How to become a civil aviation pilot?

First of all, the body should be qualified, especially the eyes. In addition, here are some answers I can recommend to you. Please have a look. /question/ 130394493.html

After the examination, the following are the standards for physical examination. You can refer to the items of physical examination in Zhao Fei and the matters needing attention. (1) Ophthalmology Ophthalmology examination is generally carried out in bright and dark rooms according to different projects. The first eye examination was conducted in a bright room. Check the far vision, near vision, color vision and outer eye. The second eye examination for strabismus was carried out in the ophthalmic darkroom. The third time I went to the ophthalmology department, I first checked the far vision before mydriasis in the bright room, then ordered mydriatic drugs, and checked the refractive stroma, diopter and fundus in the dark room. Vision examination here only introduces hyperopia examination. The binocular vision of the air force circular eye chart is above 65438 0.0. When checking eyesight, students sit in the designated position, face the eye chart, cover their left eye with an eye patch with their left hand, and check their right eye. Stretch your right hand forward, put your fingers together, look at the direction of the gap indicated by the doctor, make a gesture, and then quickly return to the original position. When checking the left eye, the right hand covers the right eye with an eye patch and the left hand gestures. The gap in the eye chart is divided into eight directions, namely, upper right, lower right, upper right, upper left, lower left, upper right and lower right. The direction of the gap should be clear, the posture should be big and the direction should be accurate. Don't open the blindfold during the inspection. Excessive mental stress can lead to poor eyesight, so you can do some light activities to relax your body before the examination. Excessive fatigue and lack of sleep will lead to poor eyesight, and these factors should be avoided as much as possible. Poor eyesight is mainly caused by ametropia. Other factors affecting vision are illumination, mental stress, lack of sleep, hypoxia, eye fatigue, lens, vitreous opacity, eye trauma, fundus diseases and so on. Young students' eyesight has changed in a short time, sometimes with time difference. Generally speaking, the intraocular muscle has strong accommodation ability, and can still maintain good vision with mild ametropia. However, with the growth of age, mediation ability declines and vision gradually deteriorates. Therefore, although the visual acuity of both sides is above 1.0, the refractive power exceeds a certain value and cannot be used as the training object of pilots. Some people with visual defects, although they barely reach 1.0 after re-examination, will eventually be eliminated because their refractive power exceeds the standard after mydriasis. Refraction is the concentration of light by the eyeball, and the refraction of light has been learned in high school physics class. Parallel rays converge into the eye, and the focus falls in front of the retina, which is called myopia, and the focus falls behind the retina, which is called hyperopia. If the light cannot converge into a focus, it is called astigmatism. The process of human eye focusing is much more complicated than the principle of convex lens. The diopter of a person depends on the distance from the eye to the retina, the distance between the refractive surface (corneal surface, front and back of the lens) and the refractive body (aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body) and the refractive surface. Optometry needs to be done in a dark room after pupil dilation. Electronic optometry is not as precise and accurate as mydriasis optometry, and the physical examination conditions not only stipulate vision, but also strictly stipulate diopter. If the diopter exceeds the standard, it is unqualified. Oblique examination is used to check the degree of extraocular muscle imbalance. Strabismus is an imbalance of extraocular muscles. Squinting is often called "strabismus". There is no essential difference between strabismus and esotropia, but due to the normal fusion function control, both eyes can still maintain one eye without deviation. Once the fusion function is disturbed, visual deviation will occur. When you are tired, you will have diplopia (seeing things in pairs), poor attention and unclear vision. In flight, there will be inaccurate visual inspection and wrong judgment, which will affect flight. Our country has strict regulations on the number of hidden slopes. If the highest altitude is found in the three inspections, the re-inspection will not be carried out unless the control essentials are not mastered. Through the binoculars of the inclinometer, the examinee looks at the front light source with both eyes (one eye is a visible light spot and the other eye is a strip light), and adjusts the knob to make the light spot coincide with the light. The number indicated by the inclinometer is the inclination angle, and the three internal and external inclination angles and the up and down inclination angles are checked respectively. Be sure to keep your eyes on the light source in front when checking; After the adjustment point coincides with the line, do not repeat the correction. If the distance between the knob point and the line becomes larger and larger when rotating in one direction, it will rotate in the opposite direction. In addition to the visual function, color vision examination eyes also have color vision function, that is, color discrimination. Color blindness