Where can I learn to draw in Wenzhou?

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A wonderful flower in the history of Wenzhou handicraft industry: the heart of paper is as white as silver.

Yu Guang 2003- 10- 18

The fine gold pen is superb, and the paper is as white as silver. This is the Qing Dynasty poet Dai's admiration for Wenzhou paper. For this wonderful flower in the history of Wenzhou handicraft industry, I think there are several problems that need to be further clarified when Wenzhou Studies was founded.

When did Wenzhou paper start? Some people think that it began in the Tang Dynasty, and its basis is Hui Zhou's "Qing Bo Bie Lao": "Whoever made this paper in the Tang Dynasty was exempted from its own hard work, so it was named." However, the existence of Fu paper in the Tang Dynasty does not mean that Zhou Wenfu paper began in the Tang Dynasty. Exemption from labor was a preferential policy for tribute in ancient China, and its authority was in the imperial court. So far, there is no historical evidence to prove that Wenzhou produced paper and became a tribute in the Tang Dynasty, so the above statement is difficult to establish. So, when did Wenzhou paper start? In this regard, Amin writer Jianghuai made a clear answer in the volume of Qi Hai Suotan: "Wenzhou is made of paper, white and smooth, roughly like North Korean paper. When I was in Qianjia, I used this paper as a gift, hence the name. In other words, Wenzhou's paper began in wuyue in the Five Dynasties (907-978). At that time, Qian Jianguo had the right to ask Wenzhou to pay tribute to paper and tribute. Since then, the Song and Yuan Dynasties have cracked down on its system.

When does Wenzhou paper stop? Someone quoted Guangxu's "Yongjia County Records" Volume VI, Property: "Bin Tuilu":' The Ming Dynasty began in Quxi and sent officials to supervise the construction. He Dongyuan is too cautious about his sick people. He dived with a meter, muddied the water, and the paper turned black, so it changed with the atmosphere and played. "This is because I love the people, but unfortunately there is less good paper." It is proved that Wenzhou paper stopped in Ming Dynasty, and its conclusion is correct, but the argument is wrong. "The soldier tuilu was written by Zhao in the Song Dynasty. How did people in Song Dynasty know about Ming Dynasty? According to the author's textual research, the introduction of the so-called "returning from illness" comes from the volume XI of Qi Hai Suotan (but the last sentence should be "only by investigating the facts can you be exempted from punishment." ) Jianghuai said that Guangxu's Yongjia County Records was wrongly quoted. Because He Dongyuan (Yuan Wen) was the satrap of Wenzhou from the fifth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty to the year of Zheng Tongyuan, to be precise, Wenzhou Paper stopped in the years of Xuande and Zheng Tongyuan in Ming Dynasty (1430- 1436).

What is the raw material of Wenzhou paper? In this regard, the existing Wenzhou local historical materials have not yet made a clear answer. But according to the author's research, the raw material of Wenzhou paper should be tender bamboo. There are three bases: First, the secretary of the Cloud Bureau in the Song Dynasty: "Paper-making material, hemp in Sichuan, tender bamboo in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, mulberry bark in the northern soil, rattan in the stream, moss in the sea"; Second, "In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, bamboo began to be used as a raw material for papermaking in the south, which developed rapidly" (A Brief History of Science and Technology in China, edited by Chen Meidong), "In the early Northern Song Dynasty, tender bamboo was used for papermaking in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and other places, and the output and quality of bamboo paper were greatly improved" (ibid.), and Wenzhou was no exception; Third, Wenzhou is rich in bamboo resources. "Dianthus, summer bamboo shoots are sweet and can be used to make paper." (Wang Ming and Guang Yun's Wanli Wenzhou Prefecture, Volume 5, Food and Products), in addition to "Maozhu, Bitter Bamboo, Danzhu, Zizhu,? Bamboo, Chimonobambusa, Phyllostachys pubescens, Dendrocalamus latiflorus,? Bamboo, purple bamboo, spotted bamboo, Bamboo, Buddha's face bamboo, brown bamboo, peach bamboo, sun bamboo, phoenix bamboo, thunder bamboo and Indocalamus. " (ditto), so tender bamboo should be the raw material of Wenzhou paper. The tender bamboo is soaked in lime and mashed into paper film.

