Ancient American Civilization (1)

Ethnologically, most American Indians belong to the Mongolian race in Asia.

There are no primitive stone tools, which means that Americans originally migrated from the outside.

About 35,000 to 65,438+0,000 years ago, they migrated from Asia to America. At that time, there were still roads and bridges caused by glaciers in the Bering Strait.

After about 500 years of inland migration, its footprint gradually traveled all over the New World from north to south.

Around 1500 BC, a mature farming society began to appear in America, marked by corn.

/kloc-at the end of 0/5,/kloc-at the beginning of 0/6 century (Ming Dynasty), it was in different development stages of pre-class society (similar to sub-Saharan Africa, isolated from the world, without information exchange and great enemy threat, so it was always at ease in that period).

Central America and the Andes have established some slave countries (natural environmental reasons? Why do several ships bring several messages? )。 The concept of two cultural circles, Central America and the Andes, came into being.

Central America includes Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, some Nicaragua and some ancient Indian civilizations such as Olmec, Maya, Tortek, Teotihuacan and Aztec formed in the Caribbean.

Central America is divided into pre-classicism (65438 BC+0500-300 AD (Eastern Han Dynasty), formation period, Olmec civilization, Mexican mother culture). Olmecs generally don't live in cities, and cities are mainly sacrificial centers (indicating that cities are small in scale). Stone head (why do primitive people like to carve stone heads? Some kind of religious belief Did the original people have some fears about the hole? )。 The population of the city is less than 1000 people, mostly clergy and local rulers (which also shows that there were few people at that time and it was impossible to form a city scale). A flat pyramid was built in imitation of a volcano. Not made of stone, but made of mud (out of some sense of ceremony? )。 Lavanta, big mound. The social division of labor began, mainly including farming, commerce, sculpture, and sacrifice in charge of religious ceremonies (the division of labor is relatively simple). Engaged in farming economy, gradually had the earliest irrigation system (the first part of the brain is often the place of interest). Created the oldest writing and counting symbols in the United States, and even produced the concept of zero (some activities reminded it of numbers). Exquisite stone carvings (based on nature), high reliefs, bas-reliefs and statues of various figures and animals (carved in nature). The heads of thirteen giants (what is God like in their minds? Can't imagine too deep, based on people's appearance). A small clay figurine made of white clay, which is easy to get. Jade carvings are often used to represent God. The Olmec cultural characteristics of the Tiger Man (similar to children) may be the early form of the American rain god (rainy, so rain is its representative). Is the mystery of the birth of a child similar to the rain god? )

Classical (300 AD (Eastern Han Dynasty)-900 AD (Tang Dynasty). Teotihuacan and Mayan civilization. Teotihuacan-the city of the gods. Huang Quan Avenue (2.5km long and 40m wide) is flanked by public buildings and houses, temples and altars. The largest pyramid of the sun in the East. There used to be a pyramid temple at the top of the tower, where people once sacrificed the living to the sun god (the god of nature). To the north is the pyramid of the moon (the god of nature). Not far away is the butterfly palace, the residence of dignitaries (with existing grades), which is the most gorgeous, and the columns are engraved with exquisite butterfly bird reliefs. Identity is not wealth, but an ornament. Of course, it is also related to general poverty, but it urges people to appreciate beautiful things. A temple dedicated to conchs with beautiful feathers (nature). Castle with the mysterious Feather Snake Temple. Imagination is limited to nature. ) originated in 1.2 century (Western Han Dynasty) with a population of only 40,000. At its peak, there were more than 200,000 people in 400-600 AD (Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties). The increase of population is often one of the factors of civilization and progress. No * * * is the same as the king, but is managed by different representatives from different regions (Greek democracy plus Rome * * * and national transformation? So this regime lasted 1000 years (when the collective was not rich, the interests were even, so it was stable. ) There is no record or history of emperors and rulers. At the Sacrifice Center, many people worship.

Not far away, the Toltecs built the city of Toukara in the 7th century. Teotihuacan suddenly declined.

Maya civilization, the old empire, belongs to the classical period of Central American culture (Han-Southern and Northern Dynasties) and is distributed in Guatemala, Honduras and other regions. Post-imperial and post-classical period, distributed in Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico.