and color weakness are the loss or reduction of the ability to distinguish certain colors. In flight, the color sign lights, sign lights and warning lights will be unclear, and some ground work will be restricted. Color blindness and color weakness should not hide and avoid this physiological defect. Color vision inspection is carried out by identifying numbers, letters and patterns in the color vision map. Check one person at a time, using different color vision maps. (2) The contents of the Otolaryngology undergraduate examination are divided into three examination rooms, which respectively check the functions of Otolaryngology, oral cavity, ear pressure, hearing, smell and vestibule (swivel chair test). Ear cavity, nasal cavity and oral cavity are called general examinations, and other items are special examinations. General inspection is carried out first, and special inspection is alternated with other subjects. In general, students sit opposite the doctor. The doctor collects the light in the ear cavity and nasal cavity through the frontal mirror, observes various structures in the external auditory canal, tympanic membrane and nasal cavity respectively, and then examines the mouth and teeth. Ear barometric function Check the ventilation function of eustachian tube, also called ear barometric function. The middle ear and the outer ear are separated by the eardrum. The middle ear and external ear can only maintain normal hearing under the condition of air pressure balance. When we go downhill by car, we often feel uncomfortable in our ears and our hearing drops, which is the reason why the air pressure in the middle ear and the outer ear is unbalanced. When the pressure inside and outside the tympanic membrane is consistent, sound waves vibrate one side of the external auditory canal of the tympanic membrane to feel the sound. If the pressure inside and outside the eardrum is the same, but sound waves vibrate both sides of the eardrum at the same time, no sound can be felt. When shooting, if you open your mouth wide, the mouth of the eustachian tube will be opened, and the inner and outer sides of the eardrum will be shaken by gunfire at the same time, which can prevent the eardrum from being damaged. When you may not hear anything, so does yawning. When people's eustachian tube is blocked for some reason, they lose the ability to mediate stress. When the plane descends (especially below 4000m), the external air pressure gradually increases, which will press the eardrum and lead to hearing loss, some of which may cause air pressure damage, and more seriously may lead to eardrum rupture. People with poor ear pressure can't be pilots. When checking the ear pressure function, they should cooperate with the doctor to pinch the nose and inflate. Usually pay attention to prevent colds, do not smoke or drink. The swivel chair test is a test to check the vestibular function. People's vestibular function participates in people's orientation and balance. Low vestibular function is easy to produce illusion, and sensitive vestibular function is easy to produce motion sickness, which is often referred to as motion sickness, seasickness and airsickness. Through the swivel chair inspection, we can know whether there is motion sickness. Doing more related exercises at ordinary times can reduce the sensitivity of vestibule and help the inspection pass smoothly. During the inspection, the examinee sits on the swivel chair, fastens the safety belt, sits up straight, puts his head in the head bracket, holds the handrail tightly with both hands, puts his feet on the pedal, closes his eyes, and swings his head left and right with the sound of the metronome. Swing your head from left-middle-right-middle-left ... continuously. After mastering the command to swing the head, start the electric swivel chair, rotate at the speed of two seconds, stop rotating after 45 turns, open your eyes after a few seconds, unfasten your seat belt, land your feet, return to your original seat and observe for half an hour. Overcome fear and build confidence before swivel chair inspection. If you feel unwell and have fever, you should take the initiative to report to the doctor and postpone the examination. It is not appropriate to have a check-up just after eating (full) or when you are hungry. Vertigo (rotational motion) may occur shortly after the start of rotation, which is a normal phenomenon and should be adhered to. Swing your head according to the rhythm of the metronome, no hurry or slow. Vomiting after the observation period should also be reported to the doctor. Compared with some animals, people's sense of smell is much worse. People's sense of smell and taste complement each other. Some people have done this experiment, holding their noses and eating apples and then eating radishes. It feels very similar. But it doesn't feel good not to pinch your nose. Smell is not only the recognition of smell, but also the diseases of nose and brain. Olfactory examination was performed on both sides. The client closes his eyes and presses the right alar with the index finger of his right hand to block the right nostril. The examiner chooses any medicine bottle and aims the bottle mouth at the examinee's left nostril, with a distance of about 1.5cm, so that the examinee can identify the smell by inhaling through the left nostril. Repeat the above process with another drug; Then repeat the above examination with the right nostril. If there is a lot of runny nose during the examination, blow it off first. If the nose is blocked, explain the situation to the doctor and check after spraying. Listening is a way for people to receive information, and it is also the basis of