"Hanshu" Study 62: Chronicles·Lüli Chronicles (Part 5)

When the Han Dynasty was founded, the country's rules and regulations had just been laid down, and everything was in the preliminary stage, so the calendar of the Qin Dynasty was followed. Later, he adopted the suggestion of Beiping Hou Zhang Cang and compared the "Zhuanxu Calendar" with the other six calendars and believed that it was closest to the laws of nature. However, there is no correct service and the method is not appropriate, so the moon often appears at the twilight of the new moon, and sometimes it even appears that the moon is full and waning, many of which are inconsistent with the real situation.

By the seventh year of Yuanfeng, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (i.e., the first year of Taichu after the reorganization, 104 BC), the Han Dynasty had been established for 102 years. The great and middle-ranking officials Gongsun Qing, Hu Sui, Taishi ordered Sima Qian and others to report: "The calendar can no longer be used and the calendar should be corrected." At this time, the imperial censor Ni Kuan knew Confucian classics, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Ni Kuan: "Go and discuss with the doctors. How should we calculate the new moon and what color should be used for clothing?"

Ni Kuan discussed with Dr. Ci and others and reported: "The emperor must change the calendar and the color of clothing to show his orders. In order to change the system after the founding, there is no repetition. From the inference of historical documents, the Xia Zheng calendar should be used now. Your Majesty has a narrow and shallow knowledge and cannot understand the principles of heaven and earth. Matching, my ministers and others believe that the reason why future generations repeat the systems of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties is just because the second generation system has been extinct. , harmonize the yin and yang to determine the calendar, so as to serve as the law for all generations." After listening to the report, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an edict to the censor: "Not long ago, the competent department reported that the calendar was not determined and there were many demands. I summoned some people to ask for countermeasures to calculate the calendar stars, but it has never been completed. I heard that the ancient Yellow Emperor could be in harmony with nature and not die. He could examine the advancement and retreat according to the names of things, determine the clarity and turbidity of the rhythm, and deduce the five elements, thus establishing the system. Calculation of solar terms, all things, and calendars. But these are all very early. Because of the lack of books and the lack of music, I feel that this matter is not easy to understand after thinking about it. Now I will use Yuan Feng Seven Years. As the first year of Taichu."

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Gongsun Qing, Hu Sui, Sima Qian, Shilang Zun, Dadian Xingshe and others to discuss and formulate the "Han Calendar". Begin to determine the four directions of east, west, north, and south, install a dial for measurement, and place a timing clepsydra underneath to measure the spacing and distribution of the twenty-eight constellations. Finally, determine the Shuohui Calendar's spring, autumnal equinox, winter, summer solstice, sun and moon movement locations, and horoscope times. . Calculating according to the previous calendar year 4617 at the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, in the seventh year of Yuanfeng, in the repeated Jiayin year, the day of Jiazi in mid-winter is the winter solstice, the sun and moon are at the place where the stars are built, and Taisui is at the Zi bit, thus obtaining the correct value of Taichu star degree.

At this time, She Xing and others reported that they did not understand calculations and hoped to recruit people who studied calendars to reformulate more accurate calculation methods and formulate the Han Dynasty's own "Taichu Calendar" after additions and subtractions. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an edict to select Deng Ping, who specialized in calendar research, as well as Sima Ke from Changle, Hou Yijun from Jiuquan, Shi Langzun, and some people who studied calendars among the people, totaling more than 20 people. Alchemists from Tangdu and Bajun Luo Xiahong also participated. In the Tang Dynasty, the distribution of stars in the sky was divided, and Luo Xia Hong calculated the calendar. Their method is to determine the calendar number based on the length of the law. For this reason, they explain: "The capacity of the law is one 龠, and the cumulative number is eighty-one inches, which is exactly the fraction of a day. It is always consistent with the length of the law. The length of the law is nine inches, and the length of the law is nine inches. It starts again at 171 minutes, and after three repetitions, it becomes Jiazi. The yin and yang numbers in the law are nine and six, which are derived from the Yao Xiang, so using the yellow bell to regulate the vitality is called the law. It is a law, and there is nothing that does not take law as a law.”

The results of our research are exactly the same as Deng Ping’s. So everyone came to observe the new star degrees and the movements of the sun and the moon, and recalculated. The results were the same as those of Luo Xia Hong and Deng Hu. The rule is that a month has 43/81 days of twenty-nine. If you borrow half a day first, it is called the solar calendar; if you don't borrow it, it is called the lunar calendar. The so-called solar calendar means that the moon can be seen before the new moon; the so-called lunar calendar means that the moon can be seen after the new moon.

Deng Ping said: "Using the solar calendar, you can see the moon on the first day of the new moon. This is to facilitate the princes, kings and ministers to meet the emperor."

