Short stories of modern information dissemination

The earliest communication records in China came from Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins. Yin is the Shang Dynasty, also known as Yin Shang. The capital of Yin is now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, tortoise shells and animal bones were dug up here and engraved with words, which were later called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, during the Pan Geng period of Shang Dynasty (about 1400 BC), Xu bian reported the military situation to the emperor, and there were two houses of "playing drums". After textual research, "Laigu" is similar to today's reconnaissance signal soldiers. There is also a record of "simplified books" in the ancient book "Waiting for Classics", which is an official emergency document engraved with animal bones and passed by signal soldiers. "Jian Shu" originated in the late Yin Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty (BC12nd century-BC 1 1 century), which is the predecessor of postal service.

The correspondence between post station and beacon tower stems from the political and military needs of slave countries. According to historical records, in the era of Zhou Youwang 2700 years ago, there was a method of communication by using beacon towers. There is a story about beacon communication called Daughter Laughs. The gist of this story is:

Using beacon towers to transmit information is faster, but it can only play the role of alarm, which is difficult to meet the needs of grasping the enemy's situation and commanding operations. Therefore, with the development of society and the needs of politics and military affairs, from "Laigu" in Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, a relatively strict postal system for delivering government documents was gradually formed, and it complemented and cooperated with beacon towers.

After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 BC1year), he practiced Chidao all over the country, "cars are on the same track, books are in the same language", established a network of post stations centered on Xianyang, the capital of China, and formulated post laws, such as how to bind bamboo slips, seal them with ink, seal them for confidentiality, etc. How to supply food and grass for postal personnel; How to receive past officials and servants. By 1960, postal service had formed the earliest postal law in China.

After Qin Shihuang unified China (22 BC1year), he built Chi Dao all over the country and established more than 600 land stations, water stations and land and water stations1year. It also stipulated the itinerary and set up a performance appraisal and inspection system. When performing the task, the courier carries the "mail roll" with him.

In the Song Dynasty, due to frequent wars, there were a large number of military emergency official documents, which required fast and safe. As a result, the postman served by the civilian worker was changed to a soldier, and an "express delivery shop" was added, with three kinds of gold, silver and bronze medals. The gold medal travels 500 Li a day, the silver medal 400 Li and the bronze spleen 300 Li. Carry out the relay of changing people and horses at each station. In the Yuan Dynasty, due to the expansion of military scope and territory, there were 1496 post stations in the whole country, and the post stations were renamed as post stations.

In the Ming Dynasty, on the basis of following the old system, due to the increasingly developed maritime traffic, the headquarters and seven voyages to the West were established, and a maritime post office was also opened. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 0/600 official post stations/KLOC-,with more than 70,000 postmen and more than 40,000 post horses, which were under the charge of the Ministry of War. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/9th century, the funds of the post office were mostly filled by officials' corruption, and the post office administration was abandoned. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, modern postal services were gradually emerging, and the role of post stations was gradually disappearing. Therefore, in 19 13, 1, Beiyang government announced the cancellation of all post stations.

Postal system originated from slave countries, prevailed in feudal society, and ended with the decline of feudal system. Although the communication between post and beacon tower was the imperial tool of feudal dynasty, it was also the beginning of organized communication in China. It not only occupies a certain position in the history of postal communication in China, but also makes an important contribution to promoting social progress and human civilization.

The post office is the government's communication agency, which only delivers official documents. Ordinary people can only convey information by asking people to convey it, but it is slow and easy to delay and lose. There are many stories about "Hongyan's Biography" in China ancient books, which shows how difficult it is for ancient people to communicate. Today, people still regard Hongyan as a symbol of postal communication, which shows that the people have high hopes for postal communication.

The formation of folk communication organizations began in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, it was mainly due to the development of social economy, especially the needs of commerce and trade. First of all, between Chang 'an and Luoyang, there is a "post donkey" serving folk businessmen. At that time, there was another method called "flying money", that is, businessmen from all over the world deposited the money from selling goods in Chang 'an in the office of Chang 'an local government, and then returned it to the local government with a receipt. This is the bud of today's remittance business. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the People's Information Bureau appeared. In the southwestern provinces, there has also been a "horse meeting" to visit relatives with letters. According to legend, the farmers who moved to Xiaogan Township, Macheng County, Hubei Province, missed their hometown and made an appointment to send representatives back to their hometown every year to bring some local products and letters back and forth. Later, a people's letter bureau was gradually formed.

The Human Resources and Social Security Bureau began to appear in coastal cities with convenient transportation and developed trade, and then gradually developed to the mainland. The People's Information Bureau is a profit-making private organization. On the one hand, they do it in favorable places, and no one cares in remote areas; On the other hand, in order to attract business, they compete with each other to provide convenience for customers, such as sending people to collect letters and remit money, which can also be charged, which has promoted the rapid development of the Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. During the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (182 1 to 1874), the People's Information Bureau reached its peak, and there were thousands of People's Information Bureaus throughout the country. Some set up their headquarters in Shanghai, a commercial center, and set up branches and offices in various places. The People's Information Bureau is interrelated and forms a non-governmental exchange network.

Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, some poor people in coastal areas such as Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang have been trafficked abroad to work as coolies in order to make a living. These overseas Chinese who live overseas have to correspond with their relatives and friends in the motherland, or send goods and remittances back to the motherland, and the "Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau" came into being. In fact, the Overseas Chinese Information Bureau is the Overseas Chinese Information Bureau. Because Fujian dialect calls "letter" as "batch", it is called Overseas Chinese Information Bureau, which serves overseas Chinese communication. Due to its thoughtful service to overseas Chinese and outstanding reputation, the Overseas Chinese Approval Bureau almost monopolized the business of sending letters and remittances by overseas Chinese.

Hongyan delivers books. Goose is a messenger. The story of Hongyan's biography originated from Hanshu? Su Wu biography, emperor wudi, Su Wu to the huns, detained in the north sea. Later, Korea and Hungary reconciled, and Korea begged Su Wu and others to release them. Xiongnu lied that Su Wu was dead, and Chang Hui, a subordinate official of Su Wu, met an ambassador in the evening, and told him to tell Xiongnu that when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was hunting in the forest, he would come from the north to see Hongyan, whose feet were tied with silk, saying that Su Wu and others were trapped in a certain jersey. Khan was frightened when he heard the news, so he had to put it back in Su Wu. As a result, later generations will associate letters with wild geese, and geese, as messengers of letters, often appear in the poems of literati. For example, "the geese come without evidence, and the road is difficult to dream." (Five generations? Li Yu's "Qing Ping Le") "Fish book is not without geese, and I want to make sad autumn poems." (Sword by Li Mingxian) Not only that, when the ancients mailed letters, they also made them into the shape of geese with bamboo or silk in the middle, which was convenient for mailing. The ancients also used Hong Jing to refer to beautiful women. Cao Zhi described Luo Shen in "Luo Shen Fu": "If you are surprised, you will look like Youlong". Shan Li's Note: "Dancing is like a wild goose's surprise". "The spring waves under the sad bridge are green, which was once a stunning photo" (Two Poems of Shenyuan by Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty). Here, it is used to describe the beauty of Lu You's ex-wife Tang.

marathon

Marathon is the place name of ancient Greece, located 30 kilometers northeast of Athens. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides and the sea in the east. In 490 BC, the Persian Expeditionary Force invaded Greece. After the news of marathon deployment reached Athens, Athens sent a messenger named Peripides to Sparta for help. This letter covered 150 km from Athens to Sparta in 35 hours. However, the Spartans replied that they could not send troops before the full moon. This will take about 10 days. At this point, the Athenians had to fight alone. Instead, they defeated the Persians with fewer victories. The messenger named Pelipides, with the good news of victory, ran from the marathon to the central square of Athens (the running distance was 42. 195 km) and shouted to the citizens of Athens: "We won! Celebrate! " Immediately fell to the ground and died. The "Marathon Run" was set up to commemorate this event.

China is one of the first countries in the world to establish an organized information transmission system. As early as 3000 years ago, there were records of information transmission in Shang Dynasty. Post-horse relay is an early organized mode of communication. The "Postman" sculpture is located in Jiayuguan Railway Station Square, based on the mural tomb of Wei and Jin Dynasties in Jiayuguan. With a simple document in his hand, the postman galloped at high speed on all fours. This brick mural was taken as the theme of a small stamp by the First Congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation 1982, which shows that Jiayuguan is one of the cradles of information culture in China.

The appearance of ancient information transmission can not be separated from the Great Wall, which is "up and down for five thousand years, with a vertical and horizontal distance of one hundred thousand miles". The word "Great Wall" first appeared in the documents of the Warring States Period. In ancient dynasties, due to the different architectural forms, the titles of such defense projects were different, such as: Fierce City, Fangcheng, Fortress, Linluo, Jiegou, Side Wall and so on. All these actually refer to the Great Wall. In fact, the Great Wall in a broad sense refers to all the giant military engineering systems in ancient China.

