. Eggs have nutritional value, but they cannot replace people's feelings about food. There is also a cultural pursuit. "

The coarse grains that have disappeared are favored by diners, and once again return to the table, becoming the new favorite of China people. At the same time, China people put milk on the ordinary dining table from the position of special nutrition, so china dairy began to make great strides and entered a period of extraordinary development.

With the prosperity of life, Chinese food has been difficult to satisfy people's appetite. Russian cuisine, French cuisine, Italian pizza, Japanese cuisine, Korean barbecue, American McDonald's, etc. Entering China in succession, China people can eat all over the world without going abroad. No matter where you go in this era, restaurants and bars of various grades and flavors can be seen everywhere in the streets and alleys. The result is that the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases, tumors, diabetes and obesity continues to rise due to bad eating habits, so people begin to lose weight on a large scale.

2 1 century: eating and choosing

Spicy crayfish, spicy crab and boiled fish are the table culture of this era. However, at the beginning of this century, a sudden SARS epidemic and endless "shady" exposure killed many urbanites. People began to echo the theme of health, and fruits and vegetables returning to nature were re-valued. According to the survey, more than half of urban residents now include fruit in their daily health necessities. A large number of merchants launched a variety of natural green series foods in time for the market, on the grounds of freshness and health, and of course, the most important thing is that the calorie content is very low.

The development of milk has reached its peak, including pure milk, skim milk and calcium milk. In the past, people liked to buy refrigerators with large freezers to store chicken, duck and fish, but now they begin to pay attention to eating nutritious fresh food. Fresh vegetables, fresh vegetables, chickens and ducks to be slaughtered, fish to be alive. Young cucumbers with dewdrops, fresh lychees flown in by air, shrimps still alive on the table, and fresh peaches with green leaves, people in the market pay more and more attention to fresh goods rather than prices. What foods are nutritious, what foods can prevent aging, and how to match them to maintain the body's acid-base balance have become hot topics-China people's health concept has stepped onto a brand-new stage soberly and timely at the beginning of the 2/kloc-0 century. But from a scientific point of view, it seems that it is still not enough.