How to make Wenzhou paper? At present, people pay more attention to the methods contained in the Records of Kangxi Wenzhou cited in Gan Long's Records of Wenzhou, Volume 15, Real Estate. In fact, in the Ming Dynasty, Wang Zan and others wrote "Hongzhi Wenzhou Local Records Seven Volumes", which was recorded in detail. This is also the earliest paper-making method recorded in Wenzhou local chronicles. Its article is "paper", and its method is to put the powder and flying noodles in a wok into Jane (nitrate), boil the soup and fry it, and once it is cold, take medicine (thick). Firstly, pas that paper through alum and dry; Brush both sides of the paper with a big brush, and then dry it; Beat with wax, such as pills, and tie them into pieces with coarse cloth. "That is to say, the wok powder, flour and mirabilite are boiled into pharmaceutical liquid first, and then the paper film goes through complicated and strict procedures such as alum sticking, drying, medicine brushing, drying again, waxing and polishing to ensure the quality of the paper.

What is the historical position of Wenzhou paper? Some people say that Wenzhou paper is one of the famous papers in ancient Zhejiang. This is true, but it is not accurate. The Song Dynasty's "Biezhi of Qing Bo" pointed out: "Scholars like it (Wenzhou Paper) because of its contribution to calligraphy, and strive to donate it at a good price. A piece of paper can be good in ancient and modern times, similar to Jiangnan Chengxin Hall. " Song Rencheng? "Miscellaneous Notes on Sanliuxuan" also said: "There are the most paper outlets in the southeast, and this (Wenzhou paper) should be the first, and each punch is under it." "Guang Yu Ji" also said: "Paper is also white and slippery, too Korean." Jiangnan Chengxin Tang Paper, Yuhang Youquan Paper and Koryo Paper were all famous papers at home and abroad at that time, so Wenzhou Paper was one of the famous papers at that time. Volume 10 of Bing Tuilu is quoted from Cun Wang and others in Yuanfeng Jiu Yu Lu, which was written during the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1078- 1085). The national annual tribute is "4,000 pieces of paper, 1,000 pieces of Yue, Yun and Chi, and 500 pieces of Zhen and Wen."

A Brief History of China, edited by Zhang Chuanxi, also said that there were many kinds of high-quality paper in the Southern Song Dynasty, including Sichuan hemp paper, Wenzhou paper and Pingjiang colored paper.

Why did Wenzhou Paper Stop Production? It has been mentioned in the above-mentioned Qi Hai Suotan, but it is not comprehensive. The main reasons for Wenzhou's paper production suspension are that the demand of powerful people has dampened the production enthusiasm of paper farmers. As early as the Song Dynasty, "Miscellaneous Notes on Sanliuxuan" pointed out that Wenzhou paper "produced less, and tribute was paid only after harmony. Rich and powerful people seek broad-mindedness, and the power of paper households can no longer win. " Yuan and Ming dynasties were heavier; Second, it pollutes the environment and affects the quality of paper. "Talking about the Sea" said: He Dongyuan "stole a plan, changed its water, turned paper into black, and changed the atmosphere into a play." Isn't this the great sin of deceiving the monarch? Do a national official dare to do this? What's more, the court also sent officials to "investigate"! Common sense tells us that the paper industry is a serious environmental pollution industry. The production of Wenzhou paper lasted for more than 400 years from the Five Dynasties to Xuande in Ming Dynasty. Under the conditions at that time, it was impossible to treat sewage, so it was inevitable that the blackening of water would affect the quality of paper, and the result was the withering of Wenzhou papermaking. References:

Wenzhou daily