Psychological effects in daily life

Psychological effects in daily life

Psychological effects of Romeo and Juliet

Romeo and Juliet fell in love, but due to their feud, their love was greatly hindered . But the oppression did not make them break up, but made them love deeper until they died in love. This phenomenon is called the Romeo and Juliet effect. The so-called Romeo and Juliet effect means that when external forces interfere with the love relationship between the two parties, the emotions of the two parties will actually strengthen, and the relationship will become stronger.

The phenomenon of conformity

A joke goes like this: One day when I was wandering on the street, I suddenly saw a long queue. I quickly stood behind the queue and queued up, lest I miss any opportunity to buy scarce necessities. . When the team turned the corner and discovered that everyone was queuing up to go to the toilet, I couldn't help but burst out laughing. This is the joke of following the crowd. Conformity refers to the phenomenon that an individual's ideas and behaviors change in the same direction as the majority due to the guidance or pressure of the group. In layman's terms, conformity means "following the crowd". It can be manifested as the adoption of dominant behavioral patterns in a temporary specific situation, or it can be manifested as the long-term acceptance of dominant concepts and behavioral patterns.

Halo effect

The halo effect at night is called the halo effect.

The halo effect means that someone or something leaves a deep impression due to its outstanding characteristics, while ignoring other psychological and behavioral qualities. Sometimes it will produce a "halo of positive affirmation", and sometimes it will produce a "halo of negative negation", which will interfere with the evaluation of information. To overcome the halo effect, we must adhere to objectivity and not mix subjective components.

Many teenagers admire certain characteristics of a certain star, such as appearance and singing voice, so they imitate the behavior of the star at all costs and collect everything they use. This is actually the halo effect at work. The halo effect is a tendency to overgeneralize, that is, after people form a good or bad impression of a certain characteristic of a person, they tend to infer other characteristics of the person based on it. What we usually call "Love House and Crow" is an outstanding manifestation of the halo effect.

Rosenthal Effect

A man named Robert Rosenthal raised this question in 1966: People who study abnormal psychology may Due to some problems of the researchers themselves, the research results are contaminated. He designed some experiments to try to prove that the experimenter's bias would affect the research results. One of the experiments was arranged like this: He asked college students to conduct an experiment with two groups of white rats. The person in charge of the experiment told the college students that the two types of white rats were different. One group was very smart, and the other group was special. fool. In fact, there was no difference between the two groups of rats, but the college students believed that the experimental results must be different. The students asked these two groups of rats to learn to run a maze to see which group learned faster. As a result, they found that the "smart" group of rats learned faster than the "stupid" group.

How did Rosenthal explain this effect? ??He speculated that this may be caused by the experimenters being friendly to the "intelligent" animals and being rough to the "stupid" animals.

In another striking study, Rosenthal and colleagues asked teachers to give intelligence tests to their elementary school students. They told the teachers that some students in the class were late bloomers and read their names to the teachers. Rosenthal believes that the academic performance of these students can be improved. Since Rosenthal announced the list of late bloomers, Rosenthal has never had contact with these students, and the teachers have never mentioned it again. Virtually all lists of late bloomers were randomly selected from a class of students who were not significantly different from the rest of the class. But when the students were tested again for intelligence at the end of the semester, their scores were significantly better than the first test.

How did this outcome occur? Rosenthal believes that this may be because the teachers think that these late-to-achieve students are beginning to shine, and they give them special care and concern, so that their performance can improve.

Why does the above situation happen? In psychological terms, it is because there is a stereotype in people's minds in advance. How to explain the stereotype? This needs to be started from the beginning. Settlement can also be said to be a kind of intention, which refers to a certain intention that already exists before reacting to a certain stimulus. For example, if you have heard someone say that Zhang is very dissatisfied with you recently, then when you meet him, even if he does not say a word of dissatisfaction with you, you will experience an unnatural feeling. If you hear someone say that this person is good at finding fault with other people's speech, then when you talk to him, you won't be as fluent as you usually are. This is because there is a trend in your mind beforehand. Due to the existence of this trend, your reaction is very different from usual.