Maya inherited many characteristics of Olmec, such as calendars, numbers, hieroglyphics (the inheritance and continuation of American civilization. Because the country is small, it is easy to be attacked, but it is easy to move and live. Maya numbers use decimal system, including the concept from zero to millions. Concerned about religious astronomy, strong abstract concept? )。 There are two calendars, religious calendar, called holy calendar, with 20 days per month and 260 days per year 13 months. Another calendar is called the solar year, with 20 days per month, a *** 18 month, plus 5 death days, a ***365 days. Its hieroglyphics are composed of various patterns, some of which have reached the level of recording sounds and vocabulary (in the process of abstract image transformation). Made paper and books, accumulated a large number of books (it has ideas, but most of the ideological content is solidified in astronomy and religion, which can not be transformed into the real world, so it has no achievements in the construction of human world civilization). European missionaries burned books.

Tikal, an important city, is located in the rainforest (natural environmental factors prevent the Maya from expanding? ) There is a wall. At its peak, the city had 50,000 residents. Pyramids, built in pairs on both sides of the road (yin and yang worldview? )。 At most, build a stone temple with a crown more than ten meters high.

During the old empire, the Mayans built cities in palenque, Copan, Chirigua and Smal.

The city is too small to form a big climate.

The central part of the stone tablet is a portrait (who is this person's image? Sacrifice to the elders? King? ), surrounded by inscriptions and patterns. At the end of the ninth century (the end of the Tang Dynasty), the Mayans stopped all activities and went to Yucatan Peninsula (natural climate factors? Human factors are very small. Or some kind of spiritual symbol? ), the new empire, come into contact with the toltecs. Feather snake worship appeared in the new empire (may be a spiritual symbol of migration? Or a spiritual comforter and redeemer after natural disasters? )。 As soon as Chyi Chin inspected the city, the pyramids were not as steep as Tikal, but became stable and harmonious (some change in inner spirit? It is characterized by extremes and flatness. Post-disaster impact or new inspiration of new spirit? )。 Everything is related to the astronomical calendar, and metaphors are hidden everywhere (the greater the suspicion, is it because of some new idea? What are the incentives? Some kind of natural vision? Some neurotic sacrifice? Is it related to snakes? Snake's dream? Prophecy related to snakes? Year of the snake migration calculated by lunar calendar? This snake killed an important person, such as a sacrificial priest, and thus gained its power to communicate with God? )

18th floor–1August, step 365–step 365. The spectacle of snake shadow. Snail stage, Maya observatory. It has the largest stadium in America. Ball games are an indispensable part of religious ceremonies in specific festivals. The representative of the losing side will give his head after the game.

The living become the masters of the spirit, and their thoughts are too profound to be gods or demons.

A large number of beautiful girls and gold coins were put into the sacred well and dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. There is no accumulation of wealth, no increase in population, because it is always dedicated to God.

Post-classical period, 900 AD (late Tang Dynasty)-before the Spanish conquered America (Ming Dynasty). New Mayan Empire, Tortek, Aztec.

Aztec, the eagle stands on the cactus with a snake in its mouth, the eternal residence (the product of the tropical world). 1325, tenochtitlan, the predecessor of Mexico City, was built on the island of Lake Tesco. When the Spanish came, there were 250 thousand people. There is a three-day causeway with a width of 10 meters, which leads to the lakeshore, and there are flood control water lifting and two drinking water aqueducts with a width of 10 kilometers (it may be founded here because of water resources). In the central square, there are more than 40 pyramid temples (God always occupies an important position and there is no threat, so people can live in peace). Aztec is an empire, but it doesn't send officials everywhere. Aztec, like Olmec, only accepts tribute, does not directly manage, and does not impose its will on the people (no oppression, no resistance). The emperor is the ruler of the unity of politics and religion (so obey), and the nobles take all the documents and military posts. Commune land ownership (the interests are equally divided, and there are basically no powerful people at the bottom) and slave labor system (lazy, not subject to uneven oppression and change). Business is booming. The market provided enough goods-for those who were in low demand at that time. The main production activity is agriculture, the most important food crops are corn and beans, and the cash crop is agave-it can be eaten and brewed directly, the fiber can be used to make ropes, and the leaves can be used to build roofs. Gifts are enough, but people are not greedy-the worldview of the reincarnation world has influenced it, so there is no "progress"). There are hieroglyphs, books and maps. Knowledge of astronomy. Quetzalcoatl. Human sacrifice. In the Aztec calendar, the statue of the sun is located in the center, and the four squares around it represent the sun and its past four generations.