The question about Mexico

Where do Indians come from? Is it native to America or migrated from other continents? If it is foreign, when, where and how did it migrate? Who is its ancestor?

In the past century, the development of archaeology, paleoanthropology and paleontology has provided a lot of information for studying the origin of American Indians. 65438-0875, the International Congress of American Ethnographers was held in Nancy, France. Since then, the study of human origin in the United States has become rigorous and scientific. Scholars put forward various hypotheses, which can be summarized into two categories: one is "nativism"; The second is "migration theory".

A large number of scholars agree with the "transfer theory". According to this theory, Indians are not natives but immigrants. As for where and how to migrate, there are different opinions, forming the so-called "single origin theory" and "multi-origin theory" Among the latter, there are so-called "Asian immigration theory" and "Oceania immigration theory" and so on.

The "Asian Migration Theory" holds that ancient Americans were derived from the collateral races of the Mongols or the races before the Mongols, and came to America through the Bering Strait in ancient times. The main basis of this statement is that Indians and Asians are more similar in racial characteristics than any other ethnic group. For example, hair is generally black, thick and straight, and it grows vigorously; Hair on the body and face is sparse; Face width; The cheekbones are high and prominent; The nose is of medium height; Eyes are generally black or chestnut. Scholars of this school generally agree, but they disagree on when and how to immigrate to the United States.

There are still some doubts about the "Asian immigration theory". One of the questions is: Why do they cross the ice to endure the hardships of Alaska when there are still large areas of uninhabited land in Asia? The second question is: before Europeans arrived in the United States, how could few immigrants survive the long journey and grow to 40 million?

In the "Asian Migration Theory", some scholars further pointed out that the ancestors of the American continent may be "Zhoukoudian people" in Beijing; Mr. Liu Yaohan, an internationally renowned Yi culturist, asserted that the founders of Maya culture and Inca culture were Yi ancestors living on both sides of Jinsha River in China, Asia. An important basis for this statement is that the ancestors of the Yi people created the "October solar calendar" with a history of more than 2,000 years and the older "October calendar" with a history of tens of thousands of years; The Inca Empire, an ancient civilization in South America, also had these two calendars.

"Oceania Migration Theory" does not deny the hypothesis of emigration from Asia, but thinks that some Oceania people (mainly Polynesians, Maori and Australians) may have flowed into South America in ancient times.

"Oceania Migration Theory" was put forward in the 1940s. The main reason is that Indians and Mongols have many similarities in racial characteristics, but there are also some differences between them, especially among Indians in South America. The reasons for these differences are not only the influence of American environment and long-term racial evolution, but also the influence of Oceania people. It is believed that ancient human fossils found in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador are related to Oceania in the same characteristics. It is characterized by short stature, elongated skull, prominent chin, flat face and skull, high cheekbones and prominent eyebrow arch. There are also psychological, cultural and linguistic similarities. In ancient Hindi, hundreds of words are thought to come from Oceania, such as night watchman, axe, warrior, old man or father. These Australasian dialects are widely used in Argentina, Chile, Peru and Ecuador now and in ancient times.

How did Oceania people reach America? The popular saying is: using the current and sea breeze of the Pacific Ocean, you can sail downstream in two canoes tied together, and you can sail 7-8 miles per hour.

Many scholars have not completely denied this statement, but there are also voices of doubt. Language similarity may just be accidental coincidence. Oceania people can't have such strong sailing ability. The current and sea breeze in the Pacific Ocean are not only beneficial but also unfavorable for them to reach America. As for the similarity in ethnic characteristics, it does exist, but these ancient American fossils are more likely to be an Asian-Mongolian10.5 million years ago. Some indigenous people in South America are very different from the Mongols, which may be due to the fact that the ancient Indians in South America left Asia earlier than those in North America.

In addition, there are so-called "polar migration theory" and "Mediterranean migration theory".

The origin of American human beings is still under study and debate. "nativism" has basically been denied. At present, the theory of "Asian immigrants" is dominant, which has been accepted by many scholars and become the most common statement. The "Oceania Migration Theory" has not been put forward for a long time, and this possibility cannot be completely ruled out, but many problems need further scientific explanation.

Because Indians are basically considered to be of the same origin as East Asians, the origin of Indians is interesting.

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Almost all indigenous people are descendants of immigrants who crossed the Bering Sea from northeast Siberia. So it's almost all because there are still ethnic minorities who arrived from the islands of the South Pacific to the west coast of South America after the Bering Sea immigrants arrived. It is unknown how many times these Argo heroes in Nanyang have discovered South America, but the evidence obtained from domesticated plants alone is enough to confirm the fact that they have made many expeditions across the ocean. When the same highly domesticated plants that can't survive without human help are found on both sides of the Pacific Ocean, their distribution can only be explained by human migration.

However, among the Indians discovered by Europeans in North and South America, at least 99% are descendants of the people who crossed the Bering Sea; This is still a fact. Not long ago, it was thought that the earliest time for Indians to cross the ocean to reach North and South America was about 10000 years ago. New archaeological discoveries and the use of carbon-14 dating method have greatly revised this estimate. It is generally believed that human beings appeared on the American continent 20 thousand years ago, and this is only a rough figure, and it may be earlier than 20 thousand years. The last great migration of Indians took place about 3000 years ago. Then came the Eskimos, who continued to cross the Bering Strait back and forth until the modern political environment forced them to stay on one side or the other. In any case, by this time, the population in the region closest to Asia in America was already quite dense, which prevented further migration.

In fact, it was not difficult for early Indians to cross the sea to the American continent. At that time, because most of the water on the earth's surface was frozen into an ice bed, the sea surface was much lower than it is now. Therefore, the earliest immigrants crossed the continental bridge with a width of 130 miles, connecting Northeast Asia and Northwest North America. After the sea level rises, you can easily cross the Bering Strait in a primitive boat, because the Strait is very narrow and you can always see land when crossing the sea. Later, more advanced immigrants may sail from Asia to America, then continue to sail along the northwest coast, and finally land in what is now British Columbia and settle there directly.

Most people who crossed the sea to Alaska continued on, crossing an ice bed canyon in the middle of the Yukon Plateau and entering the center of North America. The force that pushed them forward was also the force that drove them to migrate to America-looking for new hunting grounds, which was constantly squeezed by the tribes in the rear. In this way, North and South America were quickly occupied by scattered hunter tribes.

All Indians, regardless of their ancestry, can be classified as Mongols. They all have unique straight black hair on their heads, while their faces and bodies are sparse; Their cheekbones are convex, and Mongolian spots appear at the root of children's spine. However, there are considerable changes between different tribes; Compared with the later American Indians, the earliest American Indians were very different from the Mongols, because they left Asia before the Mongols as we know them today fully evolved. After arriving in America, these immigrants immediately dispersed in all directions and settled in various regions in the form of small groups of inbreeding; This can also explain the existence of various unique physiological types.