The contents of China's four humiliating treaties

Article 13 of treaty of nanking requires China to cede Hong Kong Island; Compensation to Britain for opium prices, commercial debts and military expenses * * * 21000000 silver dollars; Trade with five ports, opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls.

For the agreed tariffs, British businessmen have to pay import and export taxes and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to be immune; Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China. In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops.

2. Xin Chou Treaty

Compensation. The Qing government paid 450 million taels of silver (*** 1 1 country) to all countries, and paid it off in 39 years with an annual interest rate of 4%. The principal and interest are about 982 million taels, which are guaranteed by tariffs, regular tariffs and salt taxes. Delineate the embassy district. Dongjiaomin Lane in Beijing has been designated as an embassy district and has become a "country within a country". China people are not allowed to live in the local area, and the state can send troops to station. ?

Dismantle the battery and station in the army. Demolish Dagu and all the fortresses that hinder Beijing's access to the sea. Imperialist powers can station troops in 12 places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.

Threaten the Qing government to promise to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle. People in China are forbidden to form or join any organization that is "hostile to other countries" forever, and offenders will be put to death. Provincial officials must ensure the safety of foreigners, otherwise they will be fired and never employed. Where the anti-imperialist struggle took place, the civil and military examinations were suspended for five years. This article marks that the Qing government has completely become a tool of imperialism. ?

Apologize to Germany and Japan. The Qing government sent princes and ministers to Germany and Japan to express "regret" and set up a stone archway in the place where German minister Cleander was killed. Punish officials who participated in the boxer movement. From the central government to local governments, more than 100 officials were imprisoned, exiled and executed. Set up a foreign affairs department. The Prime Minister's Office was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was the first of the six ministries and became a specialized agency for the Qing government to negotiate with the great powers.

3. treaty of shimonoseki

According to the provisions of the treaty, China ceded Liaodong Peninsula (failed due to triple interference), Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan, and paid Japan 200 million taels of silver. China has also opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in trading ports in China.

4. Sino-British Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with Britain on 1860 10124 October, and the British representative was Earl Erkin. The English text of the Covenant is *** 10, and the main contents of the articles are as follows: The Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty; The Qing Dynasty ceded the Kowloon Peninsula in Xin 'an County, Guangdong Province (now south of Hong Kong Boundary Street) to Britain.

The Qing dynasty opened Tianjin as a commercial port; Raise the compensation for the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty to 8 million taels; Allow western missionaries to rent and buy land and build churches in China; Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han people to work as cheap labor (coolies) abroad;

Extended data:

The treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in China's modern history. Together with the Charter of Sino-British Trade with Five Ports and the Provisions on the Aftermath of Trade with Five Ports (namely "Humen Treaty"), it has had a great historical impact.

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, the imperialist powers fought for and carved up China, which caused an unprecedented national crisis in China. This sense of crisis contributed to people's awakening, and saving the country became the most urgent requirement at that time. 1898, the bourgeois reformists failed in their reform movement, 1900, a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic boxer movement with farmers as the main body broke out.

The Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong and quickly spread to Zhili, Tianjin and Beijing, causing panic among imperialist powers. They decided to send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion themselves. Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria organized a coalition to invade China and invaded Beijing in August. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign an unequal treaty.

Because this year is the year of happiness and ugliness in China's old calendar, this treaty is called "the treaty of happiness and ugliness". Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and his cronies. The Qing Dynasty was forced to make peace with imperialism.

Treaty of shimonoseki has benefited Japan enormously and stimulated its aggressive ambition. The national crisis in China is unprecedented, and the degree of semi-colonization has greatly deepened. The treaty met the needs of the imperialist powers to export capital to China, and then the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China.

The Beijing Treaty is an extension of the Tianjin Treaty, which not only recognizes the effectiveness of the Tianjin Treaty, but also allows western capitalist countries headed by Britain and France to seize more aggressive rights and interests.

After the opening of Tianjin, the western capitalist aggression forces had an aggression stronghold; The occupation of Kowloon Peninsula and a large area of territory east of Wusuli River further damaged China's national sovereignty and territorial integrity; Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han Chinese to work as cheap labor abroad, let countries such as Britain and France openly plunder and sell China people abroad as slaves;

Western missionaries are allowed to rent and buy land and build churches in China, which makes the invasion of foreign churches deeper and more rampant; Open ports have extended from coastal areas to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal status has been further deepened. The disaster of China people is getting deeper and deeper. It also violated the justice of China, and the sovereignty of inland navigation was seriously violated.

Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of nanking

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Treaty of Love and Ugliness

Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of shimonoseki

Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty