Annual report on German immigrants

Hehe, these are all achievements at that time. The following summary will give you a better understanding of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Liu Hui put forward the correct calculation method of pi.

Liu Hui was a famous mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the last years of Cao Wei, he wrote nine chapters of arithmetic notes and put forward the correct calculation method of pi. "Nine Chapters Arithmetic" says that "the diameter of three weeks is one", that is, the approximate value of pi is 3. Liu Hui thought that this was too inaccurate, and pointed out that "three circumference and one diameter" was not pi, but the ratio of circumference to diameter of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle. Liu Hui found that when the number of sides inscribed in a circle is infinitely increased, the perimeter of the polygon is infinitely close to the perimeter of the circle, thus creating the tangent circle technique. He said: "If you cut it carefully, you will lose less. If you cut it, you will cut it again, so you can't cut it, and there will be no loss." Liu Hui successively calculated the side lengths of the points of regular dodecagon, regular icosahedron and regular 96-sided polygon from the circle, calculated the area of regular 192-sided polygon, and reached the conclusion that pi was 3. 14. Later, he calculated the area of 3072 regular polygons inscribed with a circle, and got a more accurate pi, which is 3. 14 16. Liu Hui put forward secant method by using the initial concept of limit, which was the most advanced in the world at that time.

Chungchi Tsu

Zu Chongzhi (429-500) was an outstanding mathematician in ancient China. The word Wen Yuan. Zhuolu, Hebei (now Laishui County, Hebei Province). At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the ancestral home moved from the north to the south. He used to be Liu Songnan, the governor of Xuzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and Louxian (now Kunshan, Jiangsu). Wei Xiaoqi of Changshui School is responsible for guarding the capital. He once wrote "On Safety" and suggested that Qi should "open up wasteland for farming". But his main achievement is in natural science, especially in the accurate calculation of pi. Zu Chongzhi is a famous scientist in the world. His colorful marble statue is embedded in the corridor of the "World Scientists Exhibition" of Moscow University in the Soviet Union.

Zu Chongzhi's most outstanding contribution.

Zu Chongzhi is a great scientist, who has made great contributions to mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing. At the age of 33, he put forward the most advanced calendar at that time, Daming Calendar, which corrected the mistakes of the prevailing Yuanjia Calendar at that time. He reformed the compass, invented the thousand-mile boat and the water hammer mill, which promoted the development of productivity. However, his most outstanding contribution is that the value of pi is accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world, that is, between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. According to "Sui Shu Law and Discipline", "In ancient times, there were nine numbers, three pi and one pi, and their skills were sparse. Since Liu Xin, Zhang Heng, Liu Hui, Wang Fan, Pi Yanzong and other disciples, they have each set a new rate, but they have not reached a compromise. At the end of the Song Dynasty, the history of Zu Chongzhi in South Xuzhou adopted the secret method, with the diameter of 100 million circles as 10 feet, and Zhou Changfeng's number (surplus approximation) as three feet, one foot, four inches, one minute, five minutes, nine millimeters, two seconds, seven seconds and seven seconds. Three feet, one foot, four inches, one point, five percent, nine points, two seconds, six seconds, positive numbers are between the profit limit and the profit limit. Density, circle diameter 1 13, circumference 355. Contract price, circle diameter 7, Tuesday 12. It is also necessary to set the open-difference power, open-difference and vertical, taking the perfect circle as the parameter. Fingers should be precise, and counting is the best. The book written is called Composition, and scholars can't study its profundity, so they ignore it. "

circumference ratio

Pi is the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle, which is usually expressed by the Greek letter "π". Pi is widely used in astronomy, calendar, machinery and other academic fields. As long as the circle is involved, Pi should be applied. Pi is an infinite decimal and can never be divided. The accuracy of pi marks the level of ancient mathematics and science.

Zu Chongzhi calculated the exact value of pi about a thousand years earlier than foreign countries.

Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Liu Hui, a mathematician in the Three Kingdoms period, both made great achievements in calculating pi. Zu Chongzhi inherited the results of predecessors and calculated pi between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. He is the first outstanding mathematician in the world who has made Pi accurate to seven digits after the decimal point. It was not until the15th century that the Arab mathematician Al Cassie surpassed his achievements. However, Alkasi lags behind Zu Chongzhi for nearly a thousand years. In Europe, it was not until the 6th century A.D./KLOC-0 that this figure was recalculated by Otto, a German, and Antuoni, a Dutchman, who lagged behind Zu Chongzhi 1 100 years.

Zu Chongzhi collected and read a large number of ancient astronomical and mathematical documents.

Before Zu Chongzhi, the ancient astronomical and mathematical documents in China mainly included eight volumes of Tian Wen Zhi written by Gander, a Chu man in the Warring States Period, and eight volumes of Tian Wen Zhi written by Wei. Later generations combined these two works into one and became the earliest astronomical works in the world. Xia Zhengxiao is a calendar compiled during the Warring States Period, which basically retains the summer calendar, that is, February after the winter solstice is the first month, which is more in line with the changes of the four seasons and is the most progressive calendar in the world at that time. The Book of Zhou Kuaisuanjing was written in 1 century BC, and the Book of Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the Western Han Dynasty. The official books in Historical Records recorded many astronomical phenomena. In addition, Zhuan Xu Calendar was written in the Qin Dynasty, taichu calendar and Sanli were written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Ganxiang Calendar was written, and Lingxian was written by Zhang Heng. These documents on astronomy, calendar and mathematics are very helpful to Zu Chongzhi.

Calculation of pi value

In the production practice of working people in ancient China, the ratio of circumference to diameter was roughly three to one. Later, with the continuous progress of science and technology, the calculation of pi value became more and more accurate. From Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty to Zu Chongzhi in Qiliang, many people have contributed to the calculation of pi. Liu Xin (? -23), the word Zijun, later renamed Xiu, the word Yingshu. As a captain of Zhongli, he sorted out literary books and made contributions to the classic bibliography. Wang Mang established a new regime and was appointed as a national teacher. Later, he committed suicide because he was involved in the murder of Wang Mang. Familiar with astronomical calendar, the author of three calendars. Liu Hui was a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties. About four years ago, Wei Jingyuan wrote nine chapters of arithmetic and ten volumes, and nine chapters of gravity difference diagram and one volume, which pioneered the method of observation and calculation. His main invention is to find the pi by cutting logs and calculate the area of the regular 3072-sided polygon in the circle. The pi is 3. 14 16. He Chengtian (370-447) was an astronomer in the Southern Song Dynasty and a native of the East China Sea. Yuan Jia wrote and edited Song Shu for Zuo Lang, but died in vain. He is proficient in classics and history, and is good at astronomical laws and calendars. He once pointed out in the above table that the calendar used at the beginning of the scene was improper, so it was called the Yuan Kerry calendar, which had a great influence on the calendars of later generations.

Jia Sixie

Jia Sixie, an outstanding agronomist in ancient China. Yidu people in Shandong. At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he was the satrap of Levin (now northwest Zibo). He studied predecessors' works on agriculture, collected folk songs and proverbs, visited experienced farmers, made careful observation and comparison in the actual production struggle, and wrote Qi Yaomin's Book. This book is a summary of agricultural science in China at that time, from which we can learn about the development of agricultural science at that time. The contents contained in this book are still useful and can be used for reference. Therefore, this book is a valuable scientific and cultural heritage of our country.

