What are the new features of contemporary international division of labor and what opportunities have it brought to the development of China and Asia-Pacific countries? Better be organized ~ ~

New features of international division of labor:

1. The industrial division of labor among developed countries has developed rapidly. Developed countries are the mainstream of international division of labor, and they are in danger of being marginalized if they don't join. In the past, imperialism relied on colonies, but now the division of science and technology has become the mainstream of contemporary international division of labor. 2. The mainstream position of vertical international division of labor between developed and developing countries has given way to horizontal international division of labor. The so-called vertical international division of labor is the division of labor system between manufacturing industry and raw material industry. Horizontal international division of labor is the specialization and cooperation of industrial production, which is hierarchical. 3. The international division of labor between industrial departments is increasingly changing into the international division of labor within industries, and the international division of labor with products as the boundary is gradually changing into the international division of labor with production factors as the boundary. That is, horizontal international division of labor is divided into three levels. Inter-industry division of labor: international division of labor is carried out between different industries, such as the division of labor between different factor-intensive industries. Developed countries produce knowledge and technology-intensive products, while developing countries produce capital and labor-intensive products. Intra-industry division of labor: first, the differentiated division of labor of similar products, which is reflected in the differences in grades and levels. Second, the division of labor is based on different links in the industrial chain within the same industry, such as technology, production and marketing. For example, R&D is carried out in developed countries, production is carried out in developing countries, and marketing returns to developed countries. Like Nike shoes. Intra-product division of labor: Division of labor is based on different processes or parts of the same product. For example, in the production of an airplane, all parts are undertaken by the production departments of different countries. Form the value chain of products.

Now the division of labor is more and more by elements, not by industry!

Since the 1990s, the rapid development of Internet and information technology has started the re-layout of the world economic structure, and the international industrial division of labor has become more detailed. Subsequently, service outsourcing also broke through national boundaries, forming a "second wave of globalization". The irreversible development trend of service outsourcing globalization provides a broad market prospect for this industry, and more and more enterprises have adopted offshore outsourcing strategy. To this end, "service outsourcing" is also called the most important management method and business philosophy in 75 years by Harvard Business Review. So what is the reason for outsourcing? What are the characteristics compared with the globalization of production? 2/KLOC-What are the "new highlights" of the cooperation prospects in the century? What impact has this new mode of cooperation had on the development of China?

To this end, the reporter interviewed Zheng, the global executive chairman of the Asia-Pacific Presidents Association and the global director of the International Outsourcing Center.

Reporter: Besides IT outsourcing, which readers are familiar with it, and what are the main areas of service outsourcing?

Zheng: Generally speaking, service outsourcing can be divided into IT outsourcing, business process outsourcing (mainly including sales service outsourcing, human resource management outsourcing, logistics outsourcing, financial management outsourcing, call center outsourcing, asset management outsourcing and administrative management outsourcing) and knowledge process outsourcing (mainly including outsourcing, consulting outsourcing and training outsourcing). ) and other service outsourcing (financial outsourcing, medical outsourcing) can basically be said that this classification is the most comprehensive and scientific, and it is also recognized by our international outsourcing center. In addition, for the development of international service outsourcing, according to UNCTAD's forecast, the global service outsourcing market will grow at an annual rate of 30% ~ 40% in the next few years, and the types will continue to be refined. According to Gartner, an American information industry consulting company, the average annual growth rate of global IT service market will exceed 6% in 2009, and the average annual growth rate of global BPO market will exceed 9%. IT is estimated that the global IT service outsourcing market will reach 432.2 billion US dollars in 2009, and the global BPO market will reach 654.38+072 billion US dollars.

Reporter: How many jobs can service outsourcing provide for China? What kind of talents do these jobs need?

Zheng: How many jobs can service outsourcing provide for China? In this regard, we still lack authoritative forecast data. We can make a comparison with India, the main destination of global service outsourcing business. According to statistics, the amount of service outsourcing undertaken in 2008 was US$ 42.2 billion, nine times that of China, and the number of direct employees exceeded 2 million, four times that of China. According to the planning objectives of the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Education and other relevant departments, China will strive to increase the employment of college graduates by 1 10,000 in the next five years. According to the development trend of service outsourcing and the national strategic planning, we believe that the current service outsourcing will bring about 600,000 jobs to China, and 250,000 jobs will be added every year in the future. Generally speaking, this job is a knowledge-based job, which requires a large number of talents who are familiar with foreign languages, management, intellectual property protection, international trade, computer programming, network management, web page production and animation production, information management, database principle and application.

Reporter: As the global financial crisis continues and its damage to the real economy intensifies, what is the global trend of service outsourcing? Is China's service outsourcing greatly affected?

