The racial course of Jews

From 65438 to 0920, the League of Nations entrusted Britain with jurisdiction over Palestine. 1922, Britain divided the trusteeship into two parts: the east (now Jordan) was inhabited by Arabs and the west by Jews. 1922, after World War I, Jews had their own homes.

After World War I, Jews set off the third and fourth waves of immigration. Then there were several riots in 1936-1939. In response, Britain issued a white paper in 1939, limiting the number of Jewish immigrants to 75,000 and restricting Jews from buying land. This white paper is regarded by many Jews and Zionists as a betrayal of Jews and a violation of the Balfour Declaration. Arabs didn't stop there, they wanted to stop Jewish immigration completely.

From 65438 to 0933, the Nazis came to power in Germany, which set off the fifth wave of Jewish immigrants. 1940, Jews accounted for 30% of the total local residents. Later, the Jewish Holocaust in Europe further promoted Jewish immigration. From 1944 to 1948, more than 200,000 Jews came to Palestine through various channels. After World War II, there were 600,000 Jewish residents in Palestine. After the founding of Israel, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon declared war on Israel, and Israel's war of independence began from 65438 to 0948. Syrian, Lebanese and Iraqi troops in the north were blocked near the border, while Jordanian troops from the east occupied the east of Jerusalem and attacked the west of the city. However, the Jewish militia forces successfully stopped the Jordanian army, while the underground Ilgen forces also stopped the Egyptian army from the south. Since June, the United Nations has declared a one-month ceasefire order, during which the Israel Defense Forces were formally established. After several months of fighting, the two sides reached a cease-fire agreement at 1949, and delineated a temporary border called "green line". Israel gained an additional 23.5% jurisdiction west of the Jordan River, while Jordan occupied the mountains in southern Israel and Samaria, which was later called the "West Bank". Egypt occupied a small piece of land in the coastal area, which was later called the Gaza Strip.

A large number of Arabs fled the newly established Jewish state, and Palestinians called this exile a "catastrophe." It is estimated that there are 400,000 to 900,000 Palestinian refugees in exile, and the United Nations estimates that there are 7 1 1 000. The unresolved conflict between Israel and Arab countries and the problem of Palestinian refugees continue to this day. With the 1948 war, the Jewish population in the West Bank and Gaza began to evacuate to Israel, and a large number of Jewish refugees from Arab countries tripled the population of Israel. In the next few years, nearly 850,000 Spanish Jews fled or were expelled from Arab countries, of which about 600,000 emigrated to Israel, while others emigrated to Europe and the United States. 196 1 year, adolf eichmann, a Nazi war criminal and one of the masterminds of the European Jewish massacre, was arrested by Israeli Mossad intelligence agents in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and sent back to Israel for trial. Eichmann became the only criminal in Israeli history who was sentenced to death by the court.

During the war, the Israeli Air Force mistakenly bombed an American intelligence ship "Freedom", killing 34 American soldiers. Investigations in the United States and Israel concluded that the accident was caused by a mistake because it was difficult to identify freedom.

1969, the first female prime minister of Israel, Mrs Meir, was elected. The period from 1968 to 1972 was called the war of attrition, and many small-scale conflicts broke out frequently on the borders of Israel, Syria and Egypt. In addition, in the early 1960s, the Palestinian armed forces launched an unprecedented terrorist attack on Jews in Israel and other countries. 1972 Summer Olympics, the Munich Massacre broke out, and Palestinian armed militia took members of the Israeli delegation hostage, and all the hostages were killed. Israel launched a retaliatory "Action of God's Wrath", and a group of agents of Israel's Mossad intelligence agency assassinated the people behind the Munich massacre all over the world.

Finally, on June 6th of 1973 10, which is the traditional Jewish Yom Kippur, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel. Although the Arab countries successfully attacked the unprepared Israeli army at the beginning of the war, Egypt and Syria were finally repelled by Israel. In the years after the war, the situation was relatively calm, and Israel and Egypt finally reached a peace agreement.

1974, yitzhak rabin succeeded Mrs Meyer as the fifth prime minister. The parliamentary election of 1977 became a major turning point in Israeli political history. The trade union that has dominated Israeli politics since 1948 was defeated by the United Party led by menachem begin. This election is also called a "revolution" in Israel.

Then in June of that year, 5438+065438+ 10, Egyptian President Sadat visited Israel and delivered a speech in the Knesset, which was the first time that Israel was recognized by Arab countries since its founding. Reserve officers of the Israeli army also set up a peace movement to support the peace talks. After Sadat's visit, the peace talks between the two countries finally signed the David Peace Camp Treaty. 1979 In March, Beijing and Saudi Arabia reached an Israel-Egypt peace treaty in Washington, D.C. ... With the signing of this treaty, Israel withdrew its troops from Sinai Peninsula and the settlements built there since 1970 ... Israel also agreed to grant Palestinian autonomy according to the Green Line delineated by 1949. 198 1 On June 7th, 2008, the Israeli air force bombed the nuclear reactor built by Iraq in Ausilla, which stopped Iraq's attempt to manufacture nuclear weapons. This mission is also known as Operation Babylon.