language ability. After hearing loss, normal people will gradually lose their language ability. If you lose your hearing at an early age, you won't learn to speak. Hearing loss is mostly caused by inflammation of the middle ear. There is also some noise damage to the eardrum. With the economic development of China, noise pollution will become more and more serious. Improper use of home stereos and earplug recorders can also damage people's hearing. People's perception of sound includes frequency (tone) in addition to intensity. The lowest intensity of pure tone perception at various frequencies is detected by audiometer to find out whether there is hearing loss. The listening test is conducted in a quiet room or soundproof room. Candidates put on headphones, hold the switch in their right hand, point their thumb at the button, pay attention to the sound in the headphones, press the button when they hear the sound in the headphones (slightly), then release it and pay attention to the next sound. Usually the left ear first and then the right ear. Be absolutely quiet when checking, pay close attention and listen carefully to the sound in the earphone, because at the beginning of each frequency check, the intensity is very small and the sound is extremely subtle. The sound in the earphone comes out from time to time. Press the button when you really hear it. In addition, during the examination, you should truthfully answer the questions raised by the doctor. Some students cheat doctors, and they often get carsick and don't tell the truth, thinking that they can get away with it. People who often get carsick can't pass the swivel chair test, and hiding their medical history will eventually be eliminated. To cooperate with the doctor's examination, open your mouth as wide as possible, and make sure that the back teeth can bite when you bite your teeth. When you spray medicine into your mouth, don't spit it out. The prevention and treatment measures told by doctors must be observed, otherwise they may be eliminated in the review after the college entrance examination. (3) The undergraduate examination of surgery and dermatology includes surgery and dermatology. Surgical examination is divided into measurement and general examination. Students undress in the dressing room first, and then enter the testing room for measurement, including weight, body length, sitting height, leg length, arm length, chest circumference, vital capacity, grip strength and so on. Too high, too short, sitting too high, long legs and insufficient arms are not conducive to flying and are eliminated. 18 years old, the limbs of young people in China basically stop developing, but they will gain weight when they sit tall. Physical condition has fully considered this situation, and the standard of physical measurement is strict and reasonable. Students enter the test room after the measurement to check their physique. Physical assessment is an important part of surgery. Constitution is the general name of body development and the functional state of various organs, which is mainly measured from three aspects: first, body shape, mainly bone development. Then there is physique, which generally refers to muscle and fat. Finally, the function of each organ. Generally speaking, it focuses on external forms. Poor physical fitness is characterized by emaciation, muscle weakness, slender bones, slender neck, drooping shoulders, abnormal chest, excessive elbow extension, and disproportionate length and weight. Another key content of surgical examination is the joint of limbs. Spine. The joints of limbs should be symmetrical, the length should meet the standard and the function should be normal. The spine has no scoliosis, normal physiological curvature and unrestricted activity. The anus, external genitalia, subcutaneous tissue, lymph nodes and hernia all belong to the scope of operation. Surgical examination also includes exercise tests of spine and limbs, flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation of neck and waist; The shoulders, elbows, wrists and knuckles of the upper limbs move in all directions; Hips and lower limbs squat, walk, squat, bend your knees, and jump in place. Before the physical examination, students should take a shower and change clothes. When taking physical measurements, they should set their positions according to the requirements of the staff, stand up straight and sit up straight. When measuring body length, don't leave the heel on the ground, and when measuring sitting height, don't deliberately straighten your waist. After a person's body length is determined, the sum of leg length and sitting height is equal to body length. When the sitting height increases, the leg length will be shortened accordingly, and the sitting height exceeding the standard and the leg length insufficient will be eliminated. Dermatology mainly examines skin diseases. Skin disease itself has no direct harm to flight. But some stubborn skin diseases can cause mental pain, and infectious skin diseases can easily cause infection and spread. (four) medical examination in surgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology after the general examination. After entering the internal medicine examination room, students should take off their thick coats such as cotton-padded clothes and sit still for 5- 10 minutes. Pull the sleeve of the right arm above the elbow 13 cm, ask about the medical history, tie the sphygmomanometer capsule to measure the blood pressure, and then measure the pulse. Students lie on their backs on the examination bed, unbutton their clothes and belts, and naturally bend their legs. When they touch the liver and spleen, they should do