Qi Min yaoshu

Qi Yao Min Shu is the oldest and most complete agricultural book in China. There are 92 volumes in the book, divided into 10 volumes, about 1 10000 words, including agriculture and handicrafts such as agronomy, horticulture (cultivation of vegetables and fruit trees), forestry, animal husbandry (feeding of poultry and livestock), fish farming and agricultural products manufacturing (such as wine making and food processing). Among them, agronomy and horticulture account for an important part. China's knowledge and technology in agriculture and handicrafts since the Western Zhou Dynasty are summarized in this book. The Book of Qi Yao Min emphasizes "the right time, the right place, the harmony of people, and more with less work" in the cultivation and planting of crops. The book records the sowing date of millet, millet, millet and other major crops, and introduces how to select seeds, soak seeds, accelerate germination, and the experience of crop rotation and interplanting. The book not only emphasizes adapting measures to local conditions and time, but also attaches great importance to the improvement of soil and farming techniques (tillage, hoeing, etc.). ), and put forward to keep the proper amount of water in the soil, enhance soil fertility, and use different nutrients absorbed by crops to carry out rotation, intercropping, mixed cropping and interplanting. It should be pointed out that the book puts forward the method of green manure rotation. At that time, the cultivation method of rotation and fallow was widely practiced in Europe. It was not until the 1930s of 19 that European talents implemented green manure rotation system in agriculture. In vegetable cultivation, it is considered that land should be highly utilized and manure should be used in production. In the aspect of fruit tree planting, the grafting method is introduced in detail. Pay attention to feeding and drinking water in livestock breeding. The book also introduces more than 20 kinds of brewing methods in detail. The related works 156 are cited in the book, which occupies an important position in the agricultural history of China and the world.

Li daoyuan

Li Daoyuan (? —527) was born in Zhuoxian County, Fanyang (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province) in the Northern Wei Dynasty. He used to be the assistant general of the imperial history, and later served as the ambassador Guan You. Yongzhou secretariat rebelled and was killed. Preference, focus on geography. Collect a large number of geographical historical materials, quote local myths and legends, and write a book "Notes on Water Classics".

Water mirror

"Water Mirror" is a classic work of ancient geography in China, and the author is the Sangqin of Han Dynasty. The book describes China 137 rivers and waterways, systematically takes waterways as the key link, describes their origins and flows, and establishes the method of proving land with water.

Notes on Water Classics

Notes on Water Classics, a masterpiece of ancient geography in China, has 40 volumes. Li Daoyuan took notes for the water mirror. The number of waterways in this book has increased to 1250, and the annotations are 20 times that of the original book, and more than 400 kinds of bibliographies are cited, which greatly enriches the contents of water mirrors. The Notes on Water Classics systematically records the origin, ancient and modern changes and water conservancy development of major water systems such as the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. Taking waterway as the key link, this paper records natural phenomena such as mountains, plains, hydrology, climate, soil and vegetation along the river, as well as the establishment, evolution, rise and fall of cities and Guanjin, as well as related historical figures, historical events, myths and legends. , including almost all historical geography. There are many confusions and mistakes in the circulation of the classics and annotations of Water Mirror Zhu. In Qing Dynasty, scholars in Ganjia did a lot of collating work on Shui Jing Zhu, such as Shui Jing Zhu, Zhao Yiqing's Shui Jing Zhu and Dai Zhenxiao's Shui Jing Zhu. In modern times, Yang Shoujing and Xiong also wrote Notes on Water Classics, pointing out that the Notes on Water Classics quoted the original facts of Li's Notes on Water Classics, described the waterway migration described in the Notes on Water Classics in detail, and revised the explanations of Quan, Zhao and Dai. This is a good reference book about water notes.

Zhu's Record of Apes on Both Sides of Three Gorges

Translated into vernacular: the voice of apes calling came from the empty valley, so sad that it would last for a long time. Fisherman sings: The Wuxia Gorge of the Three Gorges in Badong is the longest, and one ape cries three times, which makes people cry.

Picture description

Calculation and preparation of ancient bones

This is 197 1 the earliest calculation of the bones of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Qianyang County, Shaanxi Province. Calculation and compilation are the earliest calculation tools in China, which appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, in addition to bone calculations, there were various materials such as wood, iron and copper. When calculating, people divide computing chips into horizontal and vertical forms. Horizontal row means ten digits, thousands of digits, 100,000 digits ... Vertical row means one digit, hundreds of digits, 10,000 digits ... and so on, alternating vertically and horizontally, all kinds of digits can be represented. If you encounter "zero", don't put the computing chip. Leave this number blank. The display number of the computing chip on the right in the figure is 1976. The abacus was used in ancient China for nearly two thousand years, and was gradually replaced by the abacus.