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Sima Qian to use Deng Ping's method The eighty-one-point calendar was formulated, seventeen other calendars that were far different from each other were abolished, and the Calendar was ordered to continue to be checked for inaccuracies. The eunuch Chunyu Lingqu recalculated the Hui, Shuo, Xian and Wang of the "Taichu Calendar", which was more accurate than other calendars. The sun and the moon were like a jade, and the five stars were connected together like beads. Chunyulingqu reported the situation to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who issued an edict to start using Deng Ping's calendar and appointed Deng Ping as Taishi Cheng.

Twenty-seven years later, in the third year of Emperor Yuanfeng of the Han Dynasty (78 BC), Taishi ordered King Zhang Shou to write to Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty: "The calendar is a major event between heaven and earth, and it is done by heaven. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor's "Tiaolu Calendar" was used after the establishment of the Han Dynasty. The current imbalance of yin and yang is caused by the use of the "Taichu Calendar". Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty ordered the envoy who was in charge of the calendar to go and question him. King Zhang Shou was very unconvinced. Xian Yuliang asked for instructions and together with more than 20 people including Ma Guang, the great minister and Nong Zhongcheng who studied the calendar, watched the twilight, new moon, twilight, twilight and eight solar terms of the sun and moon, so as to verify the situation of each calendar.

His request was approved, and Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty ordered one person each from the prime minister, the censor, the general, and the right general Shi to observe the celestial phenomena together at Shanglin Qingtai in order to verify the roughness and precision of various calendars. Ten people participated. One family.

Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty approved that from the beginning of the winter solstice on the first day of November in 78 BC to the completion of the verification in December of 76 BC, the eleven calendars had their own order consistent with reality. . The test results proved that the calendar proposed by King Zhang Shou was too far apart. This shows that after the establishment of the Han Dynasty, it was correct not to use Huangdi's "Tiaotun Calendar". King Zhang Shou criticized the Han Dynasty calendar and violated the law of heaven. This was not his duty and he committed a crime of disrespect.

Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty ordered that King Zhang Shou would no longer be held accountable for his crimes and ordered a re-observation, which lasted for the entire year of 75 BC. The result is that "Taichu Calendar" still ranks first. The results of Jimo Xu Wanqi and Chang'an Xu Yu's study of "Taichu Calendar" also concluded that its accuracy ranks first. The Yellow Emperor's "Tune Calendar" studied by King Zhang Shou and Daishao Li Xin had a large error in the test. He also said that from the Yellow Emperor to the three years of Yuanfeng, it lasted more than 6,000 years. The prime minister commissioned Shi, Chang'an Shan Anguo, Anling Wuyu and others to study "The End and the Beginning" and proved that there were 3629 years since the Yellow Emperor, which was inconsistent with King Zhang Shou's.

King Zhang Shou transferred the controversy to the "Emperor Records" and said that the age of Shun and Yu was not in line with the age of normal people. He also said that Boyi replaced Yu as the emperor, and Lishan Nu was also the emperor during the Yin and Zhou dynasties. These are not consistent with the classics. The calendar advocated by King Zhang Shou is the "Yin Li" written by Tai Shiguan. Zhang Shou Wang Hu simply couldn't get the five calendars, and he said that the "Taichu Calendar" was different from the actual year by three-quarters of three days, minus the remaining 705, so there was an imbalance of yin and yang, and he called the current world For troubled times. Some people impeached and demoted King Zhang Shou. He was an official of the imperial court with eight hundred stones. As an ancient official, he wore the clothes of a Confucian scholar, but he said nonsense and unlucky words, spread weird heresies in an attempt to disrupt the national system, and committed the crime of treason.

Emperor Zhao of Han approved the impeachment. King Zhang Shou was released on bail pending trial. As a result, his political performance was inferior for three consecutive years, but he always expressed dissatisfaction. Then someone impeached him for a crime that deserved death, but he was pardoned by Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty. King Zhang Shou stopped arguing, but then more people said bad things about him, and he was finally handed over to a judge for trial. Therefore, the verification of the calendar lies in heaven. From the beginning of the calendar of the Han Dynasty, to 75 BC, it took thirty six years before the final right and wrong was determined.

During the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled six calendars, listed the right and wrong, and wrote the "Five Chronicles". Liu Xiang's son Liu Xi (pronounced zī, Zi) studied the subtleties and wrote the "Santong Li" and "Pu" to explain the "Spring and Autumn". The calculations are accurate to the point, so I will focus on one here. explain.

"Spring and Autumn", as a chronological history book, is carried out according to the time of day, and personnel and events are arranged according to the time of day. The biography says: "Only when people receive the energy of heaven and earth can they survive. This is the so-called fate. That's why etiquette, righteousness, action, majesty and appearance determine people's destiny. If they are good at caring for them, they will be successful and blessed. If they are not good at caring for them, they will fail. It will bring disaster." Therefore, the events of the Twelve Dukes of Lu were listed for 242 years, and the etiquette was formulated with the neutralizing energy of yin and yang. Therefore, spring is about neutralizing the yang energy, so that all things can grow; autumn is about neutralizing the yin energy, so that all things can mature. All things are listed among them, ritual is to select the harmonious part, calendar is to use leap months to coordinate the heaven and earth, and is used to guide people's various activities to benefit people's livelihood. These are all used to determine fate. When talking about the hexagrams of gold and fire in the "Book of Changes", it is said: "The revolutions of Tang and Wu follow the heavens and respond to people", and also say "governing the Li and Ming times", which is the way to reconcile the world.

