The differences between Huizhou architecture and western Zhejiang architecture

As a cultural phenomenon with unique characteristics, the old houses in Huizhou were formed in a specific natural and cultural environment. Huizhou people, who have "five mountains in their chests and a big Kyushu in their soles", have served Jia Sifang, or have become rich and returned to their hometown, introducing higher-level cultures from outside the country into the territory, being extremely poor in civil engineering and extravagant in order to achieve their goals, and building exquisite and unique residential buildings. Therefore, as early as the late Ming Dynasty, "looking at the high walls and white houses in the distance when you are in a state of leisure" became a unique landscape of Huizhou villages.

the "four waters belong to the hall", which is also called "Five Mountains in the sky", is one of the main features of Huizhou architecture. Most old houses in Huizhou use patios for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. There are few windows on the outer wall, so the old house always gives people a feeling of gloom and sadness.

I really appreciate Huizhou architecture in Xidi Village. This is an old dream forgotten by modern society. Modern sunshine has not yet shone on its green and gray roof tiles. Apart from the noise of the city, it clung to the remnants and presented us with a simple folk life in the clarity of southern Anhui. Xidi Village, located in yi county, is the most intact Huizhou architectural complex at present.

Seen from a distance, Xidi Village is a roof paved with black tiles with simple lines and tall white walls, black and white. When you enter the old houses, you will find that the complexity and exquisiteness inside these old houses are in sharp contrast with the simplicity and purity outside, and the three famous sculptures in Huizhou architecture-wood carving, brick carving and stone carving-are vividly reflected here.

the formation of Huizhou architecture

the formation process of Huizhou architecture was influenced by Huizhou's unique historical and geographical environment and humanistic concept.

It used to be the settlement of Guyue people, and its living form was a "dry-column" building adapted to the life in mountainous areas. The large-scale migration of the gentry in the Central Plains not only changed the population size and structure of Huizhou, but also brought advanced Central Plains culture. The exchange and integration of Central Plains civilization and ancient Yue culture is directly reflected in the architectural form. The typical form of "upstairs hall" in early Huizhou architecture, the upstairs hall is particularly spacious and is a place for people to rest in their daily activities. This is because the mountainous area is humid, and in order to prevent the gas of furuncle, the pattern of "dry column" architecture of Vietnamese people has been retained. At the same time, due to the influx of a large number of immigrants, the building has become the best choice, but many people rely on the mountain and are constrained by one side. In order to solve the problem of ventilation and lighting, the "quadrangle" form in the Central Plains has evolved into a closed and unobstructed Huizhou "patio" that adapts to the sinister mountain environment. However, wooden houses in mountainous areas are prone to fire. In order to avoid the spread of fire, the Horsehead Wall was created. The early Huizhou architectural form is the product of the integration of foreign immigrants and indigenous cultures.

after the middle of the Ming dynasty, Huizhou merchants rose and dominated the business circles in China. After getting rich, Huizhou businessmen will return a lot of capital to their hometown, one of which is the investment in architecture. They built ancestral temples, mansions, gardens, archways, bridges and pavilions, which brought great changes to the rural landscape of Huizhou. Due to the characteristics of "being good at Confucianism", Huizhou merchants with high cultural quality have injected their own views on the layout, structure, interior decoration and hall layout in their buildings, which has prompted Huizhou architecture to gradually form a unique architectural system, making Huizhou architecture not only practical, but also rich in cultural connotations.

the features of Huizhou architecture

The features of Huizhou architecture are mainly reflected in the architectural entities such as village houses, ancestral temples, archways and gardens. Its most distinctive style is a large number of traditional residential villages, which reflect Huizhou's mountain characteristics, geomantic will and regional beauty tendency from site selection, design, modeling, structure, layout to decoration and beautification.