summary

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the famous troubled times in ancient China. In order to sum up the historical experience of controlling the rise and fall of chaos, many historians and scholars have devoted their energy to sorting out and studying the data left over from this period since the Tang Dynasty. Among them, Zi Tong Zhi Jian is the first book with outstanding achievements. In this chronological history book, not only the historical events in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties for 400 years were systematically sorted out, but also Sima Guang expressed his views on some historical events and figures in the form of "Chen Guang Yue". Besides Zi Tong Zhi Jian, there are other works that study or involve this period of history, such as Meng Qian Bi Tan by Shen Kuo in Song Dynasty, Rong Zhai Essay by Hong Mai, Fan Yanlu by Cheng Dachang, Notes on Old Xuegong by Lu You, Notes on Students with Learning Difficulties by Ye Shi, and Collection and Continuation by Li Zhi. Wang Fuzhi, a beginner in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, systematically analyzed and criticized the success or failure of the rulers in this historical period. Ganjia School in Qing Dynasty is the peak of traditional historiography research. Many items in Qian Daxin's Textual Research on Twenty-two Histories, Zhao Yi's Notes on Twenty-two Histories and Wang Mingsheng's On Seventeen Histories all involve the study of the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Before the 20th century, scholars of all previous dynasties made a lot of achievements in the study of the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, but generally speaking, they were all confined to the circular view of history, and the basic ways were only to write, examine and comment on history. China's new historiography sprouted at the turn of the 20th century from 19. A group of scholars, influenced by various western viewpoints on evolutionary history and development history, pay attention to getting rid of the shackles of old historical research and gradually step into a new world. Throughout the 20th century, China historians were no longer willing to sort out the national heritage, but tried to find some regular motives, connections and understandings hidden behind historical appearances by analyzing historical materials. Therefore, the study of China's history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties has turned a new page. The research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China in the 20th century can be divided into two periods 1949. The prophase can be divided into two stages: 190 1- 1929 and 1930- 1949. The later period can be divided into three stages: 1949- 1966, 1966- 1978, 1978-2000.

In the first 30 years of the 20th century, the research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China showed the characteristics of transition from old historiography to new historiography. According to rough statistics, 190 1- 19 has published less than 90 historical papers, and there are only 10 kinds of works, and most of the ideas and methods are quite old and basically divorced from traditional historiography. Of course, there are also some articles in this period that are masterpieces of pioneering research using new historical concepts. Liang Qichao wrote in 1902 that China's autocratic politics was constantly strengthened from the Warring States to the Qing Dynasty, "there was quite an aristocratic class in the middle" and "it was a social phenomenon in China for thousands of years". However, after analysis, he thinks that "the Six Dynasties era was aristocratic as a whole, not aristocratic politics. Its evolution in authoritarian politics has done no harm. This view is still enlightening today. In addition, Zhu Daosheng and Nie of Tang Yongtong? Learning "(Sinology Quarterly 1925,No. 12), Rong Zhaozu's Wang Bi's Thoughts on Harmony (Journal of Language History of Sun Yat-sen University,No. 1927), and Lu Xun's The Relationship between Wei Jinyizhang and Medicine and Wine (The Great Migration of Han People in the Northern Emperor's Era

