202 1 Basic knowledge of pharmacy in Tianjin medical recruitment: summary of commonly used knowledge points of pharmacology 1

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First, different absorption characteristics of different routes of administration:

1. Oral: the most commonly used route of administration, and the main part of drug absorption is the small intestine.

2. Local medication: rectal administration can avoid the first-pass elimination to some extent. Only about 50% of the rectal dose can bypass the liver.

3. Sublingual administration: First-pass elimination can be largely avoided.

4. Administration by injection: there is no absorption process.

5. Inhalation: Due to the large alveolar surface area and abundant pulmonary blood flow, gaseous drugs with certain solubility can be quickly absorbed through the lungs.

Second, the representative drugs and common knowledge points of cholinergic drugs

1. pilocarpine

(1) pharmacological effects: constrict pupils, reduce intraocular pressure, regulate spasm and promote gland secretion.

(2) Clinical application: It can be used to treat angle-closure glaucoma.

2. Neostigmine

(1) pharmacological action: directly excite skeletal muscle (strongest).

(2) Clinical application: myasthenia gravis, postoperative abdominal distension and urinary retention are the first choice. Poisoning by non-depolarizing muscle relaxant (tubarine) and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

(3) Contraindications: Patients with mechanical intestinal obstruction, urinary tract infarction and bronchial asthma are prohibited.

3. Organic phosphate

Poisoning manifestations: cholinergic synapses show that the pupil is obviously narrowed; Increased secretion of glands. Cholinergic neuromuscular junction is characterized by dyspnea, myasthenia, involuntary muscle twitching and tremor. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory muscle paralysis. The central nervous system is characterized by first excitation and then inhibition.

Third, anticholinergic drugs represent drugs and common knowledge points

1. atropine

(1) pharmacological action: inhibiting gland secretion (sweat gland and salivary gland are the strongest); Dilate pupils, raise intraocular pressure and adjust paralysis; Relax the spasmodic visceral smooth muscle and relieve gastrointestinal colic. Increased heart rate (larger dose) and decreased heart rate (therapeutic dose); Dilate blood vessels (high dose) and lower blood pressure.

(2) Clinical application: it is suitable for all kinds of visceral colic, and has a good effect on gastrointestinal colic and bladder irritation symptoms, but it has a poor effect on biliary colic or renal colic; Administration before general anesthesia to inhibit gland secretion; Anti-septic shock

(3) Contraindications: Glaucoma and prostatic hypertrophy are prohibited.

2. Scopolamine

(1) pharmacological action: therapeutic dose can inhibit the central nervous system (contrary to atropine).

(2) Clinical application: prevention and treatment of motion sickness, used for motion sickness, seasickness, etc.