The Early Relations between China and the Korean Peninsula during the Three Kingdoms Period.

Jizi Korea was the first to establish political power on the Korean peninsula (some people say that Jizi Korea is regarded as an alliance of falling cities). Jizi Korea was a "ji zi vassal state" established by Ji Zi, the minister of Shang Dynasty, who led 5,000 Shang Dynasty adherents to move eastward to the Korean peninsula after the business in Zhou Wuwang, China was destroyed. This country was destroyed by Wei Man of Yan State during the Qin Dynasty in China.

After the Lu Wan Rebellion in the Western Han Dynasty, more than 1,000 people entered the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, relying on the power of immigrants from the Central Plains here to replace Ji's surname Korea with its capital (now Pyongyang), which was called Wei Korea in history. Ji, the last king of Korea, entered the Korean residential area in the south of the Korean peninsula and established Malaysia Korea. Biography of Koryo in Historical Records clearly records the history of Wei Yanren's establishment of Koryo. Attachment.

At the beginning of the founding of Korea, Wei made clear his vassal status to the Western Han Dynasty. When Wei Man's grandson Youqu was developed, the independence of Wei Man Korea became stronger and stronger, which directly threatened the Western Han Dynasty's rule over all ethnic groups in Northeast Asia. In A.D. 108, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty sent troops to wipe out Wei Manchu Korea, and established four counties, namely Le Lang, Xuantu, Fan Zhen, Lintun and Lingtun, which brought the northern part of Korea under the direct jurisdiction of the Western Han government.

In the 3rd century BC, the state of Chen appeared in the south of the Korean peninsula. According to historical records, there are "three Koreas" in the south of the Korean Peninsula, namely Han Ge, Chen Han and Mahan, but there are only two larger countries and settlement alliances, namely Mahan and Chen Guo. Mi Han is a subordinate of Chen Guo, that is, Chen Han. After the destruction of Wei in the Western Han Dynasty, there were four counties, all of which belonged to counties.

Chen Guo lies to the east of Malaysia and Korea. The History of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 30) and Hanshu recorded the situation of Mahan in the third century BC, saying: "Although the country has a commander in chief and various cities live together, it cannot control the country." "The customs and habits of countries near the North County are different, and the distance is as straight as the gathering of prisoners and maids." So in this case, it is hard to say that Mahan has appeared in his own country. Therefore, Chen Guo is not a "country" that can be recognized in the sense of modern standards.

Lelang County is the highest institution of the Western Han government to manage Korean Peninsula affairs. Under the unified management of Lelang County, the Korean Peninsula is divided into three regions.

(a) the area directly under the jurisdiction of Le Lang County in Datong River Basin. The Han nationality accounts for almost half of the total population in this area, and the executive decrees are exactly the same as those of the counties in the Central Plains.

(2) The area under the jurisdiction of one surname in the east and one surname in the south of Le Lang County. The proportion of the Han population here is much smaller than that in the Datong River Basin, so there are some special policies for this area, but the central government's decree has been implemented on the whole, except that the leaders of local ethnic minorities have been appointed as junior officials in Le Lang County.

(3) Outside Le Lang County in the southern part of the peninsula. Although there are some Han immigrants here, the most important political organization is the alliance between the two countries and their settlements and Chen and Han established by the three nationalities and the ancient Korean survivors. Although nominally subordinate to Lelang County, it was actually independent, and the Western Han government did not set up a local administrative agency. In this way, the Western Han government brought the whole Korean Peninsula under the rule of China.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, if we observe the history of East Asia in BC with the elements of modern countries, we will find that before the 2nd century BC, there was only one mature country in East Asia, namely ancient China. At this time, China, taking the whole East Asia as the historical stage, freely displayed its cohesion in space and developed to the limit that it could bear. The history of East Asian civilization is the history of Chinese civilization in this period. After the rise of Xiongnu Empire in Mongolian grassland, China faced the challenge from the north for the first time. The contest between the farming empire and the nomadic empire in the Han Dynasty affected most parts of East Asia, which was a significant event with far-reaching influence in the history of China. The victory of the farming empire represented by the Han Dynasty finally made the Mongolian grassland a part of China and established the territorial pattern of ancient China.