Translimit Effect

The famous American humorist Mark Twain once listened to the pastor's speech in church. At first, he felt that the pastor's words were very touching and moved people, so he was ready to donate money. After 10 minutes, the pastor had not finished speaking. He became impatient and decided to just donate some change. After another 10 minutes, the pastor had not finished speaking, so he decided not to donate a penny. When the pastor finally finished his lengthy speech and began to solicit donations, Mark Twain was so angry that he not only refused to donate the money, but also stole 2 yuan from the plate.

This psychological phenomenon in which excessive stimulation, overpowering, and prolonged action causes extreme psychological impatience or resistance is called the "over-limit effect."

The over-limit effect often occurs in family education. For example, when a child fails to do well in an exam without paying attention, parents will criticize the same thing once, twice, three times, or even four or five times, making the child go from feeling guilty and restless to impatient and finally disgusted. When you are forced to act in a hurry, you will have a rebellious mentality and behavior that says "I want to do this".

Because once a child is criticized, it will always take some time to regain his psychological balance. When he is criticized repeatedly, he will mutter in his heart: Why do you always treat me like this? When a child is criticized, he cannot return to calmness and resist. The mind becomes high.

It can be seen that parents’ criticism of their children cannot exceed the limit. They should only criticize their children once if they make a mistake. If you have to criticize again, you should not simply repeat it, but change your perspective and put it in another way. In this way, children will not feel that they are stuck on the same mistakes, and their boredom and rebelliousness will be reduced accordingly.

3 to 1 Rule

When persuading others or making embarrassing demands, the best way is to have several people put pressure on each other at the same time.

So in order to trigger the other party’s synchronic behavior, at least how many people are needed to be effective? The previous experimental results show that the number of people who can trigger synchronized behavior is at least 3 to 4 people.

When two people use the same words to induce someone to adopt the same behavior, almost no one will make the wrong choice. If the number of people increases to 3, the agreement rate increases rapidly. What works best is when 4 out of 5 people agree. Increase the number to 8 or 15, and the consensus rate remains almost the same.

However, this method of persuasion is greatly restricted by the environment, and it is difficult to work in one-on-one negotiations or when there are many people on the other side. When the other party is one person, you can invite two supporters to participate in the negotiation in advance, and induce the other party to seek agreement by exchanging opinions at the negotiation table. This phenomenon is often seen in card games. Card games are usually played by four people. During the game, if the time is right, someone will suggest increasing the stakes or introducing new rules. At the same time, some people will also raise objections. At this time, if the other two people can be roped in, the three people can work together to deal with one person. Then the remaining person will change his opinion due to being outnumbered and be convinced by the power of the majority.

Napoleon, the defeated general of Clay Udebic, also said: "Victory lies in sufficient troops."

?From this point of view, the principle of "more defeats less" should be a rule that existed before Cleodebic

Pymalion effect

Legend of ancient Greece Cyprus There was a young prince named Pymalion on the island. He loved art and through his own efforts, he finally sculpted a statue of the goddess. He couldn't put it down for his proud work, and looked at him lovingly all day long. After a long time, the goddess finally miraculously resurrected and was happy to be his wife. This story contains a very profound philosophy: expectation is a kind of power, and the power of this expectation is called the Pymaryon effect by psychologists.

The Lach Effect

Otto Wallach is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and his success process is legendary. When Wallach started middle school, his parents chose a literary path for him. Unexpectedly, after one semester, the teacher wrote this comment for him: Wallach is very hardworking. But being too rigid will make it difficult to create literary talent. ?After that, his parents asked him to switch to oil painting, but Wallach was neither good at composition nor polishing, and his grades were last in the class. Faced with such a "clumsy" student, most teachers thought that he had no hope of success. Only the chemistry teacher thought that he was meticulous and had the qualities to do chemical experiments, so he suggested that he study chemistry. At this time, Wallach's spark of wisdom was suddenly ignited. , and finally succeeded. Wallach's success illustrates the truth: students' intellectual development is uneven, and they all have strong points and weaknesses in intelligence. Once they find the best point to exert their intelligence and give full play to their intelligence, they can achieve great results. Amazing results. Later generations called this phenomenon the "Wallach effect".

