With which countries has China signed treaties? What are their contents?

Sino-British treaty of nanking, Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty, Sino-French Huangpu Treaty, Sino-British Sino-French Beijing Treaty, Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki.

First of all, treaty of nanking.

Treaty of nanking was originally called the Peace Treaty of Ten Thousand Years by the Qing court, and later called the Jiangning Treaty and treaty of nanking, which was the first unequal treaty in China's modern history.

The agreement was signed on August 29th 1842 (July 24th, Daoguang 22nd) by Jiao Ying, an imperial envoy of the Qing government, and Pu Dinghui, a British representative, aboard the British ship "Gao Huali" anchored on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, marking the end of the first opium war. ?

Treaty of nanking asked China:

1, ceding Hong Kong Island;

2. Compensation for British opium price, commercial arrears and military expenses * * * 21000000 silver dollars;

3. Trade with the five ports, opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls;

4. As for the agreed tariffs, British businessmen should pay import and export taxes and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to decide independently;

5. Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China.

In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops.

2. Wang Xia Treaty

The Treaty of Wang Xia, also known as the Sino-American Charter on Trade with Five Ports, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States in Wang Xia Village, Macau on July 3, 2004 (the 24th year of Daoguang), and it was also the first unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States.

Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty ***34, with tariff. The main content is that the United States enjoys the same rights as Britain in trade and diplomacy.

In other words, the United States obtained all the special rights and interests obtained by Britain through the Opium War except the cession of land and reparations, and in many ways it did more harm to China:

1, agreed tariff

The treaty stipulates: "If China wants to change the tax rate in the future, it must consult with the American consul and other officials." . This is a further expansion of the scope of "agreed tariffs" in treaty of nanking, which has seriously damaged China's economy.

2. Expand the scope of consular jurisdiction.

According to the treaty, if there is a lawsuit between a China citizen and an American citizen, the American citizen should be arrested and tried by the American consul and other officials and dealt with according to American laws and practices.

If there is a dispute between American citizens and citizens of other countries in China, China officials have no right to ask. In this way, the judicial power of the Qing Dynasty to arrest, try, convict and punish American nationals was completely lost.

3. Infringement of China's territorial sea rights.

American warships can "inspect trade" at China port at will, and port officials in Qing Dynasty must "friendly" receive them. American merchant ships anchored in China could not be ruled by the Qing Dynasty.

4. It is stipulated that the terms of the contract can be "modified" after 12 years.

In addition, the treaty also provides for unilateral MFN treatment. If China gives some concessions to other countries in the future, the United States should share them all.

3. Huangpu Treaty

The Huangpu Treaty, also known as the Sino-French Charter of Five Ports Trade: Tariff, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and France in Huangpu, Guangzhou on June 24th, 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), and it was also the first unequal treaty that France invaded China.

Sino-French Huangpu Treaty ***36, with "tariff". The main contents are:

1. French people can live permanently in five trading ports, trade freely, set up consuls and berth warships. The China government has the responsibility to protect French property and goods, and no one in China can bully or infringe upon them.

2. If China changes its tariffs in the future, it should "negotiate with the French before making any changes".

3. France enjoys consular jurisdiction, and China officials are not allowed to ask about any litigation between French people and China people or other foreigners.

4. Unilateral MFN treatment.

The French can build churches and cemeteries in Wukou, and the Qing government has the obligation to protect the churches.

4. Beijing Treaty

The Beijing Treaty, including the Sino-British Beijing Treaty, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government, Britain, France and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War in 1860.

1, Sino-British Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with Britain on 1860 10124 October, and the British representative was Earl Erkin. The English page of the contract is *** 10, and the main contents of the terms are as follows:

The Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty.

The Qing Dynasty ceded the Kowloon Peninsula in Xin 'an County, Guangdong Province (now south of Hong Kong Boundary Street) to Britain.

