About Protestantism, Protestantism, emergency-

Here's a website for you: Peter teaches their beliefs without sticking to the Pope's opinion. The main protective tent is that the Bible is the only criterion of faith and practice. Therefore, the decrees of the Pope or other church dignitaries are not absolutely correct or must be observed. Justification of faith, personal responsibility and the right to believe and worship according to one's own conscience are the basic points of this system.

Protestantism includes the Christian church that was separated from Rome during the Reformation in the 6th century. This movement was initiated by Martin Luther, a monk of Augustine. The word "Protestantism" originally refers to Luther's followers, who protested against the decree prohibiting all further church reforms in the spire diet (1529). Other influential reformers include John Calvin, ulrich zwingli and john knox. Protestantism rejects the attempt to link God's revelation with secular institutions, and strictly insists that God's Word is the only authority of belief and practice. The core of reformers' understanding of biblical information is that sinners are justified only by faith. The church is understood as a church, and the clergy of all believers is emphasized.

Augsburg Confession (1530) is the main statement of Lutheran belief and practice. It became a model for other Protestants. The main Protestant denominations include Lutheranism, Reformism (Calvinism), Presbyterian Church and Episcopal Church. Countless sects and names come from these roots, including Quakers, Baptists, Pentecostals, congregations, Methodists, and non-denominational congresses. Sects that base their beliefs on additional revelations or insights gained in modern times include Mormons, Christian scientists and Jehovah's Witnesses.

Since the late19th century, many countries have established national councils of churches. For example, the Federal Council of Christian churches in the United States was established in 1908. Since the Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Church in 1867, churches of specific sects have joined the Federation and the World Alliance.

Protestant missionary activities were particularly active in the last century, which led to the establishment of many churches in Asia and Africa. The ecumenical movement, which originated from the mission of Protestantism, aims to unite Christians and churches.

Protestantism, the form of Christian belief and practice, originated from the principle of religious reform. The word comes from the protest of a few representatives against (1529) Spayer's parliament, which passed legislation against Lutheranism. Since then, the word has been used in many different meanings, but it was not used as the official name of any church until it was assumed by the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States (because 1967 is only an Episcopal Church) (1783). Protestantism, as a general term, is now used to contrast with other major Christian beliefs, Roman Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity.

Branches and sects

Two distinct branches of Protestantism originated from the Reformation. Evangelical churches in Germany and Scandinavia are followers of Martin Luther, and reformed churches in other countries are followers of john calvin and Huldreich Zwingli. The third main branch, Bishop, developed in England. Especially the score of 19 since the Oxford Movement. Many Anglicans reject the word Protestantism because they tend to agree with Roman Catholicism in most doctrines and reject, however, the primacy of the Pope (England, Church; Anglican church; Ireland, church). In addition, several groups are usually called Protestants, but historically before the rise of Protestantism (Huss; Loradri; Waldens). Except for Germans, Irish, French and Belgians in the south, Protestantism has been accepted by people in northwest Europe and their descendants. There are important Protestant minorities in France, Bohemia, Hungary and Poland.

The theory that individual conscience is an effective interpreter of the Bible has led to various Protestant sects. This division has further expanded the doctrinal disputes within the Sect, especially about grace, fatalism, and sacraments. Some movements claim new revelations (Agape Mon; Church of jesus christ of latter-day saints; New Jerusalem, Christian church. Christian science is fundamentally different. As a belief, it denies any medical treatment.

Since the AD1960s, one of the main driving forces of Protestantism has been towards unification (universal movement); This is particularly evident in North America. Most Protestants and many Orthodox churches form alliance councils at local, national and international levels (World Council of Churches and National Council of Christian Churches in the United States of America).

Characteristics and development

Core belief

The main feature of primitive Protestantism is to accept the Bible as the only source of infallible revelation truth, the belief of all believers in the universal clergy, and the doctrine that a Christian is reasonable, and his relationship with God is made by faith, not by good works or the charter of the church. There is a tendency to minimize liturgy and emphasize evangelism and reading the Bible. Although Protestants reject asceticism, the improvement of personal moral standards is advanced; In some sects, especially Puritanism, it has reached a high degree of austerity. Their church system, mainly in the form of bishop system (bishop government), congregational or Presbyterian church, is regarded by Protestants as a return to early Christianity described in the New Testament.

Theological development

Protestantism has experienced many theological developments, especially after 18. Under the influence of romanticism, the formal system of early Protestant theology began to collapse by emphasizing the subjective factors in religion rather than the revelation of the Bible. This doctrine was best expressed by Friedrich Schleiermacher, who placed religious feelings at the center of Christian life. The subsequent claim is that the unity of the father of God and mankind is the basic theme of Christianity. Later, a new Orthodox movement, under the leadership of karl barth and reinhold niebuhr, sought the enlightenment of returning to theology; A new school of biblical interpretation in rudolf bultmann's works; And a theology, partly from existentialism, developed by paul tillich.