Zheng: In the short term, the international financial market turmoil caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States has not been completely eliminated. The slow economic revitalization in the United States, the weakening of domestic demand growth in Europe and Japan, the increasing global inflationary pressure and the falling exchange rate of the US dollar have all enhanced the uncertainty of the short-term trend of the world economy, making the short-term pressure on the global service outsourcing market not small. Especially in the crisis, some outsourcing enterprises continue to have poor operating efficiency and the outsourcing volume has declined. But in the long run, I think with the intensification of global scientific and technological competition, the speed of product technology update is accelerating. At the same time of general service outsourcing, the trend of R&D service outsourcing, which belongs to the service function of multinational corporations' headquarters, is strengthening, and service outsourcing is developing into a deep industrial chain. The global service outsourcing market has great long-term potential. According to Gartner, an American information industry consulting company, by 20 10, 25% of traditional jobs in developed countries will be transferred to India, China and Russia. According to statistics, among the global top 1000 enterprises, only13 enterprises have participated in offshore service outsourcing, and 2/3 enterprises have not participated in the service outsourcing wave. Therefore, it can be said that the global service outsourcing market has great long-term potential.

As far as China is concerned, some contracting enterprises are greatly affected by the current financial crisis, and the growth rate of business volume of enterprises is slow or even declining. However, many enterprises in our country have developed well in this financial crisis, and their business volume has increased instead of falling, showing the scene of "several happy families and several worried families".

In addition, even in the context of the financial crisis, some contractors are still considering further reducing outsourcing costs. In other words, the more the economy is depressed and survival becomes a test, the greater the demand for outsourcing by some contractors. Under the background of global financial crisis, these potential customers provide new opportunities for China to develop service outsourcing.

Reporter: What impact does the exchange rate change have on China's service outsourcing? Will RMB appreciation put pressure on China service outsourcing enterprises as it does on export-oriented manufacturing?

Zheng: At this stage, developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Europe are all pressing for RMB appreciation, which makes this issue highly concerned. Generally speaking, I think the appreciation of RMB has advantages and disadvantages for the development of service outsourcing, and it can be said that the disadvantages are slightly greater than the advantages. As far as "profit" is concerned, a proper appreciation of RMB is conducive to improving the technical level and service level of contracting enterprises, and promoting development by improving competitiveness. A proper appreciation of RMB will also help to ease the trade relations between China and some contracting countries, thus providing a better international cooperation environment for outsourcing enterprises. In terms of "disadvantages", the biggest disadvantage of RMB appreciation is "affecting the competitiveness of China enterprises in undertaking service outsourcing". If the RMB appreciates rapidly, the profit rate of many enterprises in China will gradually decline when the income is foreign exchange and the expenditure is RMB, which will affect the normal operation of enterprises; At the same time, after the appreciation of RMB, the contracting cost of domestic enterprises naturally increases, and the competitiveness of domestic service exports is relatively reduced, which is unfavorable in attracting service outsourcing.

Of course, we should not be too pessimistic. The reason is that, with the depreciation of the US dollar, the largest currency in the world, its currency is also appreciating against the US dollar in other areas where service outsourcing is well developed, and its competitiveness in attracting service outsourcing is also adversely affected. At present, in the context of outsourcing without much price advantage, it is very important for service outsourcing enterprises to consider practicing their internal strength and promote their own development by improving the quality of service outsourcing and shaping their brands. All kinds of enterprises should also take active actions to solve the pressure of RMB appreciation in their own way.

Reporter: With the rising unemployment rate in developed countries, how can service outsourcing bear the pressure from the government and society? In developed countries, do governments and people have different attitudes towards service outsourcing?

Zheng: With the rising unemployment rate in developed countries, asking the government for job opportunities has become an important voice of the people, which is also the number one enemy in the development of service outsourcing. When people lose their jobs, they will lose their jobs, which means that a country's labor resources are not fully utilized. This kind of economic problem will eventually be reflected in politics, which makes the trade behavior face the pressure of the government and society. In developed countries, elected governments often need to solve the unemployment problem through various measures in the face of people's accountability. It can be said that the government is trying to balance free trade and solve the unemployment problem, and its attitude is different under different employment conditions. Obviously, "outsourcing" is definitely a nasty word for those people in developed countries who are unemployed because of outsourcing, and it is very popular for those who benefit from outsourcing.

In fact, there is only one way to solve this problem, that is, to actively create new employment opportunities while realizing service outsourcing and reduce the pressure on the government and society. It should be noted that adopting trade protectionism in developed countries cannot solve the problem. After all, the "outsourcing" behavior of enterprises in developed countries based on cost considerations is an effective measure for enterprises to reduce costs and improve core competitiveness. In addition, among developing countries and some enterprises in developing countries are also outsourcing services to enterprises in developed countries. The role of outsourcing in enhancing the competitiveness of the global real economy sector is unquestionable and will not change because of their attitude.

Reporter: China and India are becoming the two largest outsourcing places in the world, especially in the software industry. What do you think are the biggest strengths and weaknesses of China in the competition with Indian?