1982, Israel invaded Lebanon and was involved in the Lebanese civil war that has been going on since 1975. Israel went to war to protect the colonial area in northern Israel, which was often attacked by Lebanon. After establishing a 40-kilometer obstacle zone, the IDF continued to advance and even captured the capital Beirut. The Israeli army expelled the Palestine Liberation Organization from Lebanon, forcing it to transfer its base to Tunisia. Unable to bear the pressure brought by the war, Beijing, the prime minister, resigned in 1983 and was succeeded by yitzhak shamir. On September 1982 and 16, the Christian militia supported by Israel committed the appalling Beirut massacre, which was strongly condemned by the international community. Israel finally withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon 1986, and the border buffer zone was maintained until Israel unilaterally withdrew its troops in 2000.

/kloc-in the 1980s, the right-wing government led by yitzhak shamir was replaced by the left-wing Simon Perez. Perez became prime minister from 1984, but was replaced by Chamir in 1986, and Shah Milda became a political party alliance agreement. 1987 The Palestinian uprising ignited a series of riots in the occupied territories. After the riots, Chamir was re-elected as Prime Minister in the election of 1988. In the Persian Gulf War, although Israel was not one of the anti-Iraq allies and did not actually participate in the Iraq war, it was still hit by 39 Scud missiles. The missile did not directly kill any Israeli citizens, but some people died because of improper use of prepared gas masks. In addition, an Israeli was killed by Patriot missile fragments.

In the early 1990s, a large number of Jews from the Soviet Union began to immigrate to Israel. According to Israel's immigration law, these people can obtain Israeli citizenship after arriving in Israel. 1990- 199 1 about 380,000 people arrived in Israel. Although the Israeli public initially supported the immigration law, many problems caused by new immigrants were used by the Labor Party as a handle in the election campaign, criticizing the ruling United Party for failing to solve their work and housing problems. As a result, in the election of 1992, a large number of new immigrants voted for the Labour Party, which made the left rise again.

After the election, Yitzhak Rabin became prime minister. During the general election, the Labour Party promised to greatly improve Israel's internal security and relations with Arab countries. By the end of 1993, the Israeli government abandoned the Madrid agreement framework of 199 1 and signed the Oslo Agreement with the PLO. 1994, Jordan became the second Arab country after Egypt that promised to live in peace with Israel.

At first, the Israeli public widely supported the Oslo agreement. However, after the signing of the agreement, the Israelis continued to be frequently attacked by armed groups in Hamas, and their support for the agreement began to decrease greatly. 1995+065438+1On June 4th, Rabin was assassinated by Israeli ultra-nationalists.

As a result of Rabin's assassination, the public's view of the Oslo Accords also improved slightly, which greatly enhanced the support of Simon Perez and made him win the general election with 1996. However, a new wave of suicide bombings, coupled with Arafat's statement praising the bombers, once again reversed public opinion and lost to Benjamin Netanyahu of the United Party in May 1996.

Although Netanyahu was regarded as a staunch opponent of the Oslo Accords, he decided to withdraw from Hebron and signed the Wye River Memorandum, giving the Palestinian National Authority greater autonomy. During Netanyahu's tenure, attacks by Palestinian groups on Israeli civilians have been greatly reduced, but his Coalition government still collapsed on 1999. In the 1999 election, ehud barak of the Labour Party defeated Netanyahu by a big margin and succeeded him as prime minister. Barak decided to unilaterally withdraw his troops from Lebanon in 2000, and this withdrawal was also aimed at obstructing Hezbollah's attack on Israel and forcing them to attack across the Israeli border. Barak and Yasser Arafat negotiated at Camp David in 2000 under the mediation of American President Bill Clinton, but the negotiations finally failed. Barak proposed a Palestinian state consisting of 73% of the West Bank and 100% of Gaza, and expanded the Palestinian territory in the West Bank to 90% (excluding the suburbs of Jerusalem, 94%) within 10 to 25 years.

On June 4, 2003, under the auspices of george walker bush, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas and former Israeli Prime Minister Sharon met in Jordan. Shortly after the breakdown of negotiations and the provocative visit of Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, the second Palestinian uprising, the so-called Al-Aqsa People's Intifada, began. The failure of the negotiations and the outbreak of the new war made many Israelis disappointed with Barak's government and greatly reduced their support for the peace agreement.

After the special election of the Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon became the new Prime Minister at 5438+0 in March 2006 and was re-elected in the 2003 election. Sharon began to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza Strip, which was completed in August and September 2005.

After ariel sharon suffered a severe stroke, the power of the Prime Minister was transferred to Ehud Olmert. On April 14, 2006, after Kadima Party won the general election, Olmert was elected Prime Minister of Israel. Olmert's Kadima Party also won a majority in the 2006 election.

On June 13, 2006, the Israeli-Lebanese conflict broke out in northern Israel and Lebanon, mainly between Hezbollah and Israel. The conflict began when Hezbollah killed eight Israeli soldiers and captured two others in a cross-border terrorist attack. Israel believes that the Lebanese government must be responsible for this attack, so it bombed Lebanon from the sea and air and marched into southern Lebanon. Hezbollah continues to attack northern Israel with rockets and attacks the Israeli army with guerrilla tactics. Finally, Israel reached a ceasefire agreement on August 6, 2006. The conflict killed 1000 Lebanese civilians, 440 Hezbollah militia and 1 19 Israeli soldiers, and also caused great damage to the infrastructure of Lebanese cities.