?What happened in 1935 that made Chiang Kai-shek give up all hope for Japan?

In 1935, the Japanese army, which had already occupied Northeast China, frequently threatened to invade North China with force. Under this situation, the Kuomintang lacked a clear response policy except to barely maintain the situation. gt; In response to the Kuomintang's concessions, the Japanese army pressed harder and deliberately created excuses to provoke disputes, which triggered two "Zhangbei Incidents." gt; The first "Zhangbei Incident" gt; In October 1934, a group of eight people led by Sagawaguchi of the Tianjin Garrison Army set out from Zhangjiakou to Duolun, conducting "inspections" along the way. gt; At that time, in order to defend against invasion, Zhao Dengyu led the 132nd Division of the 29th Army and was ordered to station in Zhangbei. At about 10 o'clock before noon on the 26th, when the group was passing through the south gate of Zhangbei County, they were stopped by the guards of the 132nd Division for a routine inspection. A dispute arose between the two parties over the inspection of tourist passports. After the dispute for 40 minutes, a Chinese person who knew Japanese rushed to the scene to mediate and immediately granted permission. This was the first "Zhang Bei Incident". gt;gt; Japan immediately made a big fuss out of this incident. Its consul in Zhangjiakou, Hashimoto, first filed a complaint with Zhang Weifan, chief of staff of the 29th Army, on the grounds that Zhao Dengyu's guards insulted Japanese diplomats and military officers. A few days later, the Japanese proposed another coup to Song Zheyuan, commander of the 29th Army in Peiping. gt; In order not to give the Japanese army an excuse, Song Zheyuan ordered Zhao Dengyu to apologize to the Japanese side on November 25. On November 29, he removed the person involved and the company commander who conducted the inspection, Zhang Shubiao, from his post. The Japanese still refused to give up. Matsui Gentaro, the head of the secret service stationed in Zhangjiakou, took the opportunity to ask the Chinese troops to retreat within the Great Wall "to avoid conflicts." However, Song Zheyuan replied that the matter should be negotiated with the central government and declined the Japanese "request." gt; The second "Zhangbei Incident" gt; On May 31, 1935, the Japanese Kwantung Army's special agency in Abaga, Changsheng Island Kakufang, sent four people by car from Duolun to Zhangjiakou in the name of tourism. Secretly draw a map. gt; At 4 p.m. on June 5, when the car arrived at the north gate of Zhangbei County, Chahar, Zhao Dengyu’s sentry asked him to stop and check his passport. However, the four people did not bring their passports and only showed their ID cards issued by the Toronto secret service. The sentries detained the four people and sent them to the division's military law office. gt; The Military Law Office inquired about his origins and entertained him with wine and food. At the same time, he called the Chahar Provincial Police Department for instructions on how to deal with it. The provincial *** reported to Song Zheyuan, chairman of Chahar Province, who was in Peiping. In order to avoid the deterioration of the situation, Song Zheyuan decided to let him go. gt; As a result, four Japanese were "sent out of the country" at 11 a.m. on June 6, which was the second "Zhang Bei Incident". gt; The Japanese army thought they had once again seized an excuse, claiming that the four people were "illegally imprisoned" in Zhangbei, "threatened with the Qinglong Sword" and "denied food and bedding." On the 11th, Zhangjiakou Secret Service Chief Matsui made three "demands" to Qin Dechun, deputy commander of the Chinese 29th Army (also director of the Provincial Civil Affairs Department): the 29th Army apologized to the Japanese army; and the Chief of Staff of the 132nd Division was dismissed. ; Punish the Chief of Military Justice of the 132nd Division. gt;gt; The Japanese side also claimed that during the first "Zhangbei Incident", Song Zheyuan promised the Japanese side that Japanese people could travel freely in Chahar Province without checking anything they carried. gt; In response, Qin Dechun, director of the Civil Affairs Department of Chahar Province and deputy commander of the 29th Army, retorted: The Chahar Province *** had an agreement with the Japanese consul, and Japanese people entering and leaving Chahar Province must go through Japan. The consul sent a letter to *** of Chahar Province to issue a passport before allowing passage. gt; But the Japanese Kwantung Army was determined to take advantage of this matter and drive away the 29th Army, which had "anti-Japanese thoughts." They quickly convened the relevant generals in Changchun and agreed on the more stringent "negotiation" conditions "Outline of Negotiations with Song Zheyuan", and decided to hand it over to Doihara Kenji on June 17, giving him the responsibility to directly make the following demands to Song Zheyuan: 1. The 29th Army moved to the southwest of the Great Wall and was not allowed to "invade" again; 2. All "anti-Japanese agencies" were disbanded; 3. Song Zheyuan apologized to Japan and punished those responsible; 4. The above matters must be completed within two days It will be completed within a week, and China will be given 5 days to reply, otherwise "free actions will be taken."

