What are the principles of career planning?

The process and main content of planning for college graduates. To do a good job in career planning, you must follow the career design process and do every link carefully. The specific steps of career design can be summarized in the following aspects: 1. Self-evaluation, which means to fully understand yourself. An effective career design must be based on a full and correct understanding of one's own conditions and the relevant environment. You must examine yourself, know yourself, understand yourself, and do a good job of self-assessment, including your interests, talents, personality, knowledge, skills, IQ, EQ, way of thinking, etc. That is to say, I need to figure out what I want to do, what I can do, what I should do, and what I will choose among the many careers. 2. Establish goals. Establishing goals is the key to planning. Usually goals include short-term goals, medium-term goals, long-term goals and life goals. Long-term goals require individuals to achieve long-term hard work and unremitting struggle. When establishing long-term goals, we must be based on reality, make careful choices, and take comprehensive considerations to make them both realistic and forward-looking. Short-term goals are more specific, have a more direct impact on people, and are also an integral part of long-term goals. 3. Environmental assessment Career planning also requires a full understanding of the relevant environment, assessing the impact of environmental factors on one's career development, analyzing the characteristics and development changes of environmental conditions, and grasping the advantages and limitations of environmental factors. Understand the status, situation and development trends of this major and industry. 4. Career positioning Career positioning is to seek the best match between career goals and your own potential, as well as subjective and objective conditions. A good career positioning is based on information such as your best talents, best personality, greatest interests, and most favorable environment. In the process of career orientation, we should consider the matching of personality and occupation, the matching of interests and occupation, the matching of expertise and occupation, the matching of major and occupation, etc. Career positioning should pay attention to: ① Based on objective reality, consider the relationship between the individual, society and the unit; ② Comparative identification, compare the matching of the conditions, requirements, nature of the profession with your own conditions, choose the conditions that are more suitable, more consistent with your own strengths, and more comfortable Interests, careers that can be quickly qualified through hard work, and promising development; ③ Make good use of strengths and avoid weaknesses, look at the main aspects, and do not pursue a perfect career; ④ Assess the situation and make timely adjustments, and adjust career goals in a timely manner according to changes in the situation. Do not be stubborn and unchangeable. 5. Implementation strategy is to formulate an action plan to achieve the goal, and there must be specific behavioral measures to ensure it. Without action, career goals can only be a dream. It is necessary to formulate a thorough action plan and pay more attention to the implementation of this action plan. 6. Evaluation and feedback The entire career plan should be tested during implementation to see how effective it is. Problems in each link of career planning should be diagnosed in a timely manner, corresponding countermeasures should be found, and the plan should be adjusted and improved. It can be seen from this that correct self-evaluation is the most basic and core link in the entire planning process. If this link is not done well or there is a deviation, it will lead to problems in all aspects of the entire career planning. The Enlightenment of Career Anchors on Career Planning for College Graduates The concept of career anchors was proposed by American Professor Edgar Schein, who believed that it is actually a continuous process of exploration. In this process, everyone is slowly forming a clearer career-related self-concept based on their own talents, abilities, motivations, needs, attitudes and values. As a person gets to know himself better, it becomes more and more apparent that this person forms a dominant career anchor. The so-called career anchor refers to that crucial thing or value in the career that when a person has to make a choice, he or she will not give up no matter what. Just like the meaning of "anchor" in the term "career anchor", career anchor is actually the center around which people choose and develop their careers. Once a person has a clear understanding of his talents and abilities, his motivations and needs, and his attitudes and values, he will realize what his career anchors are. Based on his research at MIT, Schein pointed out that it is difficult to predict career anchors in advance because a person's career anchor is constantly changing. It is actually a process of continuous exploration. the dynamic results produced.

