Compulsory two chemical physics geography key knowledge induction

New Curriculum People's Education Edition Senior High School Geography Compulsory 2 Review Outline

Chapter I Population Change

Knowledge Point Reproduction

Logical connection of knowledge points in this chapter:

1.1 Population change

1. The natural growth of a region's population is determined by both birth rate and death rate. [Memory ]

2. Several important population days: "World Population Day of 6 billion" (1999/1/12); ; China has a population of 1.3 billion (25/1/6).

3. Historical stage of population growth (understanding and memory)

Characteristics of population changes during the period are due to

small population before the agricultural revolution, slow population growth, low productivity and high mortality

During the agricultural revolution, the population increased, the growth rate increased rapidly, the productivity level improved, medical conditions improved and life expectancy increased

After the industrial revolution began, the world population growth rate obviously accelerated, and the productivity and quality of life improved continuously. The mortality rate is gradually decreasing

4. The reasons for the rapid population growth since the 2th century, especially in the past 1 years: (Understanding memory)

In the past 1 years, with the progress of production tools and social productivity, the scope of human development, utilization and transformation of the natural environment has been continuously expanded, and the defense ability against various disasters and diseases has also been continuously improved, which has enhanced human utilization and adaptability to the natural environment and further reduced the mortality rate.

5. The number of natural population growth in a certain area is influenced by the natural population growth rate and the size of population base. (Understanding memory)

6. Comparison of population changes between developed and developing countries: (Understanding memory) < P > Analysis of the causes of population growth characteristics at natural growth rate; Examples of typical countries in the future < P > Developed countries maintain a low level of growth, the social security system is sound, and the change of childbearing concept is relatively stable. The population of some countries will gradually decrease. China, Germany and Japan

The population of developing countries is relatively high and growing rapidly. Among the new population in the world, developing countries account for more than 8% of political independence. With the development of national economy and the progress of medical and health undertakings, the population mortality rate has decreased and the population growth has begun to slow down. Many countries have implemented population control measures., India and Pakistan

7. (memory)

formula: natural growth rate = birth rate-death rate

8. Characteristics of three population growth models (memory)

Features of population model

Primitive high birth rate, high death rate and low natural growth rate

Traditional high birth rate, low death rate and high natural growth rate

Modern low birth rate, low death rate and low natural growth rate.

factors of transformation: productivity level, national policies, social welfare, natural environment and cultural concepts

1. Most developed countries (represented by Europe and North America) are modern, most developing countries are traditional, China is modern, and the world is in a transitional stage from traditional to modern. [Memory ]

1.2 Spatial changes of population

1. Population migration: people's residence has changed internationally or domestically. [Memory ]

Judgment of population migration: whether there has been a geographical movement (change of administrative location); Whether there is a change of residence; The change of time (usually one year)

2. Types of population migration (according to whether they cross national boundaries): international migration and domestic migration

3. Comparison of international population migration before and after World War II: [Memory]

reasons for migration: special migration route

before World War II 1. Colonialism expansion and capitalist development

2. Great geographical discovery and new route opening 1. From the old continent to the new continent

2. From the known developed countries to the undeveloped areas 1. Africans to America and Africa

2. African blacks were trafficked to America

3. East Asia, South Asians were recruited to America

After World War II, the economic development of various countries was unbalanced. 1. From developing countries to developed countries

2. The number of settled immigrants decreased. Increase of migrant workers (foreign workers) 1. Latin Americans go to work in North America

2. South Asians, South Europeans and Africans go to work in West Asia

3. South Europeans and Africans go to Western Europe

4. Population migration since the founding of New China, China: [Memory ]

Reasons and characteristics of migration

Before the mid-198s 1. Planned economic system. Organized. 1. The state dispatches various personnel from eastern cities to support the construction of western, inland and border areas

2. A large number of rural people move from densely populated areas in the east to northwest and northeast

Since the mid-198s, the reform and opening-up policy has moved spontaneously. 1. Inland to coastal areas

2. Mountainous areas to plains

3. Poverty-stricken areas to developed areas, "migrant workers"

5.

