Research on the Trend of Rural Informatization

Abstract: The rural informatization construction in China has a good foundation. However, China's rural informatization construction still has a long way to go, not only facing the major development trend of integration, specialization, networking, multimedia, practicality, popularization, integration and whole process, but also facing the continuous development of market economy and comprehensively promoting the construction of a well-off society, and the demand for information services in the vast rural areas is increasing day by day. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the current situation of rural informatization construction at home and abroad, as well as China's national conditions, people's feelings and agricultural conditions, especially the information acceptance ability of farmers, this paper studies and puts forward a set of ideas for rural informatization construction led by the government and participated by social forces, so that farmers can generally use it, use it well, afford it and use it. Keywords rural informatization research

With the tide of global informatization, rural informatization in China has been highly valued and paid great attention by the whole society. According to the overall deployment of informatization at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have conducted in-depth research and overall framework on rural informatization, and made clear the development direction. China put forward the concept of "informatization" in 1980s, which was about 20 years later than Europe and America. The early rural informatization construction was manifested in the application of computers in agricultural production in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and a number of agricultural and forestry databases were established in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The rural information industry started late, and the gap with Europe and the United States is even greater. But it was not until 1996 that the first national conference on rural economic informatization made clear the direction of rural informatization construction. Nowadays, the science and technology department of China has made great progress in the hardware construction of information and communication expressway, as well as the construction of agricultural information platform and resources, which has made the world sit up and take notice.

(1) The construction of agriculture-related databases has begun to take shape.

China has built more than 100 large-scale agricultural databases, accounting for about 10% of the total agricultural information databases in the world. Among them, the most important achievements are CABI, AGRIS, AGRICOLA and FSTA databases successively introduced and established by agricultural scientific research institutions, and the agricultural database and agricultural CD-ROM service network led by China Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Representative databases include: China Agriculture and Forestry Literature Database, China Agricultural Abstracts Database, China Agricultural Germplasm Resources Database, Agricultural Products Deep Processing Database, Plant Quarantine Diseases and Pests Directory Database, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fishery Scientific and Technological Achievements Database, China Animal Husbandry Comprehensive Database, National Agricultural Economic Statistics Database, Agricultural Products Fair Trade Price Database and Agricultural Cooperative Economic Database.

(2) The network platform for rural informatization construction has been gradually established.

According to their functions, the network resources supporting the development of informatization can be divided into three categories, namely, telecommunication network, radio and television network and computer network. Among them, the former two are the representatives of traditional media, while the latter is the representative of modern media. Together, they constitute the main channel of modern agricultural information dissemination.

1. Traditional media functions have been expanded as needed.

With the development of economy, traditional media, mainly television, telecommunications and broadcasting, have been greatly developed. By June 30, 2003, the total length of optical cables built in China has reached 2.246 million kilometers, and the telecommunications network basically covers the whole country. 85.3% of the administrative villages in China have telephones, and the number of rural fixed-line telephone users has reached 78.43438+0000. By the end of September, 2003, the total number of telephone users in China has reached 500 million, ranking first in the world, and it has a strong advantage in transmitting information.

China radio and TV network has become the largest TV network in the world, with a comprehensive TV coverage rate of 9 1.6%, including 654.38 million cable TV users, 320 million TV sets in China and 0/08.6 TV sets in rural areas, which is an important channel for information dissemination.

Internet is more and more widely accepted by people.

According to the Statistical Report on China's Internet Development issued by China Internet Network Information Center, as of June 30, 2003, the number of networked computers in China reached 25.72 million, an increase of 6 1% over the same period last year. The total number of netizens is 68 million, an increase of 75.4% over the same period in 2004. 3 1 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government (excluding Taiwan Province Province) are all connected to the Internet, and the role of the Internet has developed from the initial information exchange to e-commerce. In the low network environment, the rapid development of Internet in China fully shows the great potential of Internet development.

However, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy personnel only account for 1.7% of the total number of network users, and the urban penetration rate is 740 times that of rural areas. The vast number of farmers are completely at the other end of the "digital divide" and become the "digital poverty" population in the network revolution.

A survey of farmers' information usage conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture in rural areas 1000 fixed observation points shows that only 0.8% of rural families in China have access to market and technical information through the Internet. Compared with other industries, the scale of agricultural e-commerce is very small, with less than 0.2% farmers buying production materials through computer networks and less than 0.5% farmers selling agricultural products based on Internet information.

3. Agricultural information websites have developed rapidly.

As of June 5438+February 3, 20021day, the total number of websites in China has reached 370,000, of which corporate websites account for 78.83% of all websites. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery account for 0.52% of enterprise websites, among which county and township websites account for less than 10% of agricultural websites, and the total number of online databases is 82,900. Among all kinds of agricultural websites, about 1.500 are operating normally, and more than 1.70 directly provide rural information services. The industry and information content of the website involves 65,438+0.8 categories and 65,438+0.27 subcategories, mainly including market information, science education and policy and management. Well-known agriculture-related websites include "900 million net" of the Ministry of Science and Technology and "China Agricultural Information Net" of the Ministry of Agriculture. According to the survey, websites are concentrated in Beijing and major coastal provinces. Among them, the websites of Beijing, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong and Guangdong account for nearly half of the total number of websites in China, and the websites of western 12 provinces and municipalities account for 14% of the total number of websites in China.

(C) remarkable achievements in agricultural information technology research and development

1997, especially since the Ninth Five-Year Plan, with the support of a series of national, departmental and local science and technology plans and the unremitting efforts of the vast number of scientific and technological workers, a number of achievements with independent intellectual property rights have been gradually accumulated in the field of agricultural informatization, and a talent team system engaged in the research, development, popularization and application of rural informatization has been formed. The "Demonstration Project of Intelligent Agricultural Information Technology Application" implemented by the National "863" Plan has established 20 demonstration areas throughout the country; The implementation of the project "Research on Agricultural Expert Decision-making System and Information Technology System" has formed a number of rural information platform technologies and product technologies, and developed 12 information resource database serving rural economic development. In addition, technologies such as "agricultural 3S technology", "precision agriculture" and "virtual agriculture" are also actively developed and applied. These breakthroughs in major key technologies of agricultural informatization have laid a solid technical foundation for the implementation of rural informatization strategy and accumulated valuable experience.

(D) The agricultural expert system began to play a role.

The research of China's agricultural expert system began in 1980s and made great progress. Some agricultural information technicians brought the expert system from the laboratory to the production line, which not only sent new technologies to agricultural producers, but also effectively promoted the construction of agricultural knowledge engineering system. 1985 The expert consultation system for fertilization of black soil wheat in Jiang Sha developed by Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Chinese Academy of Sciences has been well popularized and applied in Huaibei Plain. Through scientific and technological research during the Seventh Five-Year Plan and the Eighth Five-Year Plan, more agricultural expert systems have been developed and applied to rice, wheat, corn and other crops, including cultivation techniques, new variety breeding, pest control, weed identification and control. At present, * * * has developed five agricultural expert system development platforms with independent intellectual property rights, more than 200 practical agricultural expert systems, and established 35 computer networks for popularization and application.

(E) Rural information services go deep into the grassroots.

1, rural information service institutions and teams are growing.

According to the survey, 260 of the 333 cities in China have established agricultural information service institutions, accounting for 78% of the total. Of the 2800 counties (cities, districts) in China, 12 10 has established agricultural information service institutions, accounting for 43% of the total; Of the more than 43,000 townships in China, more than 7,000 have established information service institutions, accounting for 18% of the total number of townships. In some places, while strengthening the construction of information workers in agricultural system, farmers' brokers, large-scale breeders, professional cooperative economic organizations and relevant social intermediary institutions are actively used to develop and expand the rural information workers.

