Urgent! What animals does the human teacher have? 20

Colorful butterflies, such as butterflies with double moon patterns, monarch butterflies with brown veins, especially butterflies with fluorescent wings, suddenly turn into gold, green and blue in the sun. Scientists have brought great benefits to military defense by studying the color of butterflies. During World War II, the Germans surrounded Leningrad in an attempt to destroy its military targets and other defense facilities with bombers. Schwarzenegger, an entomologist in the Soviet Union, put forward the principle that the color of butterflies is not easy to be found in flowers, and covered military facilities with butterfly-like camouflage. Therefore, despite the German efforts, the military base in Leningrad remained intact, which laid a solid foundation for winning the final victory. According to the same principle, people later produced camouflage uniforms, which greatly reduced the casualties in the battle.

The constant change of satellite position in space will cause a sudden change of temperature, sometimes the temperature difference can be as high as two or three hundred degrees, which seriously affects the normal work of many instruments. Inspired by the fact that the scales on the butterfly will automatically change their angles with the direction of sunlight to adjust their body temperature, scientists have made the temperature control system of the satellite into a louver style, which has different radiation and heat dissipation capabilities. A temperature-sensitive metal wire is installed at the rotating position of each window, which can adjust the opening and closing of the window with the change of temperature, so as to keep the internal temperature of the satellite constant and solve a major problem in the aerospace industry.

beetle

When the beetle defends itself, it can spray a smelly high-temperature liquid "shell" to confuse, stimulate and scare the enemy. After dissection, scientists found that there are three chambers in the beetle body, which store dihydric phenol solution, hydrogen peroxide and biological enzyme respectively. Diphenol and hydrogen peroxide flow into the third chamber and mix with biological enzyme to have a chemical reaction, which instantly becomes venom at 100℃ and is quickly ejected. This principle has been applied to military technology at present. During World War II, the German Nazis made a new engine with huge power and safe and reliable performance according to this mechanism, which was installed on cruise missiles, making it fly faster, safer and more stable, and improving the hit rate. London, England suffered heavy losses when it was bombed. American military experts have developed advanced binary weapons inspired by the principle of beetle spraying. This weapon contains two or more chemicals that can produce toxins in two separate containers. After the projectile was launched, the diaphragm broke, and the two poison intermediates mixed and reacted within 8- 10 seconds of the projectile's flight, producing deadly venom at the moment when it reached the target and killed the enemy. They are easy to produce, store and transport, safe and not easy to fail. Fireflies can directly convert chemical energy into light energy, and the conversion efficiency reaches 100%, while the luminous efficiency of ordinary electric lamps is only 6%. The cold light source made by people imitating the luminous principle of fireflies can improve luminous efficiency by more than ten times and save energy greatly. In addition, an air-to-ground speedometer based on beetle apparent motion response mechanism has been successfully applied to aviation.

dragonfly

Dragonflies can generate local unstable airflow different from the surrounding atmosphere through the vibration of their wings, and use the vortex generated by the airflow to make themselves rise. Dragonflies can soar under a small thrust, not only forward, but also backward and left and right, and its forward flight speed can reach 72 km/h. In addition, the flight behavior of dragonflies is simple, with only two pairs of wings flapping constantly. Scientists have successfully developed a helicopter based on this structural foundation. When an airplane flies at high speed, it often causes violent vibration, and sometimes even breaks its wings, causing the airplane to crash. Dragonflies are safe when flying at high speed, so people follow the example of dragonflies and add weights to the two wings of the plane to solve the thorny problem of vibration caused by high-speed flight.

In order to study the aerodynamics and flight efficiency of gliding flight and collision, a mobile wing (wing) model with four-blade drive and remote horizontal control was developed, and the flight parameters were tested in the wind tunnel for the first time.

The second model tries to install a wing flying at a faster frequency, reaching the speed of 18 vibrations per second. What is different is that this model adopts a device that can variably adjust the phase difference between the front and rear wings.

The central and long-term goal of this research is to study the performance of aircraft driven by "wing" and compare it with the efficiency of aircraft driven by traditional propeller.

fly

The special feature of housefly is its fast flying technology, which makes it difficult to be caught by humans. Even behind it, it is difficult to get close to it. It imagines every situation, is very careful and can move quickly. So, how did it do it?