The Zhou Dynasty gradually declined. After the death of King Zhou You, the emperor could no longer promulgate a calendar. The calendar of the State of Lu was incorrect. It used one day left in a leap year as the year (pǒu). head. Therefore, "Spring and Autumn" sarcastically said in the book: "In November, the sun will eclipse again." The handle of the bucket points to the throne of Shen, but the person in charge of the calendar thinks that the throne of Jianxu is in place, and the history books record that it is in the year of Jianhai. Bit. In the twelfth year of Lu Aigong's reign, the month when the Jianshen Mars was located in the western sky at dusk was also used as Jianhai. On the contrary, he felt strange that hibernating animals did not hibernate.

It has been more than a hundred years since Wen Gong did not announce the new moon in the leap month, and it is no longer possible to correct the calendar. Therefore, Zigong decided not to send the sheep prepared to commemorate Shuo. Confucius insisted on holding this ceremony and wrote this method into the Spring and Autumn Annals. "Spring and Autumn" says: "On the first day of October in winter, the sun eats again." "Zuo Zhuan" says: "If you don't record the day, you will lose your official position. The emperor has a Japanese official, the princes have a Japanese official, and the Japanese official is at the bottom of the ministers. The day is the ritual. The emperor will not lose the day to appoint hundreds of officials to the court. "This is the announcement of Shuo.

Normally, the beginning of the calendar is called the element. It is said in the biography: "Yuan is the growth of goodness." *** Cultivate the three virtues to be good. He also said: "Yuan is the length of style." Shuzhuan combines the three genres of "Feng", "Ya" and "Song" to be called Yuan. In the three months of spring, each month records the first month of Spring, the second month of Spring, the third month of Spring, etc. These are the three traditions of the Yuan Dynasty. The three elements are unified into one element, so the element one multiplied by the ninth power of three is used to form the normal number, and the eleventh power of three is used as the real number. A real number is equal to one. The ninth day of the lunar month of Huang Zhong is the first of the rules, the change of Yang. Multiply by six and divide by nine, you get Lin Zhongchu Liu, the first of Lu, the change of Yin. These are all towering methods. If the number is six, it is doubled, and if the number is six, it is halved. Nine is used as the divisor. Nine and six are the laws of yin and yang, husband and wife, children and mother.

It is the natural state of heaven and earth for Lu to marry a wife and Lu to have children. Six laws and six lu, twelve chen are formed. There are clear and turbid sounds among the five tones, thus forming the ten days of the earthly branches.

"Zuo Zhuan" says: "There are six heavens and five earths", which is the constant of numbers. There are six qi in the sky, and when they descend, they form five flavors. Five and six are the harmonious numbers of heaven and earth, and people rely on them to survive. Therefore, the sun has six armors, and the morning has five sons, which add up to eleven. All the laws of heaven and earth are here, and they begin again and again. The central vitality of Tai Chi, so as a yellow bell, its volume is one, and its length is used to multiply itself, so eighty-one is used as the number of the day, so weight, balance, measurement, and measurement are produced, and rituals and music are also derived from this. produce. The beginning of unity through the only origin of all things is the first of Tai Chi in the "Book of Changes". The two seasons of Spring and Autumn represent a year and are the middle of the two seasons in the Book of Changes. Recording the Spring King's first month and so on every month in spring is the three-pole system of "Book of Changes". Even if there are no events in the four seasons, we should remember the seasons and months. This is the quality of the Four Symbols of the Book of Changes. The months are divided into Dou Jian, and the solar terms are divided into Beginning of Spring, Beginning of Summer, Beginning of Autumn, and Beginning of Winter, which are the eight trigrams in the Book of Changes. Verifying the success or failure of things is the verification of good or bad luck in the "Book of Changes". The princes regularly met with the emperor and the overlord, which was the foundation of the great cause in the Book of Changes. Therefore, "Book of Changes" and "Spring and Autumn" are the laws of heaven and man. "Zuo Zhuan" says: "The tortoise is the image, and the 筮 is the number. All things have an image after they are born. Only after they have an image can they reproduce, and only after they reproduce can they be counted."

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Huang Qijun

? Written on May 12, 2021 (the first day of April in the year of Xinchou in the ancient calendar)

Zhi? Lu Li Zhi I (IV) )

Zhi?Lv Li Zhi (Part 3)

Zhi?Lv Li Zhi (Part 2)

Zhi?Lv Li Zhi (Part 1) < /p>

Table (7) (8)