2. Flexible and diverse service methods.

After long-term exploration and practice, we have created many effective rural information service models.

Science and technology 1 10 plays a significant role. By the first half of 2007, there were more than 100 agricultural technology call centers in China, including Quzhou Agricultural Technology +0 10 in Zhejiang Province, Laizhou Agricultural Technology +0 10 in Shandong Province and Handan Science and Technology +0 10 in Hebei Province. In 2002, Zhejiang Province has realized agricultural technology networking 1 10.

Agricultural paging has developed rapidly. Agricultural paging has the characteristics of low cost, wide coverage, less equipment investment and large information capacity. It makes full use of paging resources to publish agricultural information, and users can obtain agricultural information anytime and anywhere through mobile phones or telephones. The paging center can also actively send relevant information to users according to their types and hobbies, so as to realize active information service. Agricultural paging services with local characteristics have appeared in various places, such as "Nongxintong" in Henan, "Get Rich Information Machine" in Anhui, "899- Rural Information Machine" in Guangxi and "Agricultural Information Machine" in Jiangsu.

The development of distance education has been paid more and more attention. For example, Beijing Agricultural Distance Education Center has established a Spark distance training platform based on satellite broadband backbone network, covering 4 districts, counties, villages and households in Beijing, with 2 stations11,covering 82% of towns and 50 villages in Beijing suburbs. Make more than 3000 multimedia courseware in 22 categories, such as pesticides, bio-fertilizers, aquatic products, garden flowers, fruits and vegetables, and special breeding.

3. Effective development of local rural informatization construction.

Rural informatization construction has been vigorously promoted in some places, and achieved certain results, making the smooth implementation of rural information "household communication" project have a good start.

The rural informatization in Anhui Province started with the construction of "Anhui Spark Plan Website" and marked by the implementation of the "information into the countryside" project, and initially established a five-level network physical framework and information service organization system at the provincial, city, county, township and village levels, and set up an information bridge for "agriculture, countryside and farmers" to get rich. At present, information service centers have been established in 17 cities and 6 1 counties, and information service stations have been established in more than 800 townships and villages. There are more than 20,000 registered members of agriculture-related enterprises and large-scale farmers, and large-scale farmers or brokers purchase equipment to access the network13,000. At present, it has contributed more than 3 billion yuan in online transactions, more than 4.4 million website visits, and the daily click rate has stabilized at around 8,000 times.

(VI) Problems existing in rural informatization construction

China's agricultural information technology has made great progress, but there are still many problems. For example, farmers' information awareness is relatively weak and their information demand is not strong; Poor information flow in rural areas; Rural information lacks timeliness and pertinence, which greatly reduces its utilization value; The poor ability of farmers to use information seriously affects the promotion of rural informatization. mix together

Database, system simulation, artificial intelligence, remote sensing, geographic information system and global positioning system.

The application of technology in agriculture is becoming more and more mature, and network technologies such as internet, telecommunication network and radio and television network are becoming more and more popular. However, the demand for comprehensive development and utilization of information resources and information technology in modern agriculture is more and more comprehensive, and a single information technology or a single network technology often cannot meet the actual needs of users. Therefore, people pay more and more attention to the sharing and integration of scattered, chaotic and low-quality rural information resources, the combination and integration of various information technologies and the integration of multi-network functions.

(2) specialization

Aiming at a specific object, a specific agronomic measure or a specific production process in rural economic activities, it is an important step to establish a computer application system for intelligent production management in the future to promote rural economic development. For example, the integrated cotton management system successfully developed in the United States has played a great role in increasing cotton production. In addition, specialized agricultural application software also has the characteristics of being suitable for production management at different production levels (such as plot level and farm level), and can serve agricultural production more economically and effectively.