Some people may never know what their career anchor is until they have to make some major choice. Only then will all a person's past work experiences, interests, qualifications, aptitudes, etc. be integrated into a meaningful anchor. A pattern (or career anchor) that tells the person what is most important to him or her personally. Based on his years of research, Shi En proposed the following five career anchors: 1. Technical or functional career anchors People with strong technical or functional career anchors are often unwilling to choose careers with general management properties. Instead, they always tend to choose careers that guarantee their continued advancement in established technical or functional areas. 2. Managerial career anchor Some people show a strong motivation to become managers, and assuming a management position with higher responsibilities is the ultimate goal of these people. When pressed on why they believed they had the skills necessary to obtain these positions, many responded that they believed they qualified for management positions because they believed they had the following three abilities: (1) Analytical Ability (the ability to discover, analyze and solve problems under conditions of incomplete and uncertain information); (2) Interpersonal communication skills (the ability to influence, supervise, lead, manipulate and control others at various levels); (3) Emotional ability (the ability to be motivated rather than troubled and weakened by emotional and interpersonal crises and the ability not to become inactive under high responsibility pressure). 3. Creative Career Anchors Some college students have a need to build or create something that is entirely their own—a product or process with their name on it, a company of their own, or a group of individuals who reflect their achievements. Wealth and so on. 4. Autonomous and independent career anchors. Some graduates seem to be driven by the need to decide their own destiny when choosing a career. They hope to get rid of the situation of being dependent on others because of working in a large enterprise, because, as a When a person works in a large company, his or her promotion, job transfer, salary and many other aspects are inevitably at the mercy of others. Many of these graduates also have a strong technical or functional orientation. However, instead of pursuing this career orientation within a firm, they decide to become a consultant, either working independently or as a partner in a relatively small firm. 5. Security Career Anchor There are also some graduates who attach great importance to long-term career stability and job security. They seem to be more willing to engage in such occupations: these occupations should be able to provide guaranteed jobs, decent income and reliable future life. This reliable future life is usually guaranteed by a good retirement plan and a higher pension. For those who are more interested in geographic security, they may feel uncomfortable in a place where pursuing a more privileged career means injecting an element of instability or less secure geography into their lives. Maintaining a stable, secure career in a familiar environment is more important to them. For others who pursue a secure career anchor, security means the security of the organization they rely on. They may give priority to working in government agencies because government civil servants seem to be a lifelong career. These people clearly prefer to let their employers decide which careers they will pursue. Career anchor theory has brought many revelations to college graduates’ career planning: First, career planning requires self-positioning. Self-analysis and self-positioning are the first steps in career. It determines the direction of one's career and the success or failure of career planning. Before applying for a job, you must first carry out career planning, and before carrying out career planning, you must first carry out accurate self-positioning. You must first figure out what you want to do, what you can do, and what your interests, talents, and knowledge are suitable for. You can evaluate your career tendencies, aptitudes and career values ??through self-analysis and measurement with reliable scale tools, which is the basis for career planning. Secondly, career planning is a dynamic process of change. Today's society is in the process of intense changes, and the employment concepts of college graduates must also change accordingly, breaking the traditional concept of "one career determines life". Employment and re-employment are the general trend, and career planning is also based on various Adjust to changes. Therefore, changes in the environment lead to changes in self-concept, which are reflected in career planning. Every specific detail of a lifelong career cannot be determined at once.

Furthermore, the key contents for college graduates are career preparation, career choice and career adaptation. From the perspective of career development process, career development has gone through different periods. One view is that the stages of career can be mainly divided into: ① Career preparation period: The career preparation period is the period of engaging in a career after forming a clear career intention. Preparation of psychology, knowledge, skills and waiting for employment opportunities. Every job seeker has the desire and requirements to choose an ideal career. Those who are well prepared can quickly find their ideal career and successfully enter the professional role; ② Career selection period: This is the period when you actually choose a career, and it is also A critical period when potential workers become actual workers. Career choice is not only a process for individuals to choose a career, but also a process for society to select workers. Only when individuals and society successfully combine and recognize each other can career choice be successful. ③ Career adaptation period: The job seeker has just stepped into the job, and there is an adaptation process to complete the role transformation from a job seeker to a professional worker. Adapt to new roles, new working environment, working methods, interpersonal relationships, etc. as soon as possible. ④ Career Stable Period: During this period, an individual's professional activity ability is at its peak, and it is a golden period for creating performance and achieving career. Of course, career stability is relative. Today, with the