Stereotype effect

Social psychology believes that the impact of looking at people with old eyes is called the "stereotype effect". It is a fixed and general view of people, resulting in a stereotype. This phenomenon can often be seen in schools. Teachers often show affection for students who are talented and have excellent academic performance, and they are valued and favored. Students with stupid talents and poor academic performance are often discriminated against. Teachers show impatience and boredom, and often use frustrating words on their lips. Practice has proved that students who are often subjected to this kind of "treatment" will suddenly feel cold water pouring on them, lose their confidence in learning, lose the courage to overcome difficulties, and even develop a decadent mood.

***Biological effect

There is a phenomenon in nature: when a plant grows alone, it appears short and monotonous, but when it grows with many similar plants, its roots are deep. The leaves are lush and full of vitality. People call this phenomenon of mutual influence and mutual promotion in the plant kingdom "biogenesis effect". In fact, there are also "*** biological effects" in our human group. From 1901 to 1982, there were 25 Nobel laureates from the British Cavidian Laboratory, which is an outstanding example of the biological effect.

Primacy effect

Primacy effect is sometimes called the effect of first impression, which refers to the influence of the first impression left by the perceived object on the perceiver on social perception. Specifically, when you come into contact with someone or something for the first time, you create a psychological stereotype with emotional factors towards someone or something, which affects your subsequent evaluation of that person or something. So, we can see that this effect is detrimental to gathering the right intelligence for analysis in decision-making. Whether the first impression is good or bad, it is one-sided and not conducive to comprehensive understanding and analysis.

The effect of the first impression is called the primacy effect. It is often biased to evaluate a person's quality based on first impression. If you only rely on first impressions when taking recruitment exams and evaluating employee performance, you will be deceived by certain superficial phenomena.

The primacy effect mainly manifests itself in two aspects in the recruitment process: First, judging people by their appearance. Applicants who are well-groomed and personable are likely to win the favor of the examiner. The second is to judge people by their words. Those who are eloquent and answer questions fluently often leave a good impression on others. Therefore, when selecting talents, we should not only listen to their words and observe their appearance, but also observe their actions and test their performance.

Recency effect

The recency effect refers to the fact that the recent performance of someone or something takes precedence in the mind, thus changing the consistent view of that person or thing.

The recency effect and the primacy effect are two corresponding effects. The primacy effect generally affects people in unfamiliar situations, while the recency effect generally affects people in more familiar situations. Both are subjective assumptions based on one-sided understanding of people or things, which distorts decision-making information.

The Butterfly Effect

In 1960, when Lorenz, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, was studying the problem of long-term weather forecasting, a difficult problem arose: she used a set of simplified methods on the computer to The data simulates the evolution of weather, originally intended to use the high-speed computing of computers to improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. However, contrary to expectations, multiple calculations have shown that extremely small differences in initial conditions can lead to erroneous conclusions. The same is true for psychological emotions. There is a set of cartoons that show a man who was scolded by his boss at work and felt very annoyed. He got angry at his wife when he got home. The wife was scolded for no reason and was also very angry and slammed the door and left. . While walking on the street, a pet dog blocked the way and barked wildly. The wife became even more angry and kicked the dog. The dog was kicked and then ran past an old man, shocking the old man. It happened that the old man had a heart disease, and was frightened by the puppy that suddenly rushed out. He suffered a heart attack on the spot and died.

Lorenz discovered the huge contrast caused by small differences. She used a vivid metaphor to express this discovery. A small butterfly flaps its wings over Brazil. The small vortex it stirs up is similar to The convergence of other air flows may cause a storm in Texas, USA, a month later? This is the famous "butterfly effect" in chaos theory.

