Lincoln's life, background, information about the Civil War. (200-250 words)

18181kloc-0/October 5 (when Lincoln was 9 years old), his mother Nancy hanks died at the age of 35.

1824 (15 years old) starts school. 183 1 year (22 years old), career failure.

1832(23 years old) failed to run for the state legislature. In the same year (23 years old), unemployed. I want to go to law school, but I am not qualified for admission.

1833 (24 years old), borrowing money from friends to do business. At the end of the same year (24 years old), he went bankrupt again. Next, it took him 16 years to pay off his debts.

1834(25 years old) ran for the state legislature again and won this time.

1835 (26 years old), when she was about to get married after her engagement, her fiancee died.

1836 (27 years old), completely collapsed and was ill in bed for half a year.

1838 (29 years old), trying to be a spokesman for state legislators-failed.

1840 (3 1 year), he tried to be an elector-he lost the election.

1843 (34 years old), participated in the parliamentary election-lost again.

1846 (37 years old), participated in the National Assembly election again-this time he was elected. Go to Washington, DC, and the performance is very wonderful.

1848 (39 years old), seeking re-election as a member of parliament, failed.

1849 (40 years old), wanted to be a land director in his own state, but was rejected.

1854 (45 years old), running for the United States Senate, lost.

1856 (47 years old), was nominated for vice president in * * * and the party-less than 100 votes.

1860 (5 1 year), was elected president of the United States. Become one of the greatest presidents in American history.

1862 On September 22nd, the 6th president of the United States, Lincoln, issued the emancipation order. Marx praised this declaration as "the most important document in American history since the foundation of the Federation".

North America used to be the hometown of Indians. Since Columbus discovered the "New World", Spain, the Netherlands, France, Britain and so on have continuously immigrated to North America, and established 13 colonies here. The colonists brutally slaughtered the aborigines, making the Indians on the verge of extinction. As a result, they plundered a large number of black slaves from Africa. These slaves, like animals raised by serf owners, lived an inhuman life and had no personal freedom. With the increase of slaves, the problem of slaves has become a serious social problem in the United States.

Born into a peasant family, Lincoln sympathized with the miserable experience of black serfs when he was young. Once, he saw a slave trader beating and insulting slaves in public. He whispered to his companion, "When I have a chance to attack this system one day, I will definitely smash it completely." After he entered the political arena in 1834, he made many speeches on black liberation, especially when he ran for vice president in 1856, clearly stating that "we will fight for freedom and abolish slavery".

Lincoln's idea of liberating slaves was strongly opposed by the serf owners in the south of the United States, but it was in the interests of the bourgeoisie in the north of the United States. They need to be free to recruit cheap labor. With the support of the northern bourgeoisie, Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the United States on 1860. Slave owners of plantations in the southern United States established the Confederacy in February 186 1. April 12, attack to the north. The American Civil War began. Because the Lincoln government of the northern bourgeoisie was not fully prepared, the north lost at the beginning of the civil war and Washington almost fell. Driven by the masses, Lincoln took revolutionary measures in 1862. One of the most powerful measures was the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, which stipulated that from 1863 65438+ 10 1, slaves in southern states would be "free forever" and "can join the army of the United States". These measures aroused the revolutionary enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people, especially the blacks. Soon, 500,000 to 750,000 workers joined the army, and 500,000 blacks in the south fled the plantation and launched guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, which contained the slave owners' 654.38+10,000 troops and brought the south to the brink of economic collapse. As a result, the situation turned sharply. 1on April 3, 865, Richmond, the capital of the south, was captured by the northern army. The civil war that lasted for four years ended in a complete victory in the north.

Civil War-Overview of War

the Civil War

American Civil War (U.S.), 186 1 April ~ 1865 April, the war between the north and the south of the United States, also known as the American Civil War.

In the civil war, the two sides spent $6543.8+$05 billion. The North Army suffered 630,000 casualties and the South Army suffered 480,000 casualties. The war showed the power of modern industry, and both sides were equipped with a large number of new-type line-bore weapons, which promoted the application and development of scattered formation, field fortifications and infantry close-pressure operations. Railways and telegrams played an important role, and armored ships, mines, mines and submarines were used for the first time in the history of war.

The Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. Although the number of casualties exceeded 600,000, it solved the problem of farmers' land, safeguarded national unity, cleared the way for the accelerated development of American capitalism, and laid the foundation for the United States to rank among the world powers.

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the Civil War

/kloc-the industrial revolution spread to the United States in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, and the American economy developed rapidly. At the same time, the United States has acquired a large territory in the west and is in urgent need of labor. The contradiction between the free labor system in the north and slavery in the south has reached an irreconcilable level, and slavery in the south has become the main obstacle to the social and economic development of the United States. In the struggle for land in the west, the struggle between the north and the south is particularly fierce.

/kloc-During the expansion of American territory to the west in the first half of the 9th century, new states were established in the west. Every time a new state is established, there is a struggle to allow or prohibit slavery. The northern bourgeoisie and peasants advocated that NSW banned slavery and demanded that NSW be determined as a free state. Slave owners in the south tried to expand slavery to the west and advocated defining NSW as a state that allowed slavery. Slave owners used their dominant position in Congress and government to win one after another, which aroused the indignation of the broad masses of people in the north.

1854, the North Peace Party was founded. In the same year, the southern slave owners tried to spread slavery to Kansas by force, so an armed struggle broke out in Kansas between western farmers and immigrants from free States against the southern slave owners, which lasted until 1856, and started the civil war. 1857, slave owners used Scott's trial to try to extend slavery to all the territories of the United States. This led to the uprising in john brown.

1860, Lincoln, who advocated the abolition of slavery, was elected president, the southern slave owners rebelled, and the southern slave-holding States became independent one after another. 186 1 February, the confederate government was established and Davis was elected president. In April of the same year, the Confederate army preemptively occupied Fort Sumter, and the civil war broke out.

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the Civil War

1860, * * * and Republican Lincoln were elected president, and the Democratic Party was defeated, which became the signal that the southern slave owners left the union and launched a rebellion. South Carolina, the southern slave-holding state, was the first to secede from the Union, followed by Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. 186 1 In February, 2000, it announced the establishment of the "Southern Alliance" and established the government with Davis as President.

At the beginning of the war, the strength of the north greatly surpassed that of the south, with a population of 22.34 million and a population of 965.438 million+in the south, of which more than 3.8 million were slaves. The industry in the north is developed, the railway network extends in all directions, and food is abundant. There is almost no industry and few railways in the south. But the south is fully prepared militarily, with better equipped and trained troops. In addition, on the eve of the civil war, President Buchanan (the agent of slave owners) tried to transport a lot of weapons and money to the south. In the first stage of the civil war, the north suffered a series of military failures.

At the beginning of the Civil War, the Lincoln administration launched the war to restore the reunification of the North and the South, fearing that touching slavery would push some border slave-holding states to the rebel side in the south, thus losing the important strategic area of border states. Because the northern government refused to declare the liberation of slaves. Therefore, in the first stage of the civil war, the north suffered military defeat one after another. In the summer peninsula battles of 186 1 in Manakas and 1862 in July, the northern army suffered heavy losses. Although the northern army achieved a series of brilliant achievements in the western front and seized several important strategic strongholds from the southern army, these achievements were offset by the fiasco in the eastern front. In the case of many military failures in the north, * * * and the radicals in the party and the abolitionists in society put forward the idea of liberating slaves and arming blacks. Lincoln also realized the necessity of liberating slaves.

the Civil War

1861April 12, rebel government forces began shelling the federal fort Sumter in South Carolina, and fell on April 14. On April 15, Lincoln government issued a crusade order, and the civil war broke out. Soon, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy. Confederate troops were well prepared and sweeping, and soon occupied Norfolk naval base.

On May 6th, 186 1 occupied the railway hub Manakas and advanced to Washington. The union army rushed to catch up and entered Virginia on May 24th. On July 2 1, the northern army was defeated and fled back to Washington. Lincoln mobilized 500,000 volunteers urgently.