rapid development of science and technology and the acceleration of talent flow, it is normal for employment units and professional positions to change. ⑤ Career end period: Due to age or physical condition, the ability and interest in professional activities gradually weaken, thus ending the career. The career planning of college graduates focuses on three stages: career preparation, career choice, and career adaptation. College students should be fully prepared for their careers in material, psychological, knowledge, skills and other aspects, and they should also make career choices rationally and objectively based on analysis from all aspects and their own career anchors. You must have certain reasonable psychological expectations for the professional activities you are about to enter, including the nature of the work, labor intensity, working hours, working methods, colleagues and superior-subordinate relationships. You must quickly adapt to become a successful professional quickly. For many college graduates, career planning may be a relatively vague concept, so there is no mention of career planning for themselves. In fact, career planning is not as mysterious as some books say. As long as you have a basic understanding of yourself and master certain methods, you can also plan for yourself and draw a blueprint for your career development. . Workplace OL Self-Planning One method that many career consulting agencies and psychology experts often use when conducting career counseling and counseling is the zero-thinking model about the five "WHAT": start with who you are. Then keep asking all the way, there are five questions: 1. what are you? 2. What you want? 3. What can you do? 4. What can support you? 5. What you can be in the end? Answer these five questions and find their highest similarities, and you will have your own career plan. For the first question "Who am I?" you should deeply reflect on yourself and have a clearer understanding. The advantages and disadvantages should be listed one by one. The second question, "What do I want to do?" is an examination of the psychological tendency of one's own career development. Everyone's interests and goals at different stages are not completely consistent, and sometimes are even completely opposite. But as age and experience grew, it gradually became fixed, and finally locked in its lifelong ideal. The third question "What can I do?" is a comprehensive summary of one's own abilities and potential. A person's career positioning is most fundamentally attributed to his ability, and the size of his career development space depends on his own potential. . To understand a person's potential, we should start from several aspects, such as interest in things, tenacity to do things, judgment in situations, and whether the knowledge structure is comprehensive and updated in a timely manner. The fourth question is "What does the environment support or allow me to do?" The objective aspect of this environmental support includes various local conditions such as economic development, personnel policies, corporate systems, career space, etc.; the subjective aspect includes colleague relationships, leadership attitudes, Relative relationships, etc., the two factors should be looked at together. Sometimes we often ignore subjective aspects when making career choices and fail to mobilize all factors that are beneficial to our own development, thus affecting our career entry point.

It is most normal and easiest to find a job abroad through the recommendation of colleagues and acquaintances. Of course, we should know that this is fundamentally different from some abnormal "back door" and other evil ways. The difference is that the environmental support here is based on one's own abilities. After clarifying the first four questions, you will find the favorable and unfavorable conditions for achieving the relevant career goals from each question, and list the career goals with the least disadvantages that you want to do and can do. Then the fifth question is about " What is your ultimate career goal?" Naturally, there is a clear and clear framework. Below we make an analysis of the career choices and career goals of a female electronics major in a certain university, which may inspire many students like her. A female college student majoring in computer science often has difficulty choosing her career when she is about to graduate. Nowadays, computer science is a popular major, and it is not difficult to find a similar job. However, because I am a girl, I am definitely not as good as the boys in my class when it comes to employment. At the same time, I prefer the profession of teaching. In this situation where there are many contradictions, we might as well have a serious reflection with her on the relevant aspects and determine her employment direction through planning her career future: what are you? A graduate of the computer department of a key university; Outstanding student cadres, excellent academic performance, passed CET-6 in English; minored in psychology and management; participated in college speech competitions and won rankings; family situation is average, neither rich nor living in poverty The kind where your parents have stable jobs and are in good health, and don’t need special care from anyone yet; you are in good health; you are not introverted in character, but you are not particularly active either and like to be quiet. What you want? I really want to be a teacher. This is not only my childhood dream, but I also like this profession. Secondly, I can become a technician in the company. If I go abroad to study for a master's degree in management, I can become a business manager when I return to my country. The staff is also acceptable; what can you do? I have been a tutor, although it is not my major, but I have a natural advantage in communicating with children. When I was a tutor, I felt a sense of accomplishment when the students' grades improved; You get along well with people and have organized several large-scale and influential events; I did some development in the company during my internship. Although I didn’t have any big achievements, I felt it was okay; what can support you? A relative at home recommended that you go to a company to do technology development; I did well in the GRE test, and I have applied to several foreign universities, but it is hard to say whether I will get a scholarship. Moreover, it is difficult to get