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Make statistics on the practice of moral norms

Professional ethics prepared by the Committee

Approved by the board of directors on August 7, 2009. 1999

summary

This document consists of two parts: the introduction and the second part. Moral principles. A: The guiding ideology of the preface destination address, B statistics and society, some values of C, * * *. The purpose of this document is to encourage effective statistical work ethics and a favorable working environment. It is also used to help students be responsible in statistical work. Statistics plays a vital role in many aspects of science, economy, governance and even entertainment. It is important that all statistical practitioners should realize their potential broader social moral responsibility, and waiters should be responsible for their own work. In addition, employees are encouraged to exercise "good professional ethics" to improve the public atmosphere and understand and respect the application of statistical methods in the whole scope.

Eight general subject areas of morality and address specify moral factors in their respective important themes.

A: The major pointed out that people who respect others need ability, judgment, diligence, self-esteem and value.

B. on the responsibilities of investors, customers and employers. Doctors ensure that statistical work is suitable for those who have needs and resources to pay the price. Then investors understand the role and limitations of statistics, ask questions and protect the confidential information of funds.

Responsibility in publications and witness addresses requires reporting enough information to readers (including other practitioners) to clearly understand the expected work, who will perform it and what limits its effectiveness.

D. Responsibility protection research-not the stakeholder research required by the description of the research object, but only the results obtained through data collection, analysis, interpretation and publication.

For example, responsible for the address of the research team and jointly responsible for participating in the multi-disciplinary R&D team.

F. Responsible or other statisticians do similar work between the professional notes of statistical practitioners, whether in the same organization or different organizations. Basically, they must contribute to the intensity of non-exclusive occupations, enjoy data and methods, participate in peer review, and respect different professional opinions.

G. The solution of misconduct is sometimes a painful process, which involves justice and respect for accusations, moral violations and potential treatment.

H employers' responsibilities, including the use of statistical practitioners by enterprises, individuals, lawyers or other clients, encourage employers and clients to realize the effectiveness of highly interdependent ethics and statistical methods. Employers and customers should not be forced to provide the "results" of a single doctor, regardless of whether their statistical methods are effective or not. They must avoid spreading false or misleading statistical work caused by potential social harm.

Introduction.

A: Guidance of purpose.

The moral practice of the American Statistical Association aims to help statistical practitioners make and communicate moral decisions. Customers, employers, researchers, policy makers, journalists and the public should urge the expected statistical practices to conform to these standards and objectives, but this is not the case. When learning how to use statistical theory, students should be encouraged to use these guidelines, regardless of whether their goal will be "statistical professional characteristics". "It is the responsibility of employers, lawyers and other customers' statistical practitioners to provide a moral education environment and cultivate the use of these moral standards.

Applying these or any other ethics usually requires good judgment and common sense. In some cases, the guidelines may partially conflict. The application of these criteria can depend on the law of the problem and the same value in a given situation; The politics, status and power of the working group are related to individuals; The degree of moral error that poses a threat to the public, personal career or personal organization. The ethical decision that individuals and institutions are responsible for production can get valuable assistance in discussion and negotiation with others, especially when considering personal interests and respecting different ethical issues.

Statistics and society b.

Statistical analysis of professional performance is necessary in many aspects of society. The use of statistical methods in medical diagnosis and biomedical researchers will affect whether they are alive or dead, whether their health or protection is damaged or not, and whether they are medical or not. Life and death health, as well as efficiency, may be related to the statistical analysis of occupation, environment or traffic safety. The epidemiological statistics of new or recurrent infectious diseases for early detection and control depend on sound. Statistical analysis of applied psychology and sociology shows that mental health and social health may be related.

The economy of effective work depends on the reliable, timely and accurate translation of economic data. The profitability of a single enterprise depends in part on its quality control and market research, both of which should rely on statistical methods. The Voice of Agricultural Productivity is very beneficial to the research and application of statistical output reports. Government decisions, such as public health, criminal justice, social equity, education, environment, key equipment and other matters, depend in part on reliable statistical data.

Scientific and engineering research requires carefully designed and analyzed experiments and observations in all disciplines. To some extent, uncertainties and measurement errors exist-because they are crucial in most studies-and research design, data quality management, analysis and interpretation depend on statistical concepts and methods. Even in theory, many disciplines and natural variability are involved. Variability, big or small, must be carefully checked for random errors and possible researcher bias or wishful thinking.

Statistical tools and methods, as well as many other technologies, can be used, whether it is good or evil in society. These guidelines encourage professional prediction to be based on society, government and employers, and to pursue moral responsibility with social responsibility. Finally, the purpose of statistical application itself should be condemned by morality, and statistics specialty will no longer have moral value.