In Manakas in July of 186 1 2008 and Peninsula Battle in summer of 1862, the northern army suffered heavy losses. Although the northern army achieved a series of brilliant achievements in the western front and seized several important strategic strongholds from the southern army, these achievements were offset by the fiasco in the eastern front. In the case of many military failures in the north, * * * and the radicals in the party and the abolitionists in society put forward the idea of liberating slaves and arming blacks. Lincoln also realized the necessity of liberating slaves.

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Schematic diagram of American civil war process

1862, the northern army attacked, and the western front was commanded by Grant. It went well. In February, Fort Henry and Fort Donielson were captured, and in April, the Confederate army was defeated at the Battle of Charlotte. In May, Collins and Memphis were conquered and Kentucky and Tennessee were liberated. On the eastern front, the northern army made slow progress. In July, it was defeated by the southern army under the command of robert lee, and Li advanced northward. In August, he defeated the northern army again on the Boer River and arrived in Washington. In September, the two armies fought in Antietam, and Li was repelled. In 65438+February, the northern army was defeated by Lee again in the Battle of Fredericksburg.

1862 On September 22nd, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. It was announced that if the southern rebels did not lay down their arms before 1863 65438+ 10 1, the slaves in the rebel states would be free from that day on. After the news spread to the south. Thousands of slaves fled to the north. The British working class also launched a movement to support the North, forcing the British government to give up its original intervention plan.

Lincoln administration also carried out a series of revolutionary measures and policies: 1862 ~ 1863 carried out the policy of arming blacks. Therefore, thousands of blacks signed up to join the northern army, mainly runaway slaves in the south; 1The Homestead Law promulgated in May 862 stipulates that all adults loyal to the Federation can acquire 64.74 hectares of land in the west by paying the registration fee of 10, and they can become the owners of this land after five years of cultivation. The Lincoln administration severely suppressed counter-revolutionaries and purged agents in the south-central part of the army. 1863 implemented the conscription law to replace the conscription system, thus strengthening the troops in the north. At the same time, Lincoln adjusted the leadership of the army, carried out unified command, and appointed Grant as the commander-in-chief of the whole army.

1On New Year's Day in 863, Lincoln released The Emancipation Proclamation, announcing the liberation of slaves and allowing blacks to join the northern army. Later, he promulgated the Homestead Act, which allowed all Americans to acquire land in the west. In May of the same year, the northern army attacked Richmond again and was repelled by Lee at Cheslowell. On May 22nd, the Northern Army launched a general attack, which lasted for 47 days. In June, Li went north again.

the Civil War

On July 1863, the two armies fought a decisive battle at Gettysburg, and on July 3, the Confederate army was defeated. At the same time of Li Beijin's advance, Grant surrounded Seville, the key point of the Confederate defense of the Mississippi River, on the western front, and the Confederate army surrendered on July 4. On July 8, the northern army occupied Hudson Harbor, and the southern army split in two. In September, the North Army captured Chattanooga, and in June, 165438+ 10, the South Army's counterattack was repelled.

1863, the north turned for the better militarily. In July of the same year 1, Gettysburg won a great victory, annihilating 28,000 Yugoslav troops and becoming a turning point in the civil war. The initiative on the battlefield was transferred to the Union Army.

1864, the supreme commander of the north adopted a new strategic policy: launching a powerful offensive on the east and west lines at the same time. On the eastern front, the main goal is to consume the enemy; The western front went deep into the enemy's hinterland with strong forces, cutting off the links between the northeast and southwest of SAARC.

1864 In September, the northern army led by General W.T. Sherman captured Atlanta in one fell swoop, and two months later began the famous "March to the sea", which completely destroyed the enemy's various military facilities, dealt a heavy blow to the enemy's economic strength and paralyzed the southern economy. On the eastern front, General Grant led the northern army to drive the enemy to Richmond, the capital of the rebel army.

At the beginning of 1865, slaves fled one after another and the plantation economy was on the verge of collapse. The sea blockade imposed by the northern navy almost cut off the trade between the south and Europe. At the same time, there was opposition in the south, and many small farmers joined the "federalism" to engage in anti-war activities. There are more and more deserters in the south. Food and daily necessities are scarce.