(3) networking

The application of Internet, telecommunication network and radio and television network in rural areas can not only solve the technical problems in agricultural and rural development in time, but also reduce the cost of obtaining agricultural and rural information. Based on different network systems, producers in different regions and under different conditions can use different technologies and ways to obtain rural information. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate orderly agricultural information classification standards and adopt advanced information network technology to establish a high-speed, broadband, national and even global rural information network system that integrates multiple rural information subnets and multiple information transmission channels; At the same time, in order to ensure the effective realization of rural information service, we must also establish and improve the rural information service system from vertical to bottom and horizontal to edge.

multi-media

Multimedia is an information transmission method that uses computers or other electronic means to transmit text, graphic art, sound, animation and video information. With the rise and development of multimedia technology, the construction of rural multimedia database and the development of rural practical information technology came into being. It shows the very complicated agricultural and rural information technology in a very simple, easy-to-understand and easy-to-learn way, and has the characteristics of fast spread, wide coverage, vivid image and easy operation.

(5) Practicality

At present, the development and application of rural system software are mostly limited to scientific research institutes and demonstration bases, and its potential role is far from being fully exerted; The hardware system of rural information transmission still lacks intelligence and practicality, which can't meet the needs of rural users with low income and poor quality. Therefore, developing and popularizing the application software that meets the needs of rural users and developing the hardware system of rural information transmission will become an important content of rural informatization. Of course, the regional, seasonal and persistent nature of agricultural production and management determines the complexity of rural informatization development. Therefore, the development of this kind of software and hardware must be carried out through the cooperation of multiple departments and disciplines and the collaborative research of agricultural production management experts, so as to ensure the standardization of software structure, function, interface and program, improve the scientificity, effectiveness, adaptability and intelligence of software and hardware, and finally produce considerable economic benefits.

(6) Popularization

With the in-depth development of rural market economy and the overall promotion of the construction of a well-off society, it is necessary to rapidly promote the popularization of rural informatization to meet the growing demand for information services of agricultural producers and operators. The popularization of rural information includes two meanings: first, the acquisition, analysis and utilization of rural information run through the whole process of rural production and management and play an important role. Only when agricultural producers and operators fully grasp information can they make scientific decisions and adapt to the development of market economy; The second refers to the popularization of rural education. Through planned and batch training, most farmers and agricultural technicians can learn all kinds of agricultural knowledge through computers and multimedia, thus accelerating the popularization of agricultural science and technology and improving farmers' scientific and cultural quality; Third, it means that applicable, scientific and authoritative rural information can be easily transmitted to rural areas in various ways and accepted by rural users.

(7) integration

There are a variety of information technologies, including database technology, network technology, computer model base and knowledge base system, multimedia technology, real-time processing and control and other information technologies; There is also the combination of information technology with modern science and technology, especially agricultural science and technology, such as the increasingly close combination of information technology with biotechnology, nuclear technology, laser technology and remote sensing technology, which greatly improves the production process and mode of agricultural products and improves the level of agricultural modernization management. For example, a video data retrieval system and a TV data retrieval system, which are generally favored by European and American countries, are the combination of multimedia database technology, computer software and hardware technology and network communication technology.

(8) The whole process

The application of information technology is no longer limited to an independent rural economic activity, or a single business link, or a limited area, but a horizontal and vertical expansion. Information technology enterprises are in contact with agricultural production and operation enterprises, scientific research units and production and operation units are even combined with users, and there are more and more complex projects in which multidisciplinary experts collaborate. These projects have improved the decision-making and management of rural economic activities in an all-round way, not only giving full play to the advantages of agriculture in developed countries, but also gradually improving or even eliminating the disadvantages of developing countries, greatly enhancing the vitality and information competitiveness of agriculture. (A) to strengthen the construction of rural information resources

Accelerate the standard system of rural information collection (collection, processing, database construction, etc.). ) and information distribution system.

Construction, provide a standard database interface, and realize the integration of information collection, processing and publishing. Focus on strengthening the construction of information collection system urgently needed by farmers such as market supply and demand, agricultural product prices, scientific and technological information and rural policies.