* * * C has the same value.

Because society depends on sound statistical practice, all statistical practitioners, regardless of their training and occupation, have the social responsibility to work in a professional, competent and ethical manner. This document is aimed at those basic occupations, especially statistics. However, the guiding principle should also be embodied in the process of using statistical methods by professionals in all other disciplines of statistical work. All statistical practitioners must carry out their professional activities and pay responsible attention to the following points:

1。 Their work is social value, whether it is good or bad or implementation. This includes people who respect life, freedom, dignity and property.

2。 Avoid any tendency to bias statistical work towards predetermined results. (It is also an acceptable position; It is unacceptable to advocate the misuse of a statistical method. )

3。 Statistics is a science. Any science, understanding of evolution. Statisticians have a well-known understanding of the body, and there are still many unsolved problems worth discussing. ) Frank.

4。 Maintain and improve their working ability.

5。 Abide by all applicable laws and regulations and applicable international contracts, and seek to change anything that is morally inappropriate.

6。 Maintain data files in a manner consistent with protection, security and confidentiality and the participation of any individual or organization.

In addition to moral responsibility, a good sense of professional citizenship is also encouraged by the following:

7。 Be powerful and polite when dealing with other professionals.

8。 Support and improve the public's understanding and respect for statistics.

9。 Support sound statistics, especially when it is unfairly criticized.

10。 An analysis of the relationship between dishonesty and incompetence.

1 1. A person's professional service statistics editor, critic or association official, and an active participant (formal or informal) in the ethics review team.

II. Ethics

A: Major.

1。 Strive for statistical correlation analysis. Generally speaking, each study should be based on the supervisor's understanding of the subject, statistical agreement and the clear stage (exploration, intermediate or final) of analyzing these data. The decisive stage is to look at the present, and the technical indicators are two realistic targeted studies and a large amount of data can be used.

2。 In order to prevent this possibility, preset researchers or data analysis results may determine suppliers in advance. Adopt the selected data sampling method and analysis method to design the analysis to ensure the effective frequency or Bayesian method.

3。 Statistical methods to keep the current dynamic evolution; Yesterday's preferred method may be acceptable today, but tomorrow it will be almost completely out of date.

4。 Ensure that sufficient statistical information and knowledge are applied to insurance topics. If this standard cannot be reached, at first, the most important thing is to complete the research and design without professional knowledge.

5。 Only use statistical methods to apply to data and get correct results. For example, after a variety of possible confounding factors, causal inference used in observational research is due to caution in drawing.

6。 Don't join an academic research project unless you can expect effective results and you are sure that your name will not reach any agreement with this plan without your external publications or results.

7。 In fact, an automated program does not guarantee its accuracy or appropriateness, which is also necessary for understanding theory, data and statistical research methods. The goal is that the service preferably includes the early research and design of a qualified statistician, especially in the planning stage.

8。 People realize that when any frequency statistical test has a random chance, it is indicative, not a real gift. Running in the same multi-test data set at the same stage increases the probability of obtaining at least one invalid result. Choosing a "serious" parallel experiment will lead to a serious threat of an incorrect conclusion. In this case, it will be very misleading not to disclose the maximum test and their research results.

9。 Respect and recognize the contributions of others and intellectual property rights.

10。 Disclosure of financial conflicts of interest, otherwise, and resolve them. This may sometimes require divesting conflicting personal interests or withdrawing from professional activities. Possible conflicts of interest include comments, other peer reviews, scholarships and tensions between personal or family financial interests.

1 1. Only such expert evidence can provide you with a summary of the research progress from peers.

B. responsibilities of investors, customers and employers

1。 Under appropriate circumstances, the effective selection and statistical analysis methods for current customers or employers will have scope, cost or accuracy.

2。 State clearly your statistical qualifications and work experience.

3。 The roles of different participants are clarified for research.

4。 Failure to explain any adverse consequences will follow the sampling plan, and then the contract will be worthless or analyzed.

5。 Using statistical sampling and analysis program science, there is no prior result.

6。 Popularizing new statistical knowledge will benefit the society far beyond your own application. Statistical methods can be widely used in many types of problems or applications. Statistical innovators may have the right to reward their work, software or research results in money or other ways. )

7。 The employer's guard privilege information, customers or funds.

8。 Fulfill all the promises.

9。 Accept your professional performance and take full responsibility.

The responsibility lies with the publication and C's testimony.