The Qing dynasty opened Tianjin as a commercial port;

Raise the compensation for the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty to 8 million taels;

Allow western missionaries to rent and buy land and build churches in China;

Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han people to work as cheap labor (coolies) abroad;

The part of Kowloon Peninsula ceded by the Sino-British Beijing Treaty

The part of Kowloon Peninsula ceded by the Sino-British Beijing Treaty

According to the Sino-British Joint Declaration 1985, the British government returned Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories) to the people of China and the government of China on July 0, 1997, and the China government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on the same day.

2. Sino-French Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with France on1October 25th, 1860+65438, with Baron Gro as the representative of France. The contract has 27 pages in French, and its main contents are as follows:

The Qing Dynasty ratified the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, and the compensation was raised to 8 million taels.

Return previously confiscated Catholic property;

Article 7 of the Sino-Covenant clearly stipulates that French missionaries rent and buy fields in various provinces and build their own houses, but there is no such clause in the French text;

The Qing dynasty agreed to open Dalian as a commercial port;

3. Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with Russia in1860114 10. The Russian side was represented by Count ignatieff. There are 43 pages in Russian in the contract.

Rong Shan and Wu Dayou, Vice Chairmen of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, erected a monument on the Sino-Russian border (in the Northeast Martyrs Memorial Hall)

Rong Shan and Wu Dayou, Vice Chairmen of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, erected a monument on the Sino-Russian border (in the Northeast Martyrs Memorial Hall)

At the end of the war between Britain and France, Russia claimed to have contributed to Britain and France in mediating the war before, forcing the Qing government to sign this treaty. At that time, Emperor Xianfeng left Jehol and was responsible for all the aftermath. Eager for peace, they signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. The main contents of this regulation are:

The Qing Dynasty recognized the validity of the 1858 Aihui Treaty, which covers an area of about 400,000 square kilometers east of the Wusuli River (including Sakhalin Island and the ice-free port of Vladivostok), and was originally stipulated as a "* * *" pipe between China and Russia. Since then, China has lost its northeast access to the Sea of Japan.

Delineate the western border between China and Russia, starting from Sabindabaha, passing through Zhaishan Dele and temur Tudler (now Lake Issyk-Kul) to the border of Hao Han, and taking "the land where mountains, rivers and China are now stationed in Karen State" as the boundary;

Open Zhangjiakou, Cullen and Kashgar as commercial ports;

Russia has set up consulates in Cullen and Kashgar.

The territory of China covered by the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty

The territory of China covered by the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty

These two treaties demarcate the modern eastern border between Russia and China. In addition, the treaty also stipulated the direction of the western section of the Sino-Russian border in principle, which became the boundary basis for the demarcation of the northwest border between China and Russia in later 1864. China ceded to Russia more than 440,000 square kilometers of Russian territory to the east and south of Balkhash Lake and to the north and south of Zhaishan Dele.

5. treaty of shimonoseki

Treaty of shimonoseki is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the Meiji government of Japan in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 1895 and June 17, the 21st year of Guangxu. Formerly known as the New Testament of Shimonoseki, Japan called treaty of shimonoseki or Nissin Peace Treaty. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

Treaty of shimonoseki includes Peace Treaty 1 1, Additional Agreement 3, Special Terms of Negotiation 3 and Special Terms of Armistice Extension 2. The main contents are as follows:

1, China will manage the right to open a place and hand over all its fortresses, weapons, factories and public goods to the Japanese forever.

Lower the boundary to the south of Fengtian. The river runs from the mouth of the Yalu River to the mouth of Anping River, and then from the mouth of the river to Fenghuang, Haicheng and Yingkou, drawing to the south of the broken line; All the former towns are included in the demarcation line.

After the line reaches Liaohe River in Yingkou, it reaches Haikou downstream, with the center of the river as the boundary. The east coast of Liaodong Bay and the north shore of the Yellow Sea belong to the Fengtian Islands and are also within the ceded boundary.

2. The whole island of Taiwan Province Province and all its affiliated islands.

3. Penghu Islands. That is, Green in England ranges from 190 degrees east longitude to 120 degrees east longitude, and from 23 degrees north latitude to 24 degrees north latitude.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Unequal Treaty