Under the overall planning of the country, integrate, integrate and develop rural information resources of various departments and units, make full use of international data, and bring scientific data resources obtained and accumulated by various departments, units and even individuals into the unified management framework of rural scientific and technological data in China.

Integrate different rural information data sources, optimize the database structure of rural information resources, build different levels of rural information center groups and * * * sharing service networks, and research and application of * * * sharing technology to form a cross-departmental, cross-disciplinary, multi-level and distributed national rural information sharing platform, and bring it into the national scientific data sharing project system, thus greatly improving the management of rural information and * * *.

(B) consolidate the rural information resources * * * to enjoy the platform

On the basis of fully investigating the development of standardization of rural scientific and technological data at home and abroad, the standard system table of rural scientific and technological data sharing platform is compiled. The research outline of rural sci-tech data resources * * * enjoyment standard, the research outline and system framework of rural sci-tech data * * * enjoyment standard system, the research outline of data quality control standard of rural sci-tech data * * * enjoyment platform, the classification and coding of data information of rural sci-tech data * * * enjoyment platform, and the data collection and updating standard of rural sci-tech data * * * enjoyment platform have been initially formulated and completed. It has laid a good foundation for further integrating rural information resources and standardizing rural informatization construction. The next step is to further improve on this basis, formulate new standards and form a complete standard system.

(C) to establish and improve the rural information network system

Establish a ground satellite transmitting station for rural information transmission, and send video, audio and text rural information to Asia-Pacific 2R satellite, in which text and picture information need to be made into graphic information and then sent to Asia-Pacific 2R satellite. Text, pictures and other types of Internet information are produced by an independent website and sent to the Internet. Video, audio and graphic information are downloaded to the local base station system through satellite receiving equipment, and then restored to normal signals and sent to user management equipment. The user management equipment is responsible for uniformly scrambling all the original signals, and then multiplexing them into a signal and sending it to the program transmitting device, which transmits microwaves to cover the receiving area. End users log on to the Internet through wireless receiving devices or personal computers and wireless modems to actively obtain rural information.

Farmers in the receiving area receive rural information signals in video, audio, teletext and other formats through ordinary outdoor antennas and transmit them to wireless receiving equipment authorized by the system. The user's wireless receiving equipment descrambles and demultiplexes the TV signal, and then restores it to a normal signal for TV playback. Users can also use wireless receiving devices to log on to the Internet through TV.

If farmers in receiving areas need to log on to the Internet through computers, they need to be equipped with personal computers and connected with the Internet access management system of the base station through computer wireless modems to realize two-way information exchange. Therefore, it can solve the disadvantages of farmers' slow internet access through telephone lines and easy disconnection.

After the upgrade of China mobile communication network, farmers can also use 3G mobile phones to connect with personal computers through special modems for mobile phones, and directly access the backbone network of mobile operators to realize wireless Internet access and search for the required information.

The system has unique functions:

(1) can realize two-way and wireless transmission of rural information in various formats, such as video, audio, text, etc., which is a real integration of various network functions and is conducive to multi-channel, multi-form and all-round transmission of rural information;

(2) The system adopts MMDS bidirectional transmission technology, which can transmit both analog signals and digital signals, so as to better adapt to the new trend of national digital TV development;

(3) Wireless Internet access of farmers' personal computers can be realized;

(4) Wide coverage and no need for relay equipment. The transmission range of each base station can cover the area of 50 kilometers in Fiona Fang, and the base stations can be flexibly built according to the local actual situation, which is convenient for sending information to every corner of the countryside;

(5) The ground satellite transmitting station can transmit 24 sets of analog TV signals or 100 sets of digital TV signals, which provides a good platform for information such as science and technology, culture, health and education to go to the countryside and enter the village.