On April 9 1865, Li troops were trapped in the encirclement of the northern army and forced to surrender to Grant. The civil war is over. The United States is reunified.

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the Civil War

Grant, commander of the Union Army, and Sherman, a famous soldier, formulated a "general strategy", that is, not only to destroy the enemy, but also to destroy its economic base and the fighting will of its residents. As Sherman said: To make the enemy dare not wage war in future generations, "we must remove and destroy all obstacles, kill everyone if necessary, take away every inch of land and confiscate every property." In a word, destroy everything we think should be destroyed. "The union army took the initiative to attack tactics. Since 1863, the two sides have fought three battles:

Battle of Lovel, chauncey

1863 From April to May, the North Army130,000 Potomac Army and the 60,000 South Army commanded by Li fought fiercely in Lovel, chauncey. Li Ke took advantage of military strength and responded flexibly to the Northern Army. With a small number of troops, he contained the main force of the northern army head-on, attacked the northern army from the flank and rear, and defeated the northern army in one fell swoop. The northern army lost 6.5438+0.7 million people and the southern army lost 6.5438+0.2 million people. However, the South Army warrior "Stone Wall" Jackson was killed. This is the final victory of the South.

Battle of Gettysburg

the Civil War

1In June of 863, Li Jun invaded Pennsylvania with 80,000 yuan, and the north was once again in a hurry. Lincoln called the Potomac army 1 10000 people to meet him. This time, Li underestimated his opponent and thought that he could win easily with poor command as before, so he didn't take the usual containment action. Unexpectedly, the northern army appointed the brave Meade as the commander of the legion. Meade led the army to blockade Li Jun of Gettysburg, the transportation hub. On July 1 day, Li Jun captured the highland defended by the Union Army. On the first day, it broke through the northern army's defense line. The northern army suffered heavy casualties and only more than 5,000 people were captured. Li was so proud that the troops stopped to rest and waited for the follow-up troops to come up, giving the northern army a chance to breathe. On the afternoon of July 2, the Confederate army launched a storm with 300 cannons, and the northern army bravely resisted and resisted the Confederate attack. On the third day, the Confederate army put all its eggs in one basket and launched a general attack. Several teachers and brigade commanders personally went into battle with swords. Northern artillery devoured groups of Confederate soldiers with heavy artillery fire. However, despite heavy casualties, the confederate army finally rushed to the top of the cemetery ridge, the main position of the northern army, and the two sides launched a hand-to-hand combat. At this time, the northern army counterattacked on all fronts, and finally the southern army was wiped out. I saw the bodies of soldiers from both sides everywhere on the northern army position. Two brigade commanders, 15, the head of the southern army, were all killed, with 28,000 casualties. The northern army also suffered 23,000 casualties. General Li came back with the army. The war was the fiercest in the civil war. A tree was hit by 250 bullets on the battlefield. This battle reversed the war on the eastern front, and the north completely took the initiative.

The siege of Vicksburg

Vicksburg is a strategic place to control the Mississippi River and the western railway network. Confederate troops are heavily guarded here and are called "Gibraltar in the South". The northern army failed in several attacks. 1863 Since February, Grant led three legions with more than 70,000 people to besiege the fortress. Because the enemy's fortifications were strong, several attacks failed. Grant adopted siege tactics and cut off all enemy supply lines. After months of siege, the enemy troops in the fortress ran out of ammunition and food, even cats and mice.

The northern army shelled for another 47 days, forcing the southern army to raise the white flag and surrender on July 4. The northern army captured 37,000 enemy troops, including generals 15, and captured cannons 172. At this point, the north controlled the Mississippi River and divided the southern territory into two halves.