Most villages in Huizhou are located in strict accordance with China's traditional geomantic rules. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, Huizhou pursues an ideal living environment and artistic conception of mountains and rivers, and is known as "the village in Chinese painting". Influenced by the traditional concept of "water is the source of wealth" in geomantic omen, Huizhou people who are entrusted with business pay special attention to the "Shuikou" of villages and construct some unique Shuikou gardens. The structure of Huizhou-style mansions is mostly in the form of multi-entry courtyard (small ones are mostly in the form of three-way courtyard), which embodies the characteristics of Huizhou people living together. Generally, they sit facing south, facing the mountains and facing the water, and stress the value of geomantic omen. The layout is symmetrically divided by the central axis, with three rooms in width, the hall in the middle and the wing rooms on both sides. The front of the hall is called the patio, with lighting and ventilation. Courtyard matching creates a living space for deep self-sufficient families. The overall appearance and aesthetic feeling of residential buildings are very strong, with high walls closed, horse's head tilted, wall lines scattered, black tiles and white walls, and elegant color. In terms of decoration, the brick-cleaning door cover, stone carving leaking windows, wood carving pillars and buildings are integrated into one, making the house beautiful and poetic, which can be regarded as a major feature of Huizhou mansion. Ancestral temples and memorial archways in Huizhou are also important architectural forms in Huizhou architecture. There are shrines in every village, which are generally large and magnificent. All kinds of memorial archways scattered around the country are an important part of ancient Huizhou cultural landscape.

as a traditional school of architecture, Huizhou architecture has always maintained its unique artistic style of integrating elegance, simplicity and richness.

technological characteristics of Huizhou architecture

Huizhou ancient buildings are made of bricks, wood and stone, with wooden frames as the main materials. Beams are made of huge materials and pay attention to decoration. The middle part of its beam is slightly arched, so it is commonly known as "Winter Melon Beam". The two ends are carved with oblate (Ming Dynasty) or circular (Qing Dynasty) patterns, and the middle part is often carved with various patterns, which makes the whole body look magnificent, gorgeous and magnificent. The material of the column is also quite thick, and the upper part is slightly fine. The columns in the Ming Dynasty were usually spindle-shaped. Liang Tuo, claw column, fork hand, Ba Quan, Queti (Ding Tou Arch in Ming Dynasty), diagonal braces and so on are mostly carved with patterns and lines. The ingenious combination and decoration of beam components make the technology and artistic techniques blend together, reaching a wonderful place of perfect harmony. Generally, the beam frame is painted with tung oil without colored paint, which is particularly simple and elegant. Corners, patios, railings, illuminated walls, leaky windows, etc. are built by cutting bluestone, red sandstone or granite into stone strips and slabs, and the natural texture of the stone itself is often used to synthesize patterns. The wall is basically built with Xiaoqing bricks to the horse head wall.

Bricks, wood and stone carvings are widely used in Huizhou architecture, showing a superb level of decorative arts. Brick carvings are mostly embedded in door covers, window lintels and illuminated walls, and vivid figures, insects, fish, flowers and birds, eight treasures, Bo Gu and geometric patterns are carved on large pieces of blue bricks, which are very decorative. Wood carving plays a major role in the carving decoration of ancient houses, which is manifested in the line carving pattern on the head of the moon beam, the Lotus Pier on the flat pan bucket, the screen door partition, the window sash and the hanging board under the window, the arch bar fence on the floor and the watchtower around the patio. It covers a wide range of figures, landscapes, flowers and plants, birds and animals, babao and Bo Gu. There are many themes, including traditional operas, folk stories, myths and legends, and life scenes such as fishing, firewood, ploughing, reading, feasting, tea tasting, traveling, music and dancing. There are various techniques, such as line carving, shallow relief, high relief through carving, round carving and hollow carving. The content and technique of its expression vary with different building parts. These woodcarvings are not decorated with paint, but through high-quality wood color and natural texture, the carved details are more vivid. Stone carvings are mainly displayed in ancestral halls, temples, memorial archways, towers, bridges and courtyards, doorways, railings, pools, flower beds, leaky windows, zhaobi, column foundations, drum stones and stone lions. The contents are mostly auspicious dragon wind, crane, tiger, lion, elephant, unicorn, auspicious cloud, eight treasures, Bo Gu, landscape and people's stories, etc. Relief, through carving and round carving are mainly used, which are simple and elegant, vigorous and natural.

the "three wonders" of Huizhou ancient architecture

Huizhou architecture is characterized by ancestral halls, archways and houses, and is called "three wonders of ancient architecture".