1。 Maintain personal responsibility and bear your name for all work; Avoid working or co-writing publications as a career, and you don't want to admit responsibility. On the contrary, accept (or insist on) appropriate authors or publications or witnesses who are recognized as professional statistical research and its contributions.

2。 The statistical and substantive views of the report are under study.

3。 In publications or testimony, it is obvious to determine who is in charge of statistical work, if it won't.

4。 The author clearly contributes knowledge in order, if other reasons are determined. It is best that the publications in the author's order must be published through research and data contributed by statistical knowledge, so that the order can be determined to some extent. When some other rules apply to statistical publications ordered by authors, these rules or endnotes should be disclosed in footnotes. (For example, in the process of the author's contribution to the decision of recruitment, promotion or tenure, the failure to disclose another rule may damage the career in advance or inappropriately. )

5。 Account, all data are considered in the study and interpretation of the actual use of samples (S).

6。 Sources and data for evaluating the correctness of the report.

7。 Report the use of data cleaning and inspection procedures, including any proper counting.

8。 Clearly and comprehensively report the effectiveness of protective measures taken. The applicability and inherent assumptions of the address resolution method are compared with the specific research. Determine that analysis method used by the compute program.

9。 Where appropriate, the addresses of potential confounding variables are not included in the study.

10。 In the publication or testimony, determine the final funding of the research, the purpose of application, and the purpose of using the research results.

1 1. When reporting analysis data or other data, volunteers represent a certain group of people, including appropriate statements.

12。 Report the limitations of statistical inference learning and possible source errors. For example, disclose any gross negligence and then agree to adopt a complete sampling plan and explain or analyze the adverse consequences.

13 years old. * * * Access to the data of published research results is helpful for peer review and replication, but due to the protection of property, cautious and confidential data (including all data) may expose the correct identity.

14。 When appropriate, it will be discovered and published after timely public correction.

15。 Write in combination with its target audience. For the general public, there is no technical interference in the study of the scope, relationship and conclusion of communication. For professional literature, trying to answer questions may appear with your partner. )

D responsible research subjects (including census or survey subjects and data provided by people and organizations from administrative records, as well as intrusive research in physical or psychological disciplines).

1。 For the theme of protecting human beings, knowing and abiding by proper rules may or may not fully protect one's own interests, including the special risks of the particularly vulnerable or other special groups. Ensure that adequate planning supports practical research, the effectiveness of expected results, can provide protection commitments, and consider all other ethical issues.

2。 By making wise suggestions on the research scale, we can avoid using too many or too few research objects. These suggestions can be based on potential advantage analysis, study the end point of planning accuracy, or other methods to ensure that the appropriate scope or Bayesian method is frequentist ist. The scope of the study should also consider the feasibility study object and the data elements that collect its values.

3。 Avoid over-risky subjects and over-demanding their time and privacy.

4。 Protect the privacy and confidentiality of research objects and related materials, whether they are directly obtained from subjects, others or administrative records. Second, after the approval, the expected data is indirectly taken as the research object, and the analysis suitable for peer review and approval and independent replication is obtained.

5。 Pay attention to the legal restrictions on privacy and confidentiality requirements. For example, not doing so means protecting the privacy and confidentiality of legal proceedings unless explicitly authorized.

6。 After participating in the research, including human beings or groups, analyze the research data, or accept the manuscript produced by the review, and consider whether the appropriate research topic has been approved. The risk of this guarantee will reduce the fact that you are only cooperating in immoral research. If privacy and confidentiality are also guaranteed, these requirements should be observed.

7。 Avoid or reduce the use of tricks. Where necessary, there is an obvious knowledge-as agreed before some psychological, sociological and other studies-to ensure independent ethical review and continue to supervise the research.

8。 It is not recommended to fully disclose the research topic or other investigator parameters, because in some randomized clinical trials, they are usually informed of the nature and reasons for retaining information. For cheating, ensure an independent ethical review of the agreement and continue to monitor the research.

9。 Understanding and observing appropriate animal welfare standards involves animals. Ensure that the supervisor's understanding of these topics is combined with the effectiveness of reliable statistical methods.

Research team-responsibility

1。 Colleagues noticed other disciplines related to statistical ethics.

2。 A research team that promotes the effective use of statistical methods.

3。 Respect the moral responsibility of members of other disciplines, as well as your own moral responsibility.

4。 Ensure statistical design and analysis in professional reports.

5。 In order to avoid damaging the validity of statistics, an appropriate and reasonable approximation is used.

F. Responsibility statistics practitioners or other statisticians

1。 Encourage the sharing of (non-exclusive) data and methods.

