/kloc-what are the specific measures for Japan to change its backward appearance and become an Asian power in the 0/9th century?

The new government, headed by the Emperor, issued five vows with political programmatic nature on April 6, 1868, and issued a constitution in June1. On September 3rd, the Emperor issued a decree to change the name of Edo to Tokyo. 654381October 23, the year number was changed to Meiji. 1869 moved its capital to Tokyo on May 9th. And issued a series of reform measures: the Meiji government issued five vows.

From June 65438 to June 0869, the Meiji government enforced the policies of "returning the official history" and "abolishing the vassal counties", divided Japan into three prefectures and 72 counties, and established a centralized political system, with unlimited power of the emperor. In the social system, the identity system of "scholar, agriculture, industry and commerce" in the traditional era was abolished, and the nobles such as officials and princes in the past were renamed as "China people", the samurai below the name of "gentry", and other occupations engaged in agriculture, industry and commerce, untouchables and so on were called "civilians"; In order to reduce the financial burden related to "returning officials", the government gradually recovered the feudal salaries of China people and gentry through the form of public debt compensation; In addition, the samurai's "scraper order" and the "household registration law" which laid the foundation of the household registration system were promulgated. In terms of social culture, we advocate learning western social culture and habits and translating western works. In the calendar system, stop using the lunar calendar and use the solar calendar (except the year number). Introduce modern western industrial technology; Reform the land system, abolish the original land policy, allow land sales and implement a new local tax policy; Abolish the checkpoints set by governors; Unify the currency and set up the Bank of Japan (the central bank of the country) at 1882; Cancel the guild system and monopoly organizations in the industrial and commercial circles and promote the development of industry and commerce. In terms of education, the development of modern compulsory education divides the whole country into eight university districts, including 65,438+0 universities, 32 middle schools, 65,438+0 middle schools and 265,438+00 primary schools. Each middle school district has eight primary schools, including eight public universities, 245 middle schools and 53,700 primary schools. Educational institutions promulgated Kao Yu Yi Yu, inculcating ideas such as Kao Dao, loyalty to the monarch and patriotism (some people think this is intended to strengthen the centralized social system and pave the way for future external expansion). In addition, we also send overseas students to study in advanced countries such as Britain, America, France and Germany. On the military side, reform the military establishment, with the army referring to German training and the navy referring to the British navy; In 1872, the draft order was issued, and all adult men over the age of 20 were required to perform military service. General service is 3 years and reserve service is 2 years. Later, the general service and reserve increased to 3 years and 9 years respectively, totaling 12 years. 1873, the number of mobilized combat troops can reach 400,000. In addition, the Meiji government also developed the state-owned arms industry; In the middle and late Meiji period, the military budget increased sharply, accounting for about 30% ~ 45% of government funds, and militarism and bushido were practiced. In terms of transportation, improve local transportation and build new railways and highways. 1872 The first railway-Tokyo (Xinqiao) to Yokohama (Sakuragi-CHO) was opened to traffic; By 19 14, the total mileage of Japanese railways has exceeded 7000 kilometers. In the judicial aspect, following the western system, 1882 enacted the French criminal law, 1898 enacted the Franco-German mixed civil law, and 1899 enacted the American commercial law. Religion, for political reasons, the government strongly encourages Shinto, because it promotes the idea of loyalty to the emperor and helps the emperor to govern the country. At the same time, other religions are allowed to exist. 1873, Japan lifted the ban on Christian missionary work. 187 1 year, the Meiji government sent a large-scale envoy headed by right minister Iwakura Tomomi to visit Europe and the United States to inspect the capitalist country system. In fuguoqiang 1890, the first Japanese parliament.

Under the slogan of "military civilization develops industry", the government actively introduced western science and technology, carried out large-scale primitive accumulation with the help of high land tax, and established a number of state-owned enterprises focusing on military industry, mines, railways and shipping. At the same time, introduce modern equipment such as silk reeling and textile, establish demonstration factories and popularize advanced technology; Hire foreign experts, send overseas students abroad and train senior scientific and technological talents. Due to the heavy financial burden, the financial crisis was once triggered. In the early 1980s, the government sold a number of state-owned enterprises and mines to privileged capitalists (so-called political businessmen) who colluded with the government, encouraged Chinese, landlords, businessmen and upper-class gentry to invest in banks, railways and other enterprises with generous protection policies, and trained a number of chaebols. Since the mid-1980s, the climax of the industrial revolution began to appear, centering on the textile industry.

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In the Meiji Restoration (めぃじぃんんんんん) in Japan in the19th century, four major forces joined hands. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the last general, was forced to return to Meiji after defeating the shogunate army in the Battle of Bird Feather in Fujian. Since then, Japan has officially entered the capitalist society. Meiji Restoration deprived the feudal warrior class of its privileges. The middle samurai was transformed into a new parasitic class because the government redeemed its land, while the lower samurai had only one way and went bankrupt. 1877, the gentry in the southwest revolted under the leadership of Saigō Takamori-the southwest war was the aftermath of the Chen Wu war. Meiji Restoration destroyed the old feudal order and opened a new era, which had a far-reaching impact on Japanese history and world history. The protagonist of the reform is not the four princes, but the vast number of middle and lower class warriors and civilians. Meiji Restoration is a political revolution and an important turning point in Japanese history. It overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate, returned the main government to the emperor, carried out great political, economic and social reforms, and promoted Japan's modernization and westernization. The main leaders of Meiji Restoration were some young warriors, who took "Qiang Bing as a rich country" as the slogan and tried to build a country that could keep pace with the West. The Meiji government first adopted the measures of "returning official titles" and "abolishing vassals and establishing counties", which ended the long-term feudal separatist situation in Japan and laid the foundation for establishing a centralized country and developing the capitalist economy. Since then, the Meiji government has implemented three policies, namely, enriching Qiang Bing, developing industry through reproduction and civilization. Qiang Bing, a rich country, is to reform the military and police system, establish an arms industry, implement the conscription system and establish a new military and police system, which is the foundation of the country. Industrialization is the introduction of advanced technology, equipment and management methods from the West, which strongly supports the development of capitalism. Civilization means learning from western civilization and launching the unveiling movement.

Develop modern education, improve the level of national knowledge and cultivate modern talents.