Zheng: At present, various developing countries have launched the competition of using external forces to stimulate economic development, especially in the aspect of "using service outsourcing". Among them, for China and India, accelerating development is the realistic choice of the two countries, so the new round of international outsourcing competition will become more and more prominent! In June, 2007 18, Asia Times issued a document, clearly pointing out the competition between China and India in the outsourcing market. In the increasingly lucrative outsourcing service field, Asian heavyweights China and India continue to compete for market share. According to the Financial Times report on February 8, 2009/KLOC-0, India's largest business process outsourcer said that China posed the biggest challenge to India's information technology (IT) outsourcing industry. Obviously, the competition of service outsourcing is bound to become the focus of both China and India! In this competition, China has the following competitive advantages: strong government support, high comprehensive level of economic development, sufficient labor force, large investment in science and technology education, good infrastructure, mature entrepreneurial team, stable domestic political and economic development, huge domestic demand market and continuous improvement of intellectual property protection system. For example, the local government in China actively cooperates with international outsourcing professional organizations and hosts international high-level conferences such as the Global Outsourcing Conference. It can be seen that some local governments in China have fully realized the importance of developing service outsourcing, and defined the objectives and key areas. However, China also has some disadvantages, among which the greater disadvantage is the lack of a large number of professionals who are familiar with English. China people's oral and writing skills are poor, so it is difficult for them to start a business at the upper end of the service outsourcing value chain.

Reporter: Does it play a key role in English as many people say? When foreign language ability is not dominant, what attracts international outsourcing services is the working ability of talents or the low price of talents?

Zheng: It can be said that poor foreign language proficiency is a disadvantage of large-scale internationalization of service outsourcing in China. Skilled English application plays a key role in service outsourcing. This is because smooth dialogue between the two parties is very important in the process of cooperation and transaction, and many service outsourcing businesses require English as the working language, such as call center outsourcing. Of course, in recent years, China's higher education and vocational education have developed rapidly and human resources are abundant. The pressure of employment and the industrious spirit of Chinese people make China have certain talent competitiveness in developing service outsourcing industry. In terms of training international outsourcing talents, the International Outsourcing Center (IOC) and the Asia-Pacific Presidents Association (APCEO) jointly implemented the international outsourcing advanced training program, which is making unremitting contributions to the global outsourcing high-end talent training. In a word, there is no doubt about the working ability of talents in China, and the low price is also an important advantage of China, but the comprehensive advantages of China's labor market and even the consumer market are the important factors to attract international outsourcing service contractors.

Reporter: All parts of China have formulated policies to encourage service outsourcing. What's your comment on this? Please give some suggestions on the policies of the local government.

Zheng: On June 5438+1October 65438+May, 2009, with the approval of the State Council, China identified 20 cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Nanjing as China's service outsourcing demonstration cities, and carried out in-depth pilot projects to undertake international service outsourcing business and promote the development of service outsourcing industry. Paying attention to service outsourcing has become an important national behavior in just a few years, and various demonstration cities fully support the local service outsourcing industry. It can be said that the competition for developing service outsourcing industry in various places is becoming increasingly fierce.

I think, at present and in the future, as local governments pay more and more attention to the bright future of service outsourcing, the regional competition between them will be very fierce. How to explore their own advantages, how to stay ahead in the competition and form core competitiveness are priority issues for all localities. Here, I think all regions should reasonably grasp the positioning of developing service outsourcing according to the characteristics of their own economic development, and form a situation of dislocation competition. Specifically, first, all regions should actively introduce technology, cultivate talents and build core competitiveness according to the needs of local production and service outsourcing; Second, for new service outsourcing, all localities should strive to form industrial clusters and build regional brands through regional cooperation. We can boldly imagine that at present, we just imagine that a software outsourcing center will be built in Nanjing; In Hangzhou, build a financial outsourcing center; In Nanchang, build a home improvement design outsourcing center; In Wenzhou, build an industrial design outsourcing center ... Of course, in this process, it is very important for local governments to actively create a good atmosphere for the development of service outsourcing. Local governments should actively implement various policies and actively improve the socialized service system through dialogue with service outsourcing enterprises.

Reporter: In 2008, Beijing's total service trade accounted for about 20% of the whole country. Why is Beijing developing rapidly in the field of service outsourcing?

Zheng: As the capital, Beijing has developed economy and perfect infrastructure. The development of service outsourcing has advantages in location, policy, capital, technology and talents. In terms of infrastructure, Beijing's developed urban transportation and high degree of informatization have laid a solid foundation for the development of service outsourcing; As the capital, Beijing has great advantages in talents and science and technology. There are more than a dozen "2 1 1" and "985" universities in China, and famous universities such as Peking University, Tsinghua and Renmin University are well-known at home and abroad. As the capital of Beijing, the financial capital for developing service outsourcing is very abundant, and the policies of the municipal government to promote the development of service outsourcing are also very favorable.

These advantages have also made some achievements in the development of service outsourcing in Beijing. It can be said that Beijing's "shaping the entrepreneurial environment of high-tech service outsourcing enterprises, various preferential measures to attract talents, special funds to promote the development of service outsourcing, the improvement of various certification systems related to service outsourcing, and the gathering and vigorous development of private education and training institutions" have provided good experience for the development of service outsourcing in other parts of China.