(6) Using the addressable TV scrambling and descrambling management system can effectively realize remote management and improve the quality and efficiency of management and operation;

(7) The whole system adopts two-way wireless transmission technology, which has the advantages of cheap equipment, simple maintenance, convenient operation and good economic effect, and can directly face farmers and be accepted by ordinary farmers;

(8) On the basis of not increasing farmers' burden and ensuring public welfare, we should create a market-oriented operation mechanism, absorb social forces to build and share rural informatization, and form a win-win situation.

(D) Optimize the rural information service model

Rural information service should focus on strengthening the integration of various service modes and realizing the integration of multi-network functions according to the characteristics of users themselves and their information needs.

(1) Based on the satellite transmission channel, it makes full use of the characteristics of high popularization rate and wide coverage of radio and television, and connects the TV to the Internet through the user wireless receiving equipment with low price and simple operation, so as to realize information inquiry and release. And take this as an opportunity to carry out rural distance education, improve the overall quality of farmers, and promote the rural family online project.

(2) Based on satellite or Internet channels, make full use of the information service main window function of the website to provide a platform for farmers and agricultural enterprises to publish and obtain information.

(3) Based on the satellite transmission channel, establish a nationwide agricultural paging network, implement the "one system" plan, realize interconnection, intercommunication and mutual calling with local agricultural paging networks, and take advantage of the characteristics of low paging cost, wide coverage and customizable information to carry out diversified and personalized services and speed up information dissemination.

(4) By integrating "agricultural technology 1 10" resources, or connecting agricultural WAP websites with mobile phones and computer telephones, information can be browsed and published, providing convenient information services for farmers and meeting the diversified and personalized requirements of farmers' information needs.

(5) At the same time, newspapers, radio and television can be used to provide information services for farmers.

(five) to speed up the construction of rural science and technology information service system.

Rural science and technology information service involves a wide range, heavy workload and arduous task. It is necessary to establish and improve an organizational system that runs from top to bottom and from left to right, and constantly extend and expand information services to rural areas.

Relying on county-level scientific and technological management institutions to establish satellite information demonstration stations as the hub and button belt of rural informatization. Realize the broadband transmission of rural scientific and technological information in different formats, such as text, video and audio, so that end users can obtain information services through at least one way, such as computer, TV and telephone (including mobile phone). Explore a new way to send large-capacity, multi-channel and wide-coverage scientific and technological information to the countryside, villages and households.

Strengthening the training of information talents should be taken as a major event of rural science and technology informatization. Through various forms and levels of information technology training, we will cultivate a group of information technology backbone teams who understand technology and are good at management, enhance the strength and vitality of rural grassroots scientific and technological information services, and improve the ability of rural grassroots cadres and farmers to accept and use information.

(six) to establish an effective operating mechanism to ensure the smooth progress of rural science and technology informatization.

Strengthen leadership and establish a coordination mechanism. County-level science and technology and information management departments should, under the leadership of the local government, set up a leadership coordination group with relevant management departments such as agriculture, forestry, radio and television, meteorology and water conservancy to effectively strengthen the leadership of rural science and technology information. It is necessary to co-ordinate, coordinate and guide the benign interaction of local rural science and technology information services.

Strengthen the construction of * * * and establish a cooperation mechanism. Under the overall goal of serving agriculture, countryside and farmers, the whole society should establish a new mechanism of departmental cooperation, public-private joint construction and joint operation of government and enterprises to integrate all kinds of high-quality resources. Telecommunication departments at all levels should provide overall solutions for information transmission such as satellite, landing and terminal transmission frequency for rural science and technology informatization.

Strengthen service and establish incentive mechanism. From the strategic height of compiling and developing farmers' interests, all localities should study and formulate preferential policies and measures, establish competitive incentive mechanisms, develop distinctive information service models, and promote their socialization, marketization, specialization and industrialization. Rural science and technology informatization construction should be regarded as an important content of performance appraisal and selection of advanced counties (cities), and units and individuals who have made contributions should be commended and rewarded.

Source: China Rural Technology Development Center Network (this article has been published in China Rural Economy (Ministry of Information Industry).