Entomologists found that the fly's hind wings degenerated into a pair of balance bars. When it flies, the balance bar vibrates mechanically at a certain frequency, which can adjust the movement direction of its wings. It is a navigator to keep the balance of flies. Based on this principle, scientists have developed a new generation of navigator-vibrating gyroscope, which greatly improves the flight performance of the aircraft, enables the aircraft to automatically stop the dangerous rollover flight, and automatically restore the balance when the body is strongly inclined, even when the aircraft is in the most complicated sharp turn. The fly's compound eye contains 4000 single eyes that can be imaged independently, and the object can be seen clearly in 360 degrees. Inspired by the fly's eye, people made a fly's eye camera consisting of 1329 small lenses, which can take 1329 high-resolution photos at one time. It is widely used in military, medical, aviation and aerospace fields. Flies have a particularly sensitive sense of smell and can quickly analyze dozens of smells and respond immediately. According to the structure of flies' olfactory organs, scientists have converted various chemical reactions into electric pulses, and made a very sensitive small gas analyzer, which is widely used in spacecraft, submarines, mines and other gas components, making the safety factor of scientific research and production more accurate and reliable.

bee

Beehives are composed of hexagonal small hives arranged neatly, and the bottom of each small hive is composed of three identical diamonds. These structures are exactly the same as those accurately calculated by modern mathematicians-rhombic obtuse angle 109 028' and acute angle 70032'. They are the most material-saving structures, and they are very large and strong, which surprised many experts. People imitate its structure and make honeycomb sandwich structural plates with various materials. This structural plate has high strength, light weight and is not easy to conduct sound and heat. They are ideal materials for making space shuttles, spaceships and artificial satellites. Polarizers sensitive to the direction of polarized light are arranged adjacent to each eye of the compound eye of bees, which can be accurately positioned by the sun. Based on this principle, scientists have successfully developed polarized light navigator, which is widely used in navigation.

other

The jumping ability of vault flea is very high, and aviation experts have studied it the most. Inspired by its vertical take-off, a British aircraft manufacturing company has successfully manufactured a harrier aircraft that can take off and land almost vertically. According to the structural characteristics of insects' single compound eyes, modern television technology has created a large-screen color TV, which can also be composed of small color TV screens. Some specific small pictures can be framed at any position on the same screen, and the same picture can be played as well as different pictures. According to the structural characteristics of insect compound eyes, scientists have successfully developed a multi-aperture optical system device that is easier to find targets, and it has been applied in some important weapon systems abroad. According to the mutual inhibition principle of some aquatic insects compound eyes, an electronic model of lateral inhibition is made, which can be used in various photographic systems. The photos taken can enhance the edge contrast of the image and highlight the outline of the image, and can also be used to improve the display sensitivity of radar, and can also be used for the preprocessing of text and picture recognition systems. Based on the processing information of insect compound eye and the principle of directional navigation, the United States has developed an engineering model of terminal guidance seeker with great practical value. Japan has developed new construction methods of construction machinery and buildings such as hexapod robots by using the morphology and characteristics of insects.

Insects have evolved gradually with the change of environment in the evolution process of hundreds of millions of years, and they are developing their own survival skills to varying degrees. With the development of society, people are more and more aware of various life activities of insects, and more and more aware of the importance of insects to human beings. Coupled with the application of information technology, especially the application of the new generation of computer bioelectronics technology in entomology, a series of biotechnology projects, such as biosensors developed by simulating insect's perceptual ability to detect the types and concentrations of substances, and computers developed by imitating brain activities with reference to insect's neural structure, will turn scientists' ideas into reality and enter various fields, and insects will make greater contributions to mankind.

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Flies and spaceships

Nasty flies seem to have nothing to do with the grand space cause, but bionics closely connects them.

Flies are notorious "smelly things". They can be seen everywhere and have a bad smell. Flies have a particularly sensitive sense of smell, and can smell the smell thousands of meters away. But flies don't have noses. What does it rely on to act as a sense of smell? It turns out that the "nose" of flies-olfactory receptors are distributed on a pair of antennae on the head.

Each "nose" has only one "nostril" communicating with the outside world, which contains hundreds of olfactory nerve cells. If the smell enters the nostrils, these nerves will immediately convert the smell stimulus into nerve electrical impulses and send them to the brain. The brain can distinguish substances with different smells according to different nerve electrical impulses generated by substances with different smells. Therefore, the fly's antenna is like a sensitive gas analyzer.

Inspired by this, bionics successfully imitated a very strange small gas analyzer according to the structure and function of the olfactory organs of flies. The probe of this instrument is not metal, but a live fly. A very fine microelectrode is inserted into the olfactory nerve of the fly, and the guided neuroelectric signal is amplified by an electronic circuit and sent to an analyzer; The analyzer can give an alarm as soon as it finds the signal of odorous substances. This instrument has been installed in the cockpit of the spacecraft to detect the composition of the gas in the cabin.

This small gas analyzer can also measure harmful gases in submarines and mines. This principle can also be used to improve the input device of computer and the structural principle of gas chromatography analyzer.

From Fireflies to Artificial Luminescence

Since the invention of electric light, life has become more convenient and rich. But electric lamps can only convert a small part of electric energy into visible light, and most of the rest is wasted in the form of heat energy. The heat rays of electric lamps are harmful to people's eyes. So, is there a light source that only emits light without heating? Humans have turned their attention to nature again.