Huo Feng communication

As early as the Zhou Dynasty, China had a method of transmitting information by bonfire. As a primitive means of acousto-optic communication, bonfire served the ancient military war. From the border to the capital and the border, a beacon tower is built at regular intervals. When the enemy invaded, firewood was stored inside, and the fire alarms were lit one by one. When the princes saw the fire, they immediately sent troops to help and resist the enemy.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to guard against enemy invasion, the "bonfire tunnel" was used as the contact signal for border defense emergency. In the ancient history book "Zhou Li", it is recorded that "on the passage from the frontier to the hinterland of various countries, a beacon tower is built at intervals, one after another. There are oranges on the stage, and there are cages full of firewood on the heads of oranges. When the enemy invaded, the beacon tower set off fireworks in succession to convey the alarm. Every night, the watchman lit the firewood in the cage and held it high, calling it a "lighthouse" to convey information to the leaders. During the daytime warning, the firewood piled up on the stage is lit, and the smoke is used to indicate the urgency, which is called "embarrassment". In order to make the smoke straight without bending, so that it can be seen from a distance, the ancients often used wolf dung instead of firewood, so it was also called wolf smoke. The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that when the emperor raised a bonfire, local governors must immediately lead troops to rescue and fight against the enemy. It can be seen that the implementation of the beacon system means that a huge and perfect military information contact network has appeared as early as last week.

Before the invention of papermaking, our ancestors also used bamboo slips as the carrier of words. Bamboo slips are made of bamboo, with thin skin and long sections. First, the round bamboo is sawed into a certain length, then cut into a certain width, and then cut into a simple piece. Then use silk rope, hemp rope and thin leather strip to weave two simple pieces, which can be used for lettering or writing.

Bamboo slips are the longest-used book form in the history of China. As early as Shang Dynasty, there was the word "book" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, symbolizing that a bundle of bamboo slips was tied with two book strings, while the word "Dian" in bronze inscriptions meant that the book was on the desk.

According to legend, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Fangshuo, a scholar, gave the emperor a recital book, used more than 3,000 pieces of bamboo slips and sent two Hercules to carry it into the palace. Therefore, bamboo slips are very troublesome to use. After a long time, they will be eaten by insects and cannot be preserved for a long time.

Banner newspaper, brand newspaper, and post-unveiling banner newspaper originated from "unveiling cloth" in ancient China. They are usually carried by special personnel, rode on horses, and sent out by Mercedes-Benz for military and civilian reading along the way to boost morale. Brand newspaper is a news dissemination tool written on "raft", while posters are printed materials similar to leaflets, which can be distributed everywhere.

Newspapers began in the Qing Dynasty, mainly concentrated in Beijing. As early as the early Qing Dynasty, there were people engaged in newspaper copying activities in private names in Beijing, mostly low-level officials, who took printing and newspaper copying as a sideline. By the middle and late Qing Dynasty, it had evolved into a private newspaper.

On behalf of all official documents and letters, the organization is always called "delivery" and has "emergency delivery shop" with a copper bell tied to the horse's collar in a hurry. Running on the road, ringing the bell during the day and lighting a fire at night, the person killed is not responsible. Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, an anti-gold general, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, indicating urgency.

In ancient times. People build tall beacon towers. When the enemy invaded, they immediately lit the firewood on the beacon tower, transmitted the enemy's message with the burning beacon smoke, and called the army to come to help. Later, people found a way to send information by horse. Many post offices have been set up all over the country, and special people deliver letters. In this way, information can be transmitted to far places by horses. Later, people invented the method of transmitting information by semaphore and light.

As early as 968 AD, China invented something called "Thumtsein", which is considered as the embryonic form of today's telephone. The research on long-distance sound transmission in Europe has increased? The 7th century. In 1796, Hughes proposed the method of transmitting voice information through microphone relay. Although this method is not practical, he gave this way of communication a name-telephone, which has been used ever since.

Some people say that the telephone is a song that has been sung for 100 years. It is still full of sound, echoing all over the world. 100 years, although the basic function of telephone as a human voice transmission mode has not changed much, with the progress of technology, it has experienced the development process of "magnetism-* * * electricity-automation".

1753, 17 In February, a letter signed by C.M. was published in The Scotsman magazine. In this letter, the author put forward a bold idea to communicate with electricity. He suggested that a set of metal wires be extended from one place to another, and each metal wire corresponds to a letter. When sending a message at one end, the wire is connected to the static motor according to the message content, so that it passes through the current in turn. The current passes through the small ball on the metal wire and sucks up the small pieces of paper with different letters or numbers hanging on it, thus playing the role of transmitting information over a long distance.

A whole set of evacuation system was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the documents delivered were graded, and the documents of different grades should be delivered by special personnel and special horses in accordance with the prescribed order and time. Sending and receiving these documents must be registered and marked with time to show responsibility.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cause of evacuation developed unprecedentedly. In the Tang Dynasty, the official postal transportation line centered on Chang 'an, the capital city, radiated in all directions and reached the frontier, with a post station of about 30 miles.