gt; After the Kuomintang received the report, it immediately announced the removal of Song Zheyuan from the post of chairman of Chahar Province the next day, and appointed Qin Dechun, director of the Department of Civil Affairs, as acting provincial chairman. Song Zheyuan left Zhangjiakou on the 20th, which caused Dofeiyuan to lose " "Negotiation" object. gt; Another concession gt; On the evening of June 23, 1935, Doihara broke into Qin Dechun's residence in Peiping on the pretext of a "private visit", met with Qin Dechun, who had always refused to meet him, and proposed to implement the drafted "requirements" ", and added six "special expectations" at the end, including "recognizing Japan and Manchuria's work with Mongolia", "recruiting Japanese as consultants", and "assisting Japan in building airports and setting up radio stations and other military equipment". gt; During the meeting, Doihara said arrogantly: "General Qin, do you know what the backing of diplomacy is?" Qin Dechun was shaking with anger and loudly replied: "Then, you just send troops to occupy Chahar!" Even if there is only one soldier left in the 29th Army, we will fight to the end!" At this time, Qin Dechun rolled up his sleeves and wanted to beat Doihara, but then he thought, if he beat him, it would be difficult to deal with the consequences, and again He tried his best to suppress the impulse, which resulted in him vomiting blood on the spot and lying down on the sofa. gt;Qin Dechun immediately asked Nanjing for instructions. On the night of June 26, Nanjing telegraphed to Qin Dechun and the members of the military branch: They can all handle it as appropriate. As a result, Qin Dechun agreed to all the requests made by the Japanese army, except that "Song Zheyuan apologized" was changed to "express regret to the Japanese army." gt; On the morning of the 27th, Qin Dechun went to the Army Attaché Office of the Japanese Embassy to meet with Doihara and submitted a written reply. Its content is as follows: gt; 1. Regarding the "Zhangbei Incident", express regret and remove the person responsible; 2. "Institutions considered to have a negative impact on Japan-China exchanges" will be withdrawn from Chahar Province; 3. . Respect Japan's legitimate behavior in Chahar Province; 4. Move Song Zheyuan's army from Changping, Yanqing, Dalinbao to the area east of the Great Wall line, and from the north of Dushikou along the Great Wall through the north of Zhangjiakou to the south line of Zhangbei line. Northland retreat. gt; Afterwards, Doihara proudly told Wakasugi, the counselor of the Japanese Embassy in Peiping, that the so-called "respect for Japan's legitimate behavior in Chahar Province" was Qin Dechun's verbal agreement to the six "special expectations" he proposed ”. gt; Link gt; After the signing of the Qin-Turk Agreement, the 29th Army of Song Zheyuan withdrew from Chahar Province and moved to Hebei Province. In August 1935, when Zhao Dengyu led the 132nd Division to withdraw from Zhangbei, local people from all walks of life saw off the troops. Zhao Dengyu gave a speech before leaving and said: "I know very well what I should do as a soldier." In December of the same year, the Kwantung Army Using the excuse of China's failure to fulfill the "Qin-Territory Agreement", Li Shouxin's puppet army took the lead and occupied the six counties of Chabei. The people of Zhangbei began a difficult life under the ten-year rule of the Japanese and puppets. gt; Some scholars believe that the "Qin-Turkish Agreement" completely changed his thoughts on Japan. Afterwards, he said: "Because I was in a passive position, while Peter was making further progress", "There is no need to accommodate Japan anymore." In November of that year after the agreement was signed, Chiang Kai-shek summoned Qin Dechun in Lushan. Qin tried to explain to Chiang why he had signed such a humiliating treaty. Jiang just said: No need to explain, I can't blame you for this matter, and at the same time expressed his condolences to Qin Da. After Japan surrendered, Doihara was tried as a Class-A war criminal at the International Tribunal for the Far East. Qin Dechun served as the main witness attending the court, making this history public to the world. gt;