After World War III, the confederate army ran out of luck, and the northern army's morale became higher and higher, constantly launching a powerful offensive. 1August 863, 1 1, won the battle of Chattanooga, defeated 46,000 confederate troops, and opened the door to attack the south rear.

the Civil War

1864, the northern army launched a three-way offensive to the south. In the eastern battlefield, Grant adopted a consumption strategy. After the Battle of Yuan Ye and the Battle of Cold Harbor, the main force of Li Juntuan was exhausted, with a loss of 32,000, and it was unable to attack again. On the western front, Sherman rushed behind enemy lines for a long time. He commanded 6,543,800 troops to insert into the hinterland of the south, and captured Atlanta, the largest industrial city in the south, in September. From165438+1October 15, 62000 elite soldiers were selected to launch "March to the sea". The army marched for more than a month and traveled more than 300 miles. Wherever it went, it implemented the policy of "three lights", burning plantations, towns and villages, destroying factories and enterprises, and even tearing down railway tracks to make bends. The south is full of flames and ruins. 65438+February 2 1 The army captured Savannah and completed the task of destroying the southern rear area. At the same time, the northern navy also imposed a "suffocating blockade" on the south, completely cutting off the external ties of the south.

1865, the south has run out of water and is on the verge of collapse. The union army launched its final offensive from land and sea. The northern army captured the important town of Petersburg and Richmond, the southern capital. Li Jun was forced to surrender to Grant on April 9th, with less than 30,000 beaten soldiers left. Soon, all the remnants of the 654.38+07,000 VJ laid down their weapons. At the moment of victory in the north, the slave owners in the south assassinated President Lincoln. But this dying struggle can't save the failure of the South. The American Civil War ended with the victory in the North and the demise of slavery in the South. The reason for the victory in the north was that Lincoln was able to conform to the historical trend and take a series of revolutionary measures such as liberating blacks, which mobilized the enthusiasm of the broad masses of people and blacks in the north. At the same time, the strong support of international justice forces and the disparity in economic strength between the North and the South are also important factors for the North to win.

This war has many characteristics of modern overall war: both sides have implemented the conscription system and mobilized 4 million people to participate in the war; The two sides mobilized all manpower and material resources into the war; The goal of war is not only to destroy each other, but also to destroy each other's social and economic system and completely conquer each other; 620,000 people were killed on both sides, including 360,000 in the north and 260,000 in the south, with injuries of over1100,000 and losses of $25 billion. The loss is great and the consumption is serious, which is the first in modern wars. In addition, the latest scientific and technological achievements are widely used in wars, such as wireless telegraphy, armored trains, carbines, flowering shells, photo reconnaissance, high-altitude balloons, armored ships, mines, submarines, mine-clearing devices and so on. All these have greatly changed the face of the war and made the logistics supply more complicated. Therefore, this war occupies a prominent position in military history and is called "the first modern war".

Edit this paragraph back to the table of contents-civil war-the meaning of civil war

the Civil War

The victory of the North in the war established the dominant position of the big bourgeoisie in the whole country. The civil war eliminated slavery, thus clearing the way for the rapid development of American capitalism. The implementation of the Homestead Law has accelerated the development of the western region and promoted the victory of the American-style road to the development of agricultural capitalism. Thus, at the end of 19, the United States became the most advanced industrial and agricultural capitalist country in the world. In the reconstruction period after the civil war, blacks were still discriminated against in many aspects and exploited by plantation owners, but they gained civil rights and voting rights politically and were liberated from slavery. Therefore, the American Civil War is of epoch-making significance in the development of American history.

The civil war destroyed slavery. Civil War is the second bourgeois revolution in American history, but it solved the problem of farmers' land well, safeguarded national unity, cleared the way for the accelerated development of American capitalism, and laid the foundation for the United States to rank among the world powers.

During the civil war, the industrial revolution brought great military progress. The two sides used metal shells and heavy rifles to fight, used railways and steam boats to realize rapid maneuvering and assembly of troops, and used steam armored warships to conduct naval battles. The mechanical continuous firing gun was put into actual combat for the first time, especially the production mode of manufacturing standardized parts and assembling weapons was developed in the north, which greatly improved the industrial production efficiency.

The limitation of the Civil War is that Lincoln abolished slavery only in the southern rebel States. Although these blacks were liberated, they did not get the same rights as whites.