From 1930s to 1940s, the research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China entered a stage of all-round prosperity. In the past 20 years, he has published about 600 papers and more than 80 books, covering a wide range of topics: political history, military history, economic history, financial history, population history, ethnic history, religious history, academic and cultural history and great ethnic studies. Several works on dynastic history and special history came out one after another, which greatly improved the overall level of historical research in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to the publishing order, the representative works are Yang Junru's Nine Grades and the Gate of the Six Dynasties (Commercial Press, 1930), Rongzhaozu's Wei and Jin Naturalism (Commercial Press, 1935) and Fan Wei and Jin Tan (Commercial Press, 1934). 1936), Tao Xisheng and Wu Xianqing's Economic History of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (Commercial Press, 1936), Wang Yitong's Five Dynasties Family (Jinling University, 1943) and He Changqun's Preliminary Theory of Wei and Jin Thoughts (Commercial Press, 6544). This book is divided into two parts. The first part highlights the important political struggles in various periods, describes the political development and evolution in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, and belongs to the category of political history. The latter part discusses the ethnic distribution and composition, social organization, social class, agriculture, industry and commerce, food, clothing, housing and transportation, social customs, political system, academic religion, etc. in this period, which belongs to a special history. Lu Shu is famous not only for his rich historical materials, but also for his incisive opinions (Ming Kai Bookstore, 1948). As a master of history, Chen Yinque made a special contribution to the study of the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. He attaches great importance to cultural and ethnic factors, and often starts from the historical materials he has seen, raising and solving problems that his predecessors could not understand. The Relationship between Tianshidao and Coastal Areas (Series of Institute of Historical Languages, No.4, 1933), Collateral Evidence of Peach Blossom Garden (Journal of Tsinghua, No.0/936, 1), Trial Interpretation of Historical Materials in the Early Period of Imperial Military System (Series of Institute of Historical Languages, 65438+). But they all date back to Wei Jin and Southern Dynasties, and Chen Yinque "didn't pay attention to the role of social economy, and rarely discussed this aspect" (Tian Yuqing: Review and Prospect of Historical Research in Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties, Exploration of Wei Jin History in Qin and Han Dynasties, Zhonghua Book Company, 1993, p. 392). Starting from 1933, Shihuo magazine, the editor-in-chief, published a large number of research results on social and economic history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which just supplemented Chen's research work. Representative papers include Social and Economic Changes in Wei and Jin Dynasties in Wu Xianqing (No.12,No. 1934), Examination of Color Service in Southern and Northern Dynasties (No.3, No.4, 1936), and Land Rent and Household Adjustment Tax Law in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (No.2,/. He Ziquan's Destruction and Revival of Rural Economy in the Three Kingdoms Period (No.2, 1935), Three Leading Figures in the Three Kingdoms Period (No.5, 1935), Research on the Leading Households of Medieval Monasteries (No.0/936), and Ju Qingyuan Reclaimed the Land of Cao Wei. Influenced by Tao Xisheng's view of economic history, Quan Hansheng systematically discussed the overall social and economic outlook of this period in his long article "Medieval Natural Economy" (Collected Works of Institute of Historical Languages,No. 1947,No. 10). In 1930s and 1940s, a large number of outstanding scholars emerged in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, such as Zhou Yiliang, Gu Jiguang, Sa, Wang Yitong, Yao Weiyuan, etc. They are active in various fields of historical research in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Representative works include Zhou Yiliang's Policy towards Various People and Governments in the Southern Dynasties (No.7, Journal of the Institute of History and Linguistics, No.1 1938), The Leader and the Governors of Six Countries (No.1 1947, Journal of Tsinghua) and Begging for Contributions. Gu Jiguang's The Gate of the Six Dynasties (Wu Da Shirley Quarterly, No.6, 1936), Fu Bing in the Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang Dynasties (China Social and Economic History Series, No.7, 1937), and Yan Gengwang's Textual Research on the Northern Town System in the Yuan and Wei Dynasties (Journal of Modern Science, No.8, 1947), Textual Research on Local Governments in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties (Journal Samengwu Politics and Society in Southern and Northern Dynasties (Political Quarterly 1940No. 10) and Central Official System in Jin Dynasty (New Understanding 1943 No.4), Li Yuancheng In the second half of the 20th century, under the guidance of Marxism, Chinese mainland historians have been exploring new theories and methods of historical research for 50 years, and the historical research of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is no exception. Scholars in this field, on the basis of inheriting China's original excellent academic tradition and drawing lessons from the research methods of western modern history, constantly put forward new topics and opened up new research fields, and made many remarkable achievements in social and economic history, political history, ethnic history, ideological history and social and cultural history, and gained a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of economic changes, social nature, political characteristics, ethnic relations and cultural composition since the Han and Wei Dynasties.

