Basic knowledge of Shandong teacher recruitment: fine arts discipline-who has knowledge of sculpture?

Sculpture is an important plastic arts. Sculpture is a kind of three-dimensional (three-dimensional) space art and visual art, and it is an artistic work composed of certain substances besides the three-dimensional image. The so-called sculpture is an art category that uses a certain material basis to create various three-dimensional artistic images through carving, engraving and plastic. Because the production method is mainly carving and shaping, it is called sculpture.

Sculpture includes two creative methods: carving and shaping. Carving is a subtraction process of carving or chiseling hard materials such as wood, stone and bone from the outside to the inside with metal tools. Plastics are plastic materials such as mud or plasticine, which are added to create a three-dimensional shape from scratch. In short, sculpture is a three-dimensional shape that can be seen and touched.

Sculpture can be divided into three types: circular sculpture, relief (high relief, shallow relief) and through sculpture. Sculpture materials are generally divided into plastic materials and hard materials. The main performance materials are mud, stone, bronze, wood, bricks, ceramics and so on.

Style types of sculpture: realistic sculpture, decorative sculpture and abstract sculpture.

Second, China sculpture.

(A) Characteristics

Practical, decorative, picturesque, imagery and concise language, paying attention to the depiction of the head, including but not expressing, reflects the spirit of China's ancient philosophy and Buddhist statues.

The ancient sculptures in China mainly include mausoleum sculptures, Buddhist sculptures and decorative sculptures, and their aesthetic characteristics are "vivid in form" and emphasizing "freehand brushwork".

(2) The stage of China sculpture.

1. Germination period: from Neolithic Age to Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, represented by bronzes.

2. Mature and prosperous period: Qin, Han and Southern and Northern Dynasties, represented by the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and the stone carvings in front of Huo Qubing's tomb.

3. Peak period: Tang Dynasty, represented by grotto carving.

4. Low tide period: From the Tang Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, various small desk furnishings sculptures and handicraft decorative sculptures were developed.

Third, foreign sculptures.

(A) Characteristics

1. The expression of beauty and the embodiment of ideals. The work Aphrodite of Austrian limestone Willindorf was written in the Hellenistic period of the 2nd century BC, and Aphrodite is the embodiment of love and beauty in Greek mythology. Aphrodite in this sculpture has a lovely round face, a flat forehead, a high nose, elegant and dignified expression, and is quiet and serene.

2. Quantity and moment of motion. The discus thrower is the work of the famous Greek sculptor Miron. This work shows a typical instantaneous action of throwing discus. The center of gravity of the figure moves to the right foot, so that the left foot is supported and assisted in a targeted way, and the arms extend symmetrically up and down around the head, so that the unstable body feels stable. The forward rotation of the body and the separation of the lower limbs not only conform to the movement law of discus throwing, but also create a simple and changeable aesthetic feeling.

3. Harmony between spirit and flesh. David is one of the representative works of Michelangelo, one of the three outstanding figures in the Renaissance. Michelangelo described the hero David as a man with strong body, strong will and full of strength.

4. The embodiment of wholeness and perfection. Balzac is the work of the French realistic sculptor Rodin. The creation of this work is very difficult. The essence of Rodin is to reveal Balzac's literary temperament. One day, Rodin was looking at some sketches he had just drawn, when his student Bode came in and said with great appreciation, Teacher, these hands are perfect, but Rodin picked up the shovel handle and shoveled it off. This is Balzac that we see today.

(2) The four most brilliant peaks in the history of western sculpture

The first peak was in ancient Greece and Rome, and the sculpture art has reached a quite high level.

The second European Renaissance can be called the second peak of western sculpture art.

The third peak in the history of the third western sculpture art belongs to19th century French sculpture.

Since the fourth 20th century, the western sculpture art has been diversified, and many schools coexist at the same time. During this period, many famous sculptors and excellent sculptures emerged in the western sculpture world.