6. The influence of population migration on the place of immigration and emigration [understanding and memory ]

For the place of emigration, the good influence is to reduce the population density and relieve the pressure of population on the environment

The bad influence is the loss of talents and labor

For the place of emigration, the good influence is the inflow of talents and the provision of cheap labor, which is beneficial to economic development

The bad influence is the increase of population density. Population pressure on the environment increases

7. Factors affecting population migration: [memory ]

(1) Changes in natural environment and socio-economic environment (2) Changes in personal needs for life or occupation

Among the factors affecting population migration, economic factors often play an important role.

8. The factors of population migration in China in ancient times and in recent decades: [understanding and remembering ]

In ancient times, it was mainly war (Yongjia Rebellion, Anshi Rebellion, Jingkang Difficulty), followed by territory expansion, exile, border defense, etc.

in recent decades, it mainly includes national policies, social changes, economic development, personal needs, etc.

1.3 Reasonable population capacity

1. Relationship between environmental carrying capacity and population capacity [understanding ]

Environmental carrying capacity refers to the number of people that the environment can continuously support. An important indicator to measure the environmental carrying capacity is the number of environmental population.

2. Concept and restrictive factors of environmental population capacity [memory ]

Environmental population capacity is the number of people that a country or region can continuously support in the foreseeable period, using local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology, and ensuring the material living standard in line with social and cultural norms. (Maximum population)

Constraints: resources (in direct proportion), the level of scientific and technological development (in direct proportion), and the level of living and cultural consumption (in inverse proportion).

3, the concept of reasonable population capacity: [memory ]

According to a reasonable way of life, ensuring a healthy living standard, while not hindering the quality of life of the future population, the most suitable population of a country or region.

4. The urgency of maintaining a reasonable population capacity: [memory ]

The increasingly serious problems of excessive population growth, urbanization and aging of urban population

5. Measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity: [memory ]

(1) The international community advocates controlling the population within a reasonable scale as much as possible

Establishing a fair order to ensure that most people have equality in pursuing a high quality of life.

2. Types of urban morphology: [memory ]

Type of lumpy strip-like cluster

Distribution areas Plain areas are forced to extend along railways, rivers, valleys and other rugged hills and mountains

Take Chengdu and Hefei in China, Lanzhou, Washington, Luoyang, Xining and Yichang in the United States

3. Agglomeration effect of urban land use [understanding ]

.

4. There is no clear boundary between functional areas. A certain functional area is dominated by a certain land use mode, and may have other types of land. [memory ]

5. comparison of functional areas [understanding and memory ]

6. urban regional structure mode: [memory ]

concentric circle mode, multi-core mode and fan-shaped mode

7. economic factors are the main factors affecting the urban internal spatial structure, which are reflected in the ability to pay rent for various activities. The main factors that affect the ability to pay rent are: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. [understanding and memory ]

8. Schematic diagram of decreasing rent-paying ability of various land uses with distance [understanding ]

9. Other factors affecting the urban internal spatial structure: [memory ]

Income level, Leading to the differentiation of residential areas

the reputation of history, culture or economy

ethnic or religious groups (Chinatown, etc.)

the influence of land use in the early stage

1. The spatial structure of the city gradually forms and changes with the development of the city [understanding ]

In the early stage, the functional distinction is not obvious, and the downtown attracts industrial agglomeration with the advantages of market and transportation

After a certain scale: Due to

2.2 Service functions of cities of different grades

1. Classification and basis of cities: [memory ]

Urban grades are generally divided into: market towns, cities, megacities

China's classification: megacities (more than 1 million), megacities (5-1 million) and medium-sized cities (2-5). The city has a high level, many types of services and a relatively large range of services.