In nature, many creatures can emit light, such as bacteria, fungi, worms, mollusks, crustaceans, insects and fish, and the light emitted by these animals does not produce heat, so it is also called "cold light".

Fireflies are one of many luminous animals. There are about 65,438+0,500 species of fireflies. Their luminescent colors are yellow-green, orange, and their brightness is different. Fireflies emit cold light, which not only has high luminous efficiency, but also is generally soft, suitable for human eyes, and the light intensity is relatively high. Therefore, bioluminescence is an ideal light source for human beings.

Scientists found that the luminous device of fireflies is located in the abdomen. This light emitter consists of three parts: light emitting layer, transparent layer and reflecting layer. There are thousands of luminescent cells in the luminescent layer, all of which contain fluorescein and luciferase. Under the action of luciferase, fluorescein combines with oxidation to emit fluorescence with the participation of intracellular water. The luminescence of fireflies is essentially a process in which chemical energy is converted into light energy.

As early as the 1940s, people created fluorescent lamps on the basis of the study of fireflies, which greatly changed the lighting sources of human beings. In recent years, scientists first isolated pure fluorescein from fireflies, then isolated luciferase, and then synthesized fluorescein artificially by chemical methods. Biological light source composed of fluorescein, luciferase, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and water can be used as a flash lamp in mines filled with explosive gas. Because this lamp has no power supply and does not produce magnetic field, it can be used to clear magnetic mines under the irradiation of biological light source.

Now, people can get cold light similar to biological light by mixing some chemicals for safe lighting.

Electric fish and volt battery

Many creatures in nature can generate electricity, and there are more than 500 kinds of fish alone. People call these discharging fish "electric fish".

All kinds of electric fish have different discharge skills. Electric ray, electric catfish and electric eel have the strongest discharge ability. Medium-sized torpedoes can generate about 70 volts, while African torpedoes can generate up to 220 volts; African electric catfish can generate 350 volts; Electric eels can generate 500 volts. There is a South American electric eel that can generate up to 880 volts, and it is called the champion of electric shock. It is said that it can kill big animals like horses.

Where is the mystery of electric fish discharge? After the anatomical study of the electric fish, it is finally found that there is a strange power generation organ in the electric fish. These generators are made up of many translucent disk-shaped batteries, called electric plates or disks. Due to the different types of electric fish, the shape, position and quantity of the electric plates of the generator are also different. The generator of electric eel is prismatic and located in the muscles on both sides of the caudate spine. The torpedo generator is shaped like a flat kidney, arranged on both sides of the body midline, with 2 million electric plates. The generator of electric catfish originated from some kind of gland, located between skin and muscle, with about 5 million electric plates. The voltage generated by a single plate is very weak, but because there are many plates, the voltage generated is very large.

The extraordinary skills of electric fish have aroused great interest. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/9th century, Italian physicist Volt designed the world's earliest voltaic battery based on electric fish power generation organ. Because this kind of battery is designed according to the natural generator of electric fish, the research of electric fish called "artificial electric officer" also gives people such enlightenment: if the power generation organ of electric fish can be successfully imitated, then the power problem of ships and submarines can be solved well.

Jellyfish windward ears

"Swallows fly low before the rain, cicadas sing, and the sky clears up in the rain." Biological behavior is related to the change of weather. Fishermen along the coast know that fish and jellyfish living along the coast swim to the sea in batches, which indicates that a storm is coming.

Jellyfish, also known as jellyfish, is an ancient coelenterate that floated in the ocean as early as 500 million years ago. This lower animal has the instinct to predict storms, and every time before the storm warning, it will swim to the sea to take refuge.

It turns out that in the blue ocean, infrasound (frequency is 8- 13 times per second) generated by the friction between air and waves is always a prelude to storm warning. This infrasound is inaudible to the human ear, but the little jellyfish is very sensitive. Bionics found that there is a thin handle in the ear cavity of jellyfish, a small ball on the handle, and a small auditory stone in the ball. When the infrasound before the storm hit the auditory stone in the jellyfish's ear, the auditory stone stimulated the nerve receptors on the ball wall, so the jellyfish heard the rumble of the coming storm.

Bionics imitates the structure and function of jellyfish ears, designs a storm predictor for jellyfish ears, and accurately simulates the organs that jellyfish feel infrasound. This instrument is installed on the front deck of the ship. When it receives the infrasound wave of the storm, it can automatically stop the horn rotating 360 degrees, and the direction it refers to is the direction of the storm. The reading on the indicator can show the intensity of the storm. This forecaster can forecast storms 15 hours in advance, which is of great significance to navigation and fishery safety. /question/4429 162.html