1949 ——1966 is a promising stage in the study of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in Chinese mainland. At this stage, several general histories compiled by Marxist historians came out one after another. A General History of Various Families made a comprehensive study of the social conditions in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and put forward different understandings of the social nature of this period. At the same time, scholars who made outstanding achievements in 1930s and 1940s also revised or rewritten their works and papers under the guidance of Marxist viewpoint, which opened up a new trend for the study of the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Among the works on dynastic history are He Ziquan's A Brief History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1958) and Wang's History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties (Shanghai People's Publishing House,196). His works on economic history include Tang Changru's Development of Land Ownership in the South of the Yangtze River in the 3rd-6th Century (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1957), He Changqun's Feudal State-owned Land System and Land Equalization System between Han and Tang Dynasties (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1958), and South Korea's Economic Exploration in the Northern Dynasties (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1957) 1963) Ma Changshou's works on ethnic history include The Northern Emperor and Xiongnu (Sanlian Bookstore, 1962), Wu Huan and Xianbei (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1962) and Yao Weiyuan's Research on Hu's surname in the Northern Dynasties. Hou Wailu's General History of China's Thought History (People's Publishing House, 1957) and Tang Yongtong's History of Buddhism in Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Zhonghua Book Company, 1955) belong to the study of the history of thought and Buddhism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tang Changru's History Series of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Sanlian Bookstore, 1955), Continuation of History Series of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Sanlian Bookstore, 1959) and Zhou Yiliang History Series of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Zhonghua Bookstore, 1963) are the crystallization of the research results of the two authors for many years. The books of Tang Dynasty mainly focus on social economy, and also discuss ethnic, political, ideological and cultural issues. Zhou Shu focused on the political system and touched on ethnic, religious and cultural topics. According to rough statistics, during 17, * * published about 1400 papers on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Most of the authors have reorganized the major issues in the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties from the perspective of historical materialism, and achieved breakthrough research results in the aspects of gate system, land system, class structure, peasant war, ethnic conflicts, and evaluation of historical figures. However, there were some problems in the research work during this period, especially after 1957, academic research was influenced by political factors, and there were more and more ultra-left and "representative history" essays until the Cultural Revolution evolved into gang articles characterized by "innuendo history". In addition, there are still problems in the research work. 1400 papers, about 1 100 articles are about characters, and there are 560 articles that only evaluate the characters in the Three Kingdoms period, including about 350 articles about Cao Cao, accounting for more than half; There are 85 articles evaluating Zhuge Liang, accounting for a quarter. The choice of various topics is not balanced. Excluding articles commenting on figures, there are more than 100 articles discussing political struggles and peasant uprisings, only 80 articles studying social structure and economic problems, and about 40 articles studying military affairs, most of which are about the battle of Guandu and the battle of Feishui, while only 15 articles concerning ethnic relations.