The Bell Effect

The British scholar Bell was extremely talented. Some people say that if he studies crystals and biochemistry after graduation, he will definitely win multiple Nobel Prizes. But he was willing to take another path, put forward pioneering topics one after another, and guided others to reach the peak of science. This move is called the Bell Effect

The Bell Effect requires leaders to have the spirit of Bole The spirit of the human ladder is to put the unit and the collective first, recognize talents with a keen eye, let go of talents, dare to promote and appoint people with stronger abilities than yourself, and actively create opportunities for talented subordinates

Catfish Effect

In the past, after the Norwegians caught sardines at sea, if they could get them to port alive, the selling price would be several times higher than the dead fish, but only one fishing boat could bring live fish back to port. Later, people discovered that there was just one more catfish in the fish tank of the boat. It turns out that when catfish are put into a fish tank, they will swim around because of the unfamiliar environment. When sardines discover this "alien", they will also swim faster due to nervousness. In this way, sardines extend their lifespan. This is the "catfish effect".

Using the catfish effect, through individual "intervention", plays a competitive role in the group, which is in line with the operating mechanism of talent management. At present, the open recruitment and competitive recruitment implemented by some government agencies are a good example. This method can create a sense of crisis and allow people to work better.

Responsibility diffusion effect

At 3:20 on the night of March 13, 1964, in front of an apartment in the suburbs of New York, the United States, a young woman named Juno Bibai was finishing up at a bar. He was assassinated on the way home from work. When she shouted desperately: "Someone is going to kill someone! Help! Help!" Hearing the shouting, nearby residents turned on their lights and opened their windows, and the murderer ran away in fear. When everything returned to calm, the murderer returned to commit crimes. When she shouted again, nearby residents turned on the lights again, and the murderer ran away again. When she thought nothing had happened and returned to her home and went upstairs, the murderer appeared in front of her again and killed her on the stairs. During this process, although she shouted for help; at least 38 of her neighbors came to the window to watch, but no one came to save her or even called the police. This incident caused a sensation in New York society, and also attracted the attention and thinking of social psychologists. This phenomenon of so many bystanders doing nothing to save people is called the diffusion of responsibility effect.

Regarding the causes of the diffusion of responsibility effect, psychologists have conducted a large number of experiments and investigations, and found that this phenomenon cannot just be said to be a manifestation of people's callousness or increasing moral decay. Because on different occasions, people's aid behavior is indeed different. When a person encounters an emergency situation, if he is the only one who can provide help, he will be clearly aware of his responsibility and help the victim.

If he refuses to save his life, he will feel guilty and guilty, which will require a high psychological cost. And if there are many people present, the responsibility of helping the seeker will be shared by everyone, causing the responsibility to be dispersed. Each person shares very little responsibility, and the bystander may not even realize his own share of the responsibility, resulting in A mentality of "I won't save others, others will save them" creates a situation of "collective apathy". How to break this situation is an important topic that psychologists are studying.

The Sen Effect

There is an athlete named Jason. He is usually well-trained and strong, but he loses continuously in sports competitions. People use this to refer to the phenomenon of performing well in normal times but failing in the arena due to lack of proper psychological quality as the Jensen effect.

In daily life, the only explanation between "some of the best" and "mistakes on the field" can only be psychological quality problems, which are mainly caused by excessive focus on gains and losses and lack of self-confidence. Some people He usually has "a lot of achievements", stands out, and is supported by many stars, which creates a psychological stereotype: he can only succeed but not fail. Coupled with the particularity of the competition field and the high expectations of society, country, family, etc., he has a mentality of worrying about gains and losses. Intensified, the psychological burden is too heavy, and such strong psychological gains and losses are bothering me, how can I perform at my due level? On the other hand, I lack self-confidence and develop stage fright, which restricts the realization of my potential.

How to get out of the vicious cycle of the "Jensen Effect"? First of all, you must clearly understand the purpose of the "game field" and overcome your fear. The game field is not scary, it is just more formal than usual. Secondly, you must calmly get out of the shadow of narrow worries about gains and losses. , don’t be greedy for success, just strive to perform your own level normally. The competition field is a high-level competition, and it is also often a competition of psychological quality. "The brave will win when we meet on a narrow road." As long as you build up your self-confidence, your hard work will be rewarded. A satisfactory answer will be delivered in the end;