What is the specific meaning of university? Please explain the origin of the Great God from the Middle Ages and the definition of universities in the Republic of China.

A university refers to an institution of higher education that provides teaching and research conditions and authorizes the conferment of degrees. Divided into comprehensive universities, colleges or colleges. It selects people with high school education or above for education and training, and tests their knowledge and skills through exams. In addition, a university, one of the basic classics of Confucianism, also refers to a group of people who gather in a specific place to spread and absorb knowledge in advanced fields. University's explanation

University is a national institution of higher education, which provides comprehensive teaching and research conditions and authorizes the conferment of degrees. It selects people with high school education or above for education and training, and tests their knowledge and skills through examinations. Nowadays, universities generally include a graduate school that can award master's and doctoral degrees, several professional colleges, and an undergraduate school that can award bachelor's degrees. Universities also include colleges and universities.

University history

the west

In English, the word "university" comes from the predecessor of the word "universe". The predecessor of the "universe", called universus in Latin, consists of unus and Universus, where unus means "one" and Universus means "along a certain direction". So Universus literally means "in a certain direction". Universum is the neutral singular form of universus. When used as a noun, it means "the universe". Similarly, the derivative universitas also refers to "a group of individuals, a community". In the Middle Ages, Latin was used in the fields of government, religion and education, and the word universitas was used to refer to new alliances between teachers and students, such as Salerno, Paris and Oxford. This kind of consortium is the embryonic form of today's university. Today, the word university can be traced back to Latin. The earliest record is around 1300, which was used to refer to this kind of consortium.

Earlier, Plato, a Greek philosopher, founded a "Academy" in 387 BC in Akkadmos near Athens to teach philosophy, mathematics and physical education, which was regarded by some as the pioneer of European universities.

Medieval universities in Europe developed from schools run by the church similar to guilds, which combined instruction with apprenticeship. In the 1 1 century, the words "university" and "guild" were also used to describe trade associations, but in the13rd century, the word "university" was used to refer to a student group.

There are three main forms of universities in the Middle Ages:

Church universities, students and teachers form a close cooperative group under the leadership of a president, such as universities in Paris, Oxford and Cambridge.

Public universities, such as Bologna and Padua, have presidents elected by students and are responsible for school affairs.

National universities were established by the emperor with the approval of the Pope, such as the University of Naples founded by Frederick II of Sicily and the University of Salamanca founded by Ferdinand III of Castilla.

The University of Bologna, 1088 was founded in Bologna, Italy, and is considered as the first university in Europe. This school was organized by students before recruiting teachers. Paris University, known as the "mother of European universities", was organized by teachers before enrollment.

18 10, william von humboldt established the Berlin university which combines research and teaching, and established the principles of university autonomy and academic freedom, which is considered as the beginning of modern universities. This model was first imitated by Johns Hopkins University in the United States and is now widely adopted by universities all over the world.

China

In ancient China, higher education institutions similar to universities, including Sinology (imperial academy, imperial academy) and later institutions of higher learning, were institutions that gathered in specific places to sort out, study and disseminate advanced knowledge. The ancient institutions of higher learning in China can be traced back to more than two thousand years BC. For example, in Yu Shun, it means "going to school" or "going to school". However, there are differences between ancient universities in China and modern universities in the west. Government-run schools, in particular, mainly train government officials and literati engaged in cultural education, and natural science subjects are particularly lacking. Therefore, the whole traditional education system is facing changes and innovations in modern times.

Since the communication with the west in modern times, the western "university" has been translated into "academy" in the early stage, and later called "university hall" and "university hall". After the Republic of China, "University" became a formal title. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China began to set up a large number of modern schools, and Japanese schools became the main reference objects of government-run schools. Beiyang University (now Tianjin University) is the first university in modern China, which was founded in 1895. When the Republic of China 19 12 was founded, it was changed to imitate the American university system, which has continued to this day.

In the early days of People's Republic of China (PRC) (China), this was Soviet-style education. 1978 After the reform and opening up, it gradually returned to the road of the Republic of China, making the American university education model the main reference for China.

Excellent universities in China: Tsinghua, Peking University, Fudan, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Nankai University, Jilin University, Sun Yat-sen University, Beijing Normal University, University of Science and Technology of China, China Agricultural University, China Renmin University, Xi Jiaotong University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Tianjin University, China Youshi University (East China), Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology. Xiamen University, Sichuan University, Southeast University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Shandong University, Northwest A&F University, Tongji University, East China Normal University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Central South University, Northeastern University, South China University of Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Lanzhou University, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Shanghai International Studies University, etc. It is impossible for all universities to rank hard together, regardless of category. It can only be said that an excellent university must have one thing, that is, it must have disciplinary and professional advantages that other universities do not have. Please adopt it. Thank you.