3. Factors influencing the change of Shanghai's urban grade and service scope [understanding and memory ]

Shanghai is located at the midpoint of China's north-south coastline and the mouth of the Yangtze River

Shanghai has a developed railway network, which makes Shanghai have sufficient raw materials, labor, agricultural products and a huge market

Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta, with a flat and open terrain.

4. Urban hierarchy: [memory ]

The service category and service scope of a city correspond to the urban hierarchy. In the same area, the spatial distribution of the city is also closely related to the urban hierarchy. These different levels of urban flight attendants combine to form a regional urban hierarchy.

5. The relationship between city rank and the number of cities and their mutual distance [understanding ]

The number of cities with higher rank is small and far apart; There are more cities with lower grades and they are closer together. (Take southern Germany as an example)

6. Central place theory [understanding ]

Premise: Plain areas with almost the same environment have uniform population distribution. Regional transportation conditions are consistent

separated circular service range tangent service range hexagonal service range

2.3 urbanization

1. The meaning of urbanization [understanding ]

Urbanization of land (rural land becomes urban land)

Urbanization of population (rural population becomes urban population)

The process of upgrading a city

The formation of a regional urban hierarchy. Motivation of population migration to cities: [memory ]

Thrust: rapid population growth puts great pressure on land, natural disasters, low income and lack of social services

Motivation: more employment opportunities, high degree of social welfare protection, complete cultural facilities and convenient transportation

3. Indicators for measuring urbanization level: the proportion of urban population to the total population [memory ]

4. Urbanization. It can promote the development of regional economy, and the improvement of regional economic level can promote the development of cities

(2) It can promote the changes of settlement patterns, production methods, lifestyles and values

5. The process of urbanization in the world [understanding and memory ]

The common problems of the regional expansion trend of the horizontal development speed in the urbanization stage

At the initial stage, it is less than 25%~3%, and the functional land in the slow and slow cities is mixed. The functional distinction is not clear

3%~7% in the middle stage, relatively high and rapid, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage, etc.

7% in the later stage, high and slow, or even stagnation continues to increase the hollowing out of the center of big cities, anti-urbanization, etc.

6. Urbanization comparison between developing countries and developed countries

Developing countries: starting late, developing rapidly; Low level; Unreasonable development (abnormal development); In the early and middle stages

developed countries: start early; High level; There is a phenomenon of anti-urbanization; In the later stage

7. The impact of urbanization on the geographical environment [memory ]

Source hazards

Smoke and dust emitted by urban residents living in air pollution; Smoke emitted by industrial and mining enterprises; Exhaust pollutants emitted by various vehicles include soot, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful substances, which pollute the air and endanger health (London smog incident, photochemical pollution, acid rain)

Water pollution, industrial wastewater and domestic sewage make rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater worse. Harm to human health and reproduction of animals and plants (osteopathy, etc.)

Solid waste pollutes industrial production, urban construction and residents' consumption, which harms human health and the environment (white pollution, waste batteries, etc.)

Noise pollutes transportation, industrial production, construction and social activities, which hinders people's rest and work and harms human health

8. How to build an "ecological city": [memory] < p It is necessary to develop low-pollution energy-saving buildings and green transportation, reduce environmental pollution

make urban landscape as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers, lakes, seas and vegetation, and establish a virtuous circle ("harmony between man and nature")

Chapter III Formation and development of agricultural regions

3.1 Location selection of agriculture

1. Concept of agriculture: [memory ]

2. the meaning of agricultural location: [understanding and memory ]

(1) the location of agricultural production

(2) the relationship between agriculture and geographical environment

3. the main location factors of agriculture: [memory ]

natural factors: climate, topography, soil, water source

socio-economic factors: market.

4. The essence of agricultural location selection: rational use of agricultural land [memory ]

5. Judgment on the dominant location factors of agricultural activities [understanding ]

Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region, and "orange is born in Huainan, orange is born in Huaibei" (climatic factor)

Qianyanzhou three-dimensional agriculture (topographic factor)

Reform and opening up.