20 15 postgraduate entrance examination: notes on human geography (1)?

1. Geography studies geographical environment (natural environment, economic environment and human environment). 2. Human geography takes human phenomena as the research object, focusing on revealing the spatial structure of human activities and the regularity of their regional distribution. The research objects are human environment, human phenomena and human landscape. Its core is to pay attention to region and space, and to the relationship between people and land.

3. Connotation of the relationship between man and land: man refers to a person with social attributes, specifically refers to the geographical environment with group behavior from various social activities and production activities under a certain geographical space and certain production methods, including natural environment and social humanistic environment, specifically refers to the natural, humanistic and economic composite system closely related to human activities with regional differences.

4. Disciplinary characteristics of human geography: sociality, regionality and comprehensiveness.

5. Modern human geography: (Germany) Humboldt: Making geography an independent science Ritter: the pioneer of modern human geography, devoted to exploring the causal relationship between the natural environment and human history. Latzel: Determinism of Geographical Environment. Hertner: the representative of regional school. The representative figure of landscape school. Brandeis and Bruner: On the Relationship between Man and Land. Mackinder: the hinterland of the mainland. Luo: Adaptation theory. Semple: Environmental determinism. Sur: School of Cultural Landscape. (Russian) Baransky, Saushkin: Regional School, Fagan, Constantine: Economic School.

6. Modern human geography: Shaffer of the United States trained econometricians in mathematical statistics, and the dualistic view of the separation of physical geography and economic geography in the Soviet Union.

Overall characteristics:

(1) The establishment of scientific theory and methodology: the theory of harmony between man and land and the concept of sustainable development.

(2) New research methods: measurement method, mathematical model, psychological analysis method and technical analysis method.

(3) New research content and direction: In the study of the relationship between man and land, we not only pay attention to the ecological point of view, but also strengthen the tendency of socialization and human culture, aiming at solving practical problems.

7. China: modern Zhang, Zhu Kezhen, Hu Huanyong and. Modern Li, Wu Chuanjun and Bao Juemin.

8. Methods:

(1) Empiricism: observation is its focus, emphasizing the role of synthesis and induction.

(2) Positivism: The scientific understanding of anything must be meaningful and realistic, and the deduction should be from general to special.

(3) Humanism: taking people as the main body, attaching importance to the rich significance of human behavior and the non-economic components in the social value system.

(4) Structuralism: Observable things are meaningful only if they are linked by a potential structure or order.

(5) Learn more, be good at thinking, go deep into reality and conduct new self-investigation and research.

9. Culture: broadly speaking, it refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social development. In a narrow sense, it refers to social ideology and its corresponding institutions and organizations. It is a social phenomenon based on matter. It has historical continuity, class nature and nationality.

10, cultural structure:

(1) Material culture: The material products created to meet the needs of human life and survival and the culture they represent are material, basic and contemporary.

(2) Institutional culture: it reflects the relationship between individuals and others, individuals and groups, and is mandatory, authoritative, slowly changeable and relatively independent.

(3) Spiritual culture: values, ways of thinking, moral sentiments, aesthetic tastes, religious feelings, national character, etc. What human beings have cultivated in long-term social practice and ideological activities is the ideological reflection of human cultural mentality: written culture, behavioral culture, artistic culture and psychological culture.

1 1, cultural adaptability to the environment:

(1) Bioadaptability: The physical changes that occur in the development of human beings in order to obtain better living conditions to adapt to the environment have genetic characteristics.

(2) Cultural adaptability: using tools, manufacturing tools, technological development, group organization and division of labor to effectively obtain food and improve living conditions to adapt to the environment.

(3) Relationship:

A. Similarity: During their development, both of them change with the change of environment and maintain the stability of their respective characteristics. In the process of evolution, they all realize their own changes through the appearance of new characters and new cultures, so as to enhance their adaptability. In the process of trade-in, we all realize our own changes through competition and choice. Environment plays a key role in competition and choice.

B. difference: the inheritance of human biological characteristics and culture is vertical, while the inheritance of culture is horizontal. The replacement of old biological characteristics by new biological characteristics is often achieved by replacing old species with new species. Only by accepting the new culture from the original cultural group can the new culture realize the relationship between biology and natural environment, and between man and social environment.

12. human geography theory: location theory, behavior theory, cultural landscape theory, human-land relationship theory, etc. Location theory: a science that studies the choice, formation and development of a certain economic activity location in various countries and regions of the world, and analyzes the reasons and conditions for the formation of the location. Its development and appearance indicates that human beings will choose the best activity place in a planned way.

13. Cultural district: the spatial distribution of people with certain cultural characteristics or cultural characteristics.

(1) Formal cultural region: A cultural phenomenon, or some interrelated cultural phenomena, has concentrated important regions and blurred boundaries in spatial distribution.

(2) Functional cultural areas: cultural areas with their own cultural characteristics influenced by certain political, economic or social functions, and there are interrelations among them, which determine their distribution scope.

(3) Local culture area: Residents living in a certain area have a regional self-awareness in their thoughts and feelings.

14. Cultural characteristics: nationality, times, vicissitude, stability, accumulation, multi-level and lag.

15, the spread of culture (cultural time phenomenon):

(1) Expansion and diffusion: After a certain cultural phenomenon appears, it is constantly spread from the place through its residents, occupying more and more space, which is manifested in the relative connection in space and the difference in speed.

A. contact diffusion contagious diffusion: a cultural phenomenon is easily accepted by contacts. People who are almost exposed to this cultural phenomenon, just like those who are exposed to infectious diseases, naturally accept this cultural phenomenon, thus realizing its spread.

. B. Layered diffusion: the spread of this cultural phenomenon, or the people who accept this cultural phenomenon, has a layered phenomenon in space or in the crowd.

C. Stimulation and diffusion: A cultural phenomenon cannot exist in another place for some reason, and the original cultural phenomenon must be changed to some extent before it can exist and spread locally.

(2) Migration and diffusion Migration and diffusion: A cultural phenomenon is closely related to the people or groups who own this cultural phenomenon. Usually, because people or groups with this culture moved to a new place, they spread this culture to that place. Its characteristics are original culture, high speed and discontinuous space.

16, cultural ecology-the relationship between culture and environment: the science of studying the interaction between human beings, plants, animals and geographical environment and its influence on cultural development.

(1) environmental determinism: the natural environment determines the physiological and psychological characteristics of human beings, thus determining the development of human society. Laczer in Germany and semple in the United States.

(2) Possibility theory and possibility theory: the theory that emphasizes the freedom of human beings to choose and use the environment is symmetrical with environmental determinism. French brandeis and Bruner.

(3) Adaptation theory: the long-term adaptation of organisms to the natural environment and environmental changes through the development of culture. Roxbee, England.

(4) Ecological theory of human ecology: analyze the characteristics of the relationship between man and land from some ecological viewpoints of biology, and study the human response to the natural environment. Barros in the United States.

(5) Environmental perception: The impression generated by environmental impact is shared by all members of cultural groups in this environment, especially among immigrants.

(6) Cultural determinism: In the relationship between man and land, man acts through culture.

(7) Harmony: How to deal with the relationship between harmonious environment and human cultural life has become the main research topic faced by international geographers.

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