Under the influence of China, countries outside China began to appear in remote areas that were hard to reach under the control of the Han Dynasty. With the end of the era when China was the only country in East Asia, the new problem of how to get along with East Asian countries has been placed in front of the rulers of various countries, especially the rulers of China. The rulers of the Han Dynasty, starting from the traditional political concept of "the world is not a king's land", refused to admit that there were countries with the same nature in East Asia, and were still trying to bring the whole East Asia, that is, all the known worlds at that time, into the integrated rule of China. However, in practice, the rulers of the Han Dynasty also realized the great differences between different regions and different nationalities in East Asia, so they gradually explored the establishment of some special local management systems to control special areas. In the Tang Dynasty, the special local management system gradually formed a mature mechanism in addition to the county system in the Central Plains, and even made it a major feature of border management in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty adopted the method of captive rule and brought most of East Asia under the rule of China. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Baekje and Silla regimes, which originated in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, gradually developed. In the following 1000 years, these three Han nationalities and their successors were closely related to the Central Plains Dynasty. After more than 1000 years of development, the Korean Peninsula has finally established a completely independent nation-state, but its early history is subordinate to the Central Plains dynasty. As a neighboring country, we fully respect and treat the independence and dignity of the Korean Peninsula with kindness. But this respect should not be at the expense of historical truth.

In 372, Baekje sent an envoy to the Eastern Jin Dynasty near King Xiaogu to establish a tributary relationship. Emperor Wen of Jin named King Xiaogu as the general of Town East, and Le Lang as the prefect. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Baekje maintained a tributary relationship with the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but it had a closer relationship with the Southern Dynasties. Later than Baekje, Silla also began to formally pay tribute to the Central Plains Dynasty. However, King Silla is located at the southwest end of the Korean Peninsula, and the traffic is inconvenient. So Silla had less contact with the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The Baekje Kings of the Korean Peninsula have inherited the title of Baekje Military Commander, and their characteristics as local administrative organizations in China are very obvious. They were once called pure local administrative officials, such as the magistrate of Le Lang and the secretariat of East Qingzhou. Only the central government has granted Goguryeo the power to govern ethnic minorities, so Wang Yizhi of Baekje has never won the titles of Dongyi viceroy and Dongyi viceroy.

This is because the official titles given to Koguryo and Baekje by the Central Dynasty of China are not arbitrary, but meet the needs of their local administrative rule. Therefore, when Baekje and Silla entered the national system from the tribal form, their nature was the local administrative organization of China. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the titles of Baekje King and Silla King were all given by China.

It always has the nature of the head of local administrative agencies, which can prove this. Until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the long-term institutionalized political ties between Korean Peninsula countries and China were in sharp contrast with the contingency and discontinuity of political ties between Japan and China, thus distinguishing them from Sino-Japanese relations.

After 663, King Silla succeeded to the post of Governor of Jilin Province in previous dynasties, except for those who had been in office for too short a time and were sealed by the Tang Dynasty. The area under its jurisdiction is the Governor of Jilin Province, which belongs to the Tang Dynasty and belongs to the local regime of the Tang Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. It is not an independent country, and Silla King is the local administrative official of the Tang Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula.

After Silla occupied most of the south-central part of the Korean peninsula with the help of the Tang Dynasty, it was not until the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty that the land south of Sashui was ceded to Silla by the Central Plains Dynasty. The administrative dividing line between Tang and Silla was Qingchuan River, and Silla's power began to extend to the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. After the Anshi Rebellion, China split again. At this time, many local governments of frontier ethnic groups rose rapidly, and Silla also entered a period of relatively independent development. However, the long-term tributary relationship between Silla and China still exists, and the new king will be canonized when he ascended the throne. China culture has a direct and far-reaching influence on it. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0 th century, Wang Jian replaced Silla to establish a new kingdom on the Korean peninsula. For various reasons, Wang Jian named this kingdom, which was directly born out of Silla, "Korea", and we called it "Wang's Korea". The establishment of King Korea is an important reason why later generations can't tell Goguryeo from the countries on the Korean Peninsula.

The formation process of East Asian countries shows obvious secondary nature. China, which has entered a mature country, is the object of imitation, so that they don't have to explore their own unique road of national evolution. This has greatly accelerated the historical process of various countries and enabled them to complete the evolution from an early country to a mature country in a few hundred years. The price they pay for this is the loss of their own particularity. All countries, from political system to cultural customs, are deeply influenced by China, showing the homogeneity with China. This homogeneity has not only made China's dream of a great country, but also created the sense of inferiority of other countries, which is the basis for the formation of East Asian tribute system and East Asian cultural circle.

Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, announced that 15 countries would not be expropriated, which indicated that China officially recognized the existence of other East Asian countries as political entities independent of China, instead of trying to bring them into the unified rule of China. From then on, in practice, the Central Plains Dynasty no longer regarded the relationship with the Zhou vassal states as an extension of the relationship between various regions in China, nor did it use the ideas and methods to solve domestic problems to deal with this relationship, but adopted a brand-new way to deal with the relationship with these vassal states, that is, the tributary system or the suzerain-vassal relationship. The relationship between China and the Korean Peninsula not only entered the tributary system earlier, but also has always been a typical model of this system, which is of exemplary significance to the East Asian tributary system that was established in China in an all-round way later.

At the beginning of Lee's Korea, in order to consolidate his rule, Li Chenggui actively participated in the tribute relationship established in the Ming Dynasty. In the first six months after he ascended the throne, he sent envoys to the Ming Dynasty nine times, explaining the reasons for the change of domestic political power and asking Ming Chengzu to give him a knighthood in order to gain the recognition and support of the new regime in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang not only recognized North Korea, but also made it clear: "I am the discipline of China, which has been passed down from generation to generation and has been maintained. (King) North Korea faces the sea across the mountain, and the east is secluded, which is not under the control of China. (A Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 22 1)

After giving Li Chenggui the title of "North Korea", Zhu Yuanzhang also made it very clear: "I don't see North Korea just as a tiny ball, it is in a corner. Customs are different, people are not enough to spread widely, and the land is not enough to spread widely. Conquerors of all ages have their own troubles. At first, they wanted to annex it because they were not good land in China. " (A Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 225)

North Korea actively pursued the policy of minimizing major issues, which complemented the Dehua diplomacy of the Ming Dynasty and made the tribute relationship established between the two sides more solid and lasting. Protecting the country has become a national policy followed by generations of North Korea. On the basis of the foreign policy of "one country, no levy", the Ming Dynasty brought North Korea into the tributary system in East Asia centered on China. The tributary relationship between the Ming Dynasty and Korea became a model in the tributary system in East Asia.

Tribute system in East Asia in Ming Dynasty was not just a form. But it has substantive content. This is not only reflected in the economic and cultural exchanges among countries in the system, but also in the field of security politics. To some extent, the suzerain-vassal relationship between Ming and Li Han can be understood as a classic political, economic and military security alliance. In A.D. 1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi-driven Japanese launched a war of aggression against the Korean Peninsula. The Li dynasty lost most of its territory in a short time, and the king fled to Sinuiju, near the border between China and North Korea, begging the Ming court for "enclosure".

In order to help friendly countries and smash Japan's attempt to move eastward to the mainland, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to the Korean Peninsula to participate in the war, and with the assistance of the ROK, it fought a bloody battle with the Japanese invaders for seven years. Finally, the Japanese army was expelled from the Korean peninsula. After the war, the Ming Dynasty unconditionally withdrew its troops from the Korean peninsula. Behind the help at the expense of blood in history, it embodies the greatest goodwill that the Chinese nation can express to the Korean nation in human history. However, historians on the Korean peninsula failed to treat this history objectively. In the 100 series Immortal Li Shunchen broadcast in South Korea in 2003, the image of the Ming army was not only vilified, but also its role was degraded to the extreme. These unpleasant phenomena are rooted in the nationalist sentiment of the Korean people. These thoughts, which make it impossible to look at history objectively, will adversely affect Sino-Korean relations in the long run.

It developed into modern Korea after Wang Jianli and Lee's Korea period. To understand Korean history, we should pay attention to distinguish two points. First, Wang is different from Goguryeo. The former is an ancient country established by three Korean nationalities in the south of the Korean Peninsula, while the latter is an ancient country established by ancient nationalities in the northeast of China. Secondly, Lee's Korea is different from "Ji's Korea" and "Wei's Korea". Lee Koryo was originally developed from the ancient Silla and Wang Koryo countries, and the word "Koryo" was originally a Chinese vocabulary. This name was used to address the countries on the Korean peninsula, which began with Ming Taizu's naming of the Lee Dynasty on the Korean peninsula. Both are "North Korea", but their ethnic composition and historical affiliation are different. "Ji's Korea" and "Wei's Korea" belong to the historical system of China, while Lee's Korea is a part of ancient Korean history. Koguryo once occupied the territory of ancient Korea, but ancient Korea is an ancient country in China, so Koguryo is still an ancient country in northeast China, which is different from the fact that Wang's Koryo was founded by three Han people.