There are different types of ancestral halls, such as ancestral halls, branch shrines and family shrines. There are strict architectural distinctions, so you can't do whatever you want. Generally, they are magnificent and magnificent.

The archway is mainly made of stone, imitating wood structure, and has many styles, such as four-column, eight-column, mouth-shaped and so on, with elegant shape. According to the function, it can be divided into two categories: Jing Biao Fang and Title Fang. Jing Biao Fang can only be built by the imperial court, and only those who have outstanding official achievements and outstanding filial piety and righteous deeds, as well as virgins and women, are eligible to enjoy it. The inscription square is generally built in front of the mansion, academy, ancestral hall and tomb doorway as a symbol of solemnity and authority.

the form of residential houses is commonly known as "three rooms", which are divided into three rooms: bright, dark and cloister.

the formation of the basic pattern of Huizhou residence

the most basic pattern of traditional Huizhou residence is three rooms, usually three rooms and an inner patio, which is commonly known as "one seal" among the people. The plane layout is symmetrical, with the middle hall, wings on both sides and stairs in the front and back of the hall or on the left and right sides. An inner patio is formed at the entrance for lighting and ventilation. On this basis, the vertical and horizontal development and combination of buildings can form a four-in-one, hall-style and hall-style pattern. Four-in-one style is mostly for families with a large population, which can also be said to be a combination of two groups of three rooms, which can be divided into big four-in-one and small four-in-one. The large four-in-one front hall faces the back hall, with a large patio in the middle. The front hall is three rooms, but the floor is higher, which is the main hall; The back hall is also three rooms, but the depth can be slightly shallow, and the floor surface is lower than that of the front hall. The front hall and the back hall are connected by a wing, with movable partitions. Some stairwells are located in the wing and some are located behind the front hall. The interior is separated by wooden boards, and the exterior walls are all brick walls. The patio can be large or small according to the terrain, and some have a wing and a small patio behind the front hall. This big four-in-one house has floors in front and back. Three small quadrangle anterooms are the same as the big quadrangle, and the back hall is a bungalow, which is smaller and deeper. Generally, the middle hall can't form the back hall, but as a passage, two rooms are for living, and the patio is smaller, and the stairs are behind the front hall.

The hall of a hall-style residence is mainly used for welcoming distinguished guests, handling wedding and funeral gifts and carrying out sacrificial activities, etc. It is also a daily living place, and it is often the main part of the whole residence. Most of the halls are Ming halls with three open rooms, and two columns show the style of the hall. It can also be closed by movable partition for winter use. Generally, the hall has two corridors, facing the patio. Hall-style houses can be equipped with screen doors from the middle entrance, usually from both sides of the screen door, and in case of courtesy activities, from the middle door of the screen door. There are also side doors on the side, and guest rooms are set under the patio. There are also people who enter and exit from the main entrance and have two wings on both sides of the door.

The hall-through style is also called the back hall. The hall-through style is located at the back of the hall and connected with it. It is a transitional building from the hall to the inner room. Most of them are wooden floors, with three rooms facing away from the hall, and the entrance is entered by the doors on both sides of the front screen of the hall. There is a hall and two small rooms in the hall, which can be used by guests or family members. This hall-style building is smaller than the formal three-room building and has patio lighting.

Huizhou people have the custom of living in groups. Some large houses are connected in pieces, with more than 1 patios, but they are only a combination of the above basic patterns.

Huizhou is complicated-it is also dynamic and quiet, and it is also vulgar and elegant. The sound of the merchants sitting in Jia's bag and silver is intertwined with the songs of rural Confucianism; The exquisite wood carving window lattice reflects the picturesque scenery of nature. The tangible and intangible cultural heritage left by Huizhou to future generations is really a huge treasure. It has too much wisdom, enlightenment, experience and lessons, which are worth exploring, refining, thinking and summarizing.

this article comes from: official document daquan (www.gwdq.com), with detailed reference:/lwzx/gclw /lwzx/gclw/jzgc/143493.html