a visa now. Last year, several schools came to the department to recruit teachers, but they were not teachers, but wanted to go to the department. The school does technical maintenance. I wonder if any school will recruit teachers again this year; a classmate has opened a company and hopes that he can join, but he does not understand the specific business of this company and does not know how big its development prospects are; what you can be in the end? There are four possible final choices, as follows: 1. Become a teacher in a school. I have interests and ideals in this area, and I am not lacking in knowledge and abilities. Under the general trend of quality education, Compared with normal majors, I have professional advantages. When teaching knowledge, students can learn more cutting-edge knowledge, especially now that computers have become quite popular and basic among middle school students, and I am confident that I will become the top priority among students. The ideal of a good teacher; the shortcoming is the lack of basic training as a teacher and some skills, but this can be gradually improved. 2. If you work as a technician in a company, your income will be better. However, judging from the development in the past few years, this industry has great ups and downs. At the same time, due to the rapid development of technology, you have to update your knowledge at any time, which is stressful and lacks confidence. Not enough, not very interested. 3. It is risky to go to a classmate's company and abandon your major and start at the bottom, which is inconsistent with your psychological character of seeking stability. At the same time, there will be resistance from your family; 4. If you get a scholarship and can study abroad as expected, you will still do it after returning to China. A business executive. There are many uncertain factors, and oneself have less control, so one is always in a passive state. From a purely career development perspective, these four choices are reasonable, but from an individual perspective, the first choice is obviously more in line with her own career orientation. From a psychological point of view, choosing the first option can give her the greatest satisfaction, and it is also the easiest to invest in her work. She will have a great sense of accomplishment after achieving certain results.

From the perspective of career prospects, the teaching profession is increasingly respected by society, and its social status is on the rise. From a personality point of view, this career is more in line with her career orientation. The main difficulty is that the threshold for non-normal students to enter this profession is relatively high. If she can determine her ultimate goal and work hard to make up for the gap in professional skills with normal students, then it will not be long before she realizes her career ideal. When it comes to career, the most basic thing is to look at the adaptability between a person and the environment. Of course, the modern concept of career is no longer limited to one job, but to find those environments that allow you to develop your abilities, skills, express your ideas, and assume a certain role in a certain aspect; and adaptation to the environment is also based on personality. Different and different. 1. Traditional type: People with this personality type are most common in transactional occupations. This type of person is easy to organize, likes to deal with data and numerical facts, likes clear goals, and cannot accept ambiguity. These people can be described by words like: obedient, orderly, efficient, practical. To put it bluntly, it means lack of imagination, self-control, and flexibility. The teller is a typical example of this type. 2. Artistic type: This type forms the strongest contrast with the traditional type. They like to choose careers in music, art, literature, drama, etc. They consider themselves imaginative, intuitive, impulsive, introspective, and independent-minded. People of this type have stronger language aptitude than mathematics. If described in more negative terms, this type of person is extremely emotional and unorganized. 3. Realistic type: This type of person is sincere and frank, relatively stable, pragmatic, shy, lacks insight, and easy to obey. They generally have mechanical abilities and are willing to engage in semi-technical or manual occupations (such as plumbers, assembly line workers, etc.). Such occupations are characterized by continuous task requirements but few social demands, such as Negotiate and persuade others, etc. 4. Social type: Social type people and realist type people are almost opposite types. This type likes to provide information and help others, and likes to develop interpersonal relationships and work in an orderly and institutionalized work environment. In addition to being sociable, these people are also witty, friendly, easy to understand, and helpful. The more negative side of his personality is that he is arbitrary and loves to manipulate others. Social people are suitable for jobs such as nursing, teaching, marketing, sales, training and development. 5. Innovative (entrepreneurial): This type of person is similar to a social person in that he (she) also likes to cooperate with others. The main difference is that innovative people like to lead and control others (as opposed to helping others) in order to achieve specific organizational goals. People of this type are confident, ambitious, energetic and talkative. The more negative side of his personality is that he is domineering, has an excessive desire for power, and is prone to impulsiveness. 6. Research type: This type is almost the opposite of the innovative type. People of this type enjoy observing and analyzing phenomena for the purpose of developing and understanding knowledge. These people have complex thinking, are creative and independent, but are undisciplined, impractical and prone to impulsiveness. Biologists, sociologists, and mathematicians mostly fall into this category. In commercial organizations, such people often hold research and development positions and consulting positions. These positions require sophisticated analysis rather than persuasion. Of course, a person often does not express a single type, but often a combination of two or three types. But no matter what, you must always develop in a positive personality direction and let yourself choose your job, rather than your job choosing you.