In the United States, four broad theological positions cross sectarian lines: fundamentalism, which stems from the anti-theology in the renaissance with 18 and 19 points. (Great Awakening) and adhere to the literal interpretation of the Bible and pious morality; Liberalism, the successor of the social evangelism movement, encourages a freer interpretation of theological teachings and emphasizes the church's responsibility for social justice; Pentecostalism emphasizes ecstatic religious experience, especially communication through spiritual gifts; And the new orthodoxy of reinhold niebuhr and karl barth.

Protestantism is one of the three major Christian sects alongside Orthodox Church and Catholicism. It is the general name of all the new religions that broke away from Catholicism in the Reformation in the16th century, and all the new sects that are constantly differentiated from these sects. Also translated into anti-Luozong or more authentic. The Protestant Church in China calls itself Christianity or Jesus, not Protestantism.

/kloc-In the late 5th century, the feudal system in Western Europe began to disintegrate, and many emerging nation-states established centralized monarchies, which greatly weakened the power of the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy See. In terms of ideology and culture, scholasticism and theology declined day by day, and the rationalism and critical spirit aroused by the Renaissance spread rapidly among intellectuals and had a great influence, which created conditions for religious reform. Protestantism emerged and developed with a series of religious reforms. Protest principles and spirit represented by Protestantism can be traced back to some pioneers of religious reform in the late 4th century, such as wycliffe School in Britain and followers of lollards, Hus Movement in Bohemia and GiuRolamo Safonarola in Italy. 16 In the 1920s, the Reformation movement initiated by Martin Luther swept Germany. In Switzerland, the reform activities of Calvin and Zwingli further expanded and deepened the influence of Protestantism; King Henry VIII of England carried out a top-down religious reform for political reasons, and established a unique Protestant church with the help of Cranmai to get rid of the jurisdiction of the Pope. By the middle of16th century, there were three main Protestant sects in Europe, namely, Lutheranism founded by Martin Luther, Reformed Protestantism founded by Calvin and Anliganism as the national religion of England. From the end of 16 century to the beginning of 17 century, the three main Protestant sects basically finalized their church organization and worship ceremony; After a long debate, the expression and elaboration of the theory gradually formed a system. Later, with the development of capitalism, many sects of Protestantism appeared, and their doctrines also developed and changed. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the Puritan movement in Britain demanded that the conservative Anglican Church be reformed by Calvinism, resulting in some new sects divorced from the state religion, such as Presbyterian Church and congregational Church. The Puritan movement was later spread to the United States by immigrants, making Protestantism the most influential Sect in North America. During the same period, a religious movement, represented by Spener, appeared in Germany, echoing the Puritan movement in Britain.

Although Protestantism has many sects, there are three same principles in doctrine, namely, justification by faith, all believers can become priests and the Bible has the highest authority. These three principles are diametrically opposed to Catholicism. First of all, the core of Protestant salvation theory holds that salvation is "based on grace and faith". Christianity believes that everyone is guilty and cannot save himself. The only salvation is to save the world through Christ, the son of God. Therefore, the root of salvation comes from the grace of God, which is recognized by all Christian sects. As for how to obtain this kind of grace, Catholicism advocates that besides faith, salvation can only be granted to believers through sacraments and hierarchical clergy. In the Protestant view, this is a kind of "transaction" between God and man, which not only violates the lesson of the Bible, but also brings many disadvantages. Protestantism believes that the true meaning of salvation lies in believing and accepting Jesus Christ as the Lord. With faith and the work of the Holy Spirit, believers and Jesus can become one. Because of this mysterious combination, Christ's salvation can be realized among believers. Protestantism believes that doing good should be done, but it is a manifestation of rebirth and salvation, not merit, and has no effect on saving people. Secondly, Protestantism downplayed the difference between clergy and ordinary believers, thinking that since salvation can only be achieved by faith, all believers can become priests without clergy acting as an intermediary between God and man. Besides, believers can pray for each other. Every believer has the right and obligation to take care of each other in religious life and has the vocation of spreading the gospel. Third, although Catholicism does not deny the authority of the Bible, it gives the power to interpret the Bible to the church. In fact, it concentrates all the highest authority on religious beliefs on the Catholic Church and the Pope. Protestantism advocates that only the Bible is the supreme authority, and every believer can directly understand the revelation and truth of God from the Bible under the guidance of the Holy Spirit. Although Protestantism generally accepted the doctrine of the Trinity and Christology in the first few public meetings and related creeds, and also believed that the teachings of the godfather were educational and worthy of respect, it believed that they could not be treated equally with the Bible. Of course, Protestantism is not bound by the resolutions of later Catholic public meetings and church regulations. After the Reformation, Protestantism translated the Bible into various languages and devoted itself to its dissemination and annotation. However, Protestant factions have different interpretations of the Bible. Within Protestantism, there is also a long-term debate about the understanding of the Bible as the supreme authority.

There are many Protestant sects, but they are mainly three mainstream sects, namely, Lutheranism distributed in most parts of Germany and Nordic countries, including Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland and other countries, reformist Christianity distributed in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Scotland and parts of Germany, and Anrigan religion distributed in England. There are about 360 million Protestants in the world, two thirds of whom are concentrated in Europe and North America.