When appropriate, appropriate records can be used for repeated analysis of data, metadata research and other appropriate research and investigation. Qualified personnel

2。 Willing to help others strengthen their work through appropriate peer review. When you do this, review quickly when you are finished.

3。 Evaluation methods, not individuals.

4。 The opportunity to respect different opinions.

5。 Instill students to appreciate practical concepts and methods. They are studying.

6。 Professional qualification is an important basis for personal decision-making, and statistics are related to the recruitment, dismissal, promotion, work tasks, publications and speeches, election offices and awards, funded or approved research and other professional issues. Do your best to avoid harassment or discrimination against statistical practitioners (or others) unrelated to their majors, such as race, skin color, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, original nationality, age, religion, nationality or disability.

Misconduct about G's alleged responsibility.

1。 Avoid forgiveness or careless, incompetent or immoral behavior, and conduct statistical research in your work environment or elsewhere.

2。 Hate all kinds of professional misconduct, not just copying and processing or falsifying data. Wider misconduct includes all professional dishonesty, committee omissions, professional activities within the scope of expression, all harmful disrespect, unauthorized use of knowledge and physical attributes, and reluctance to leave one's reputation.

3。 Recognizing that differences of opinion and honest mistakes do not constitute misconduct, they promised to discuss them, but not unfounded accusations that can be laughed off. Suspicious scientific practice may or may not constitute misconduct and should be used according to its nature and behavior definition.

4。 If you participate in behavior investigation, understand and follow the prescribed procedures. The investigation is confidential, but to be honest, the results have come out.

5。 In the subsequent behavior investigation, it is impossible to make appropriate efforts to support the defendants, witnesses and those who report possible mistakes or misconduct.

6。 Revenge on those who don't forgive or damage the professional leaders, arousing people's scientific attention to possible mistakes or misconduct.

H employer's responsibilities, including customer usage statistics of enterprises, individuals, lawyers or other employees.

1。 Ph.D. in debugging research or statistics, who realize that effective statistical research of results cannot guarantee that it will meet the expectations and aspirations of the world. Any measures to ensure special results will reduce the effectiveness of the analysis.

2。 As a result, the work of managers is effectively established in a moral environment. Deviation of stress statisticians from these guidelines may undermine the validity of the results of these two studies and the credibility of professional doctors.

3。 Popularize new statistical knowledge, muddle through and benefit the society. Those who fund innovation and development have the right to count money and reward their other products and software, or produce research results. )

4。 Support phonetic statistical analysis, expose corruption and incompetence, or statistical practice. In this case, there is a conflict between statistical practitioners and the moral practice of encouraging those who use them to solve problems privately. If it is impossible to solve it privately, we should realize that statisticians have a moral obligation to expose corruption and incompetence, otherwise practice will endanger the research topic or the whole society.

5。 It is recognized within the organization that general occupations, statistical practitioners with high prestige, power or status who have the responsibility to protect professional freedom, and more subordinate statistical practitioners who have the greatest responsibility should follow these standards.

6.6。 Authors do not include statistical practitioners or acknowledge their contributions, and they have no explicit permission for projects or publications.

Main reference materials:

1。 U.S. Federal Regulations: Chapter 46 (45 CFR 46) of the Federal Regulations on Human Testing is entitled Code 45 Protection.

4。 Belmont's report: the protection of ethical principles and norms Human research can be protected by conducting human research in the office.

5。 Title 13, United States Code, Chapter 5-Population Survey, Article 2-Population, Housing, Unemployment, Seconds. 14 1 restricted use information of the US census. Similar restrictions apply to other countries.

6。 International Statistical Institute 1985 Declaration of Professional Ethics

7。 Basic Principles of Official Statistics of the United Nations Statistical Commission 1994

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Members of Professional Ethics Committee of American Statistical Association (1998-99): John Dancing, Paula Diehr, Susan Ellenberg, John Gardenier (Chairman), Lilliam Kingsbury, David Levi, Lisa McShane, Richard Potthoff, Jerome Sack, Juliet Schaefer and Chamont Wang Jianmin.

Other consultants are preparing these guides: Martin David, Virginia Devolf, Mark Ay (American Association for the Advancement of Science), Yue Se Cardin, Kyle marion, Michael Fallon, Sherren and William Saltz.

This guide helps to provide a table of the Council, Beth Dawson, Chairman, Chapter of the Council, and Bren Dacres, Chairman.

Because at the 1998 joint statistical conference in Dallas, Texas, many people commented on the continuous draft or participated in the discussion of the guide. We also thank Assam and the President for their support to these efforts, especially Lynn Mario Velarde, Joan Kettenlin, David Moore, Jonas Ehrenberg and Executive Director Leveller.

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