The Cultural Revolution, which began at 1966, rudely interrupted the normal progress of historical research. At this stage, the study of the history of China Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties also suffered heavy losses in the catastrophe, and basically came to a standstill. After 1978, the style of study of seeking truth from facts was re-established, and Chinese mainland's research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties entered a new stage of all-round prosperity. The characteristics of the study of the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties at this stage are as follows: societies and research institutions of various sizes have been established one after another; Some major topics have developed in depth on the basis of the original academic accumulation; Opened up a new research field; High-quality research results are published one after another; What is particularly gratifying is that a large number of young and middle-aged scholars constitute the main force of the research team, and individual outstanding scholars have become academic leaders. From 65438 to 0984, the Historical Society of China Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was established in Sichuan, and by the end of the 20th century, it had held six annual meetings. Six Dynasties Historical Society, Northern Dynasties Historical Society and Zhuge Liang Research Society were established one after another. In addition, the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences, Wuhan University, Beijing Normal University, Sichuan University, Zhengzhou University and other units have also set up special research rooms (institutes) for the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The multi-volume General History of China, edited by Bai Shouyi, created a new comprehensive way of writing general history. The fifth volume of this book (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1995) comprehensively reflects the level of China's research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in 1980s through four parts: preface, abstract, canon and biography. The monographs on dynastic history and comprehensive research published in this period include Wang's History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1979), Korea's Outline of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (People's Publishing House, 1983) and Wan's History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Anhui Education Publishing House, 1983). 199 1 year), Three Treatises on the History of Sui and Tang Dynasties in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in Tang Dynasty (Wuhan University Press, 1993), and Jane's Historical Draft of Six Dynasties (East China Normal University Press, 1994). Important essays include Chen Yinque's Preliminary Compilation of Pavilion Manuscripts (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1980), He Ziquan's Collection of Reading History (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1982), Tang's Notes on the History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Zhonghua Book Company, 1983) and Zheng. 1989), Zhou Yiliang's Collection of History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Peking University Publishing House, 199 1 year), Tian Yuqing's Exploration of the History of Wei, Jin and Qin Dynasties (Zhonghua Book Company, 1993), and Gu Jiguang's economic history works include North. The monographs on political history and institutional history mainly include Tian Yuqing's Politics in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Peking University Press, 1989), Yan Yaozhong's Political System in the Early Northern Wei Dynasty (Jilin Education Press, 1990) and Zhu Zongbin's Research on the Prime Minister System in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties (China Social Sciences Press, 1999) 199 1 year), Wang Zhong 'an, A Study on the Official Selection System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Fujian People's Publishing House, 1995), and A General History of China's Political System Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. His works on ethnic history mainly include Ma Changshou's Frontier Qiang (Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984), Guanzhong Tribes from Pre-Qin to Early Sui Dynasty as Seen from Inscriptions (Zhonghua Book Company, 1985) and Zhou Weizhou's History of Han Zhao (Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1985). 1987), Jiang Fuya's History of the Pre-Qin Dynasty (Beijing Normal University Press, 1993), Yu Taishan's Study on the Relationship between the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Western Regions (China Social Sciences Press, 1995), and Chen Lianqing's Study on the Surnames of Ethnic Minorities in Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Jilin Literature History). Zhengshi Metaphysics (Qilu Bookstore, 1987), Tan Xuan in Wei and Jin Dynasties by Kong Fan (Liaoning Education Press, 199 1 year), and Clean Stream of China Culture by Wang Xiaoyi (China Social Sciences Press,199/kloc) 1992), Chen Shuguo's Study on Ritual System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Hunan Education Press, 1995), Zhang's History of Confucian Classics in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Guangdong People's Publishing House, 1996) and China's History of Confucianism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Guangdong Education Press, 1998), Ge's Knowledge, Thought and the World, Tang's National Image and Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties (Peking University Publishing House, 2000), Cao's General History of China Culture, Volume of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Central Committee * * *) and his well-written Buddhist Essays in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Zhonghua Book Company,/kloc 1986), Tang's works on the social history of Taoism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties mainly include Rural Social Research in Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties (Shandong People's Publishing House, 1995), Cao's General History of China Society in Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Shaanxi Education Publishing House, 1996) and Ge's Chinese Immigrants. 1997), Zhu Dawei's Social Life History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hou Xudong's Buddhist Belief of Northerners in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries (China Social Sciences Press, 1998), and Liu Changdong's Study on Tommy's Pure Land Belief in Jin and Tang Dynasties (Bashu Bookstore). In addition, the papers scattered in many domestic journals and publications are also/kloc-. According to incomplete statistics, from 1978 to the end of 1980s, more than 50 papers were published every year, and about 280 papers were published in 2000 alone. These works and papers represent the overall level of Chinese mainland's research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties since 1978.

In the second half of the 20th century, the research on the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in Hong Kong and Taiwan also made some progress. Only published the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The authors are Lao Gan (Taipei Chinese Culture Publishing Committee, 1955), Lin (Taipei Zhida Company, 1977), (Taipei Press, 1978) and Zou (Taipei Long Bridge). In addition, Jin's Northern Aristocratic Families after Yongjia Rebellion (Taipei Academic Works Award Association, 1964), Mao Hanguang's Research on Gentry Politics in the Southern and Northern Dynasties (Taipei Academic Works Award Association, 1966) and Lai Yaodong's Cultural Transformation from Pingcheng to Luoyang-Tuo Wei.