abdominal breathing, that is, they will bulge their abdomen when inhaling, sag their abdomen when exhaling, and then touch their kidneys when standing upright. Try not to do physical activity and relax before physical examination, so as not to cause blood pressure fluctuation, pulse acceleration and heart murmur enhancement. Relax when taking blood pressure, don't use force, and clench your fist. When auscultating the heart, breathe naturally and don't talk. When touching the liver and spleen, listen to the doctor's instructions to breathe, and don't exert force on the abdominal muscles. In order to pass the internal medicine exam successfully, some students secretly take medicine before the exam, which is not desirable. After taking the medicine, the blood pressure is lower than the normal standard, and the pulse pressure difference exceeds the standard, which will be unqualified. Drugs can also affect other tests. Don't do this. Patients with hypertension often have headaches and dizziness. Hypotension will also have the above symptoms, and blackness and syncope will occur during flight, which is caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain. In summer, we squat or sit for a long time, and suddenly stand up and our eyes will turn black or fall, which is also the reason. Some students are eager to be pilots and are too nervous, which leads to high blood pressure and fast heart rate. Flying is a special occupation. If you are too nervous, you can't become a pilot. A strong heart murmur is not necessarily a heart disease, but the possibility of heart disease cannot be ruled out. Under the condition of physical examination and conditions, it is impossible for everyone to do further examination, and the eliminated students should not have ideological burden. Some students found that there were more premature beats during auscultation, which did not meet the requirements of pilots. You know, contractions are not always there, but once they are found, they will not be qualified as long as they exceed the standard, so they will not be re-examined. There are many reasons for large liver, such as emaciation, malnutrition, liver disease, environmental and air pollution. Hepatomegaly is not necessarily hepatitis or liver disease. (5) Neurology In the eyes of many people, neurology is mysterious, because everyone does not understand neurology. We should know that all human activities (including autonomous activities and involuntary activities) are dominated by nerves and spirits. Neuropathy and psychosis are completely different, but they are related in some way. Take "language" as an example. People's language expression is dominated by the "language movement center" of the brain, and muscles and organs cooperate skillfully to accomplish * * * with the same action. However, the language meaning beyond general logic is chaotic, exaggerated and delusional, which belongs to the category of mental illness. Many people think that abnormal behavior is all wet. It should be said that most students' neuropsychiatry is normal, and there may be potential diseases in their nervous system, which can only be discovered with the cooperation of doctors. The contents of neuropsychiatric examination are many and extensive, including neurology, mental history and family history, my reaction ability, understanding ability, thinking ability, memory, expression ability, emotion, muscle, exercise, reflection, pathological symptoms, feeling, economic exercise, autonomic nervous system and so on. People's feelings are very complicated. The previous part introduces human vision, hearing, smell, taste and vestibular feeling. People also have general feelings such as pain, temperature, touch and position, as well as complex cortical feelings such as somatosensory, two-point discrimination and weight. Neuropsychiatric examination is mainly divided into two parts, one is to understand the medical history and part of the examination content through conversation. The second is to find relevant signs through systemic examination. Students should be naked or wear only shorts during the exam. Be calm and don't be nervous. Narrating and answering related questions should be honest and frank, neither deliberately exaggerated nor deliberately concealed or avoided. Speak responsibly, and the medical history answer shall be based on the first time. Do all kinds of cooperation when checking, and don't dodge. Don't spread the specific content among other students after the physical examination. (6) Auxiliary inspection In addition to the above inspection, there are also auxiliary inspections. Auxiliary examination is divided into routine items, that is, items that everyone must check, such as laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, cardiac function, chest X-ray, chest X-ray, B-ultrasound, EEG, etc. Unconventional examination is generally applied temporarily according to the needs of doctors in various departments. Routine auxiliary examination items are painless and painless except slight pain in venous blood and ear blood. Tests include blood routine, urine routine, stool routine, liver function, anti-Australian and so on. Australian antibody is the surface antigen of hepatitis B, which was first discovered in Australia. Australian anti-positive is a sign of hepatitis B virus infection, and hepatitis B virus infection is not hepatitis B. Generally, after getting up the next day, you should leave the test specimen. Urine and feces samples should be kept by themselves, and blood samples should be collected by staff. Wash the urethral orifice the night before the test to avoid contaminating the urine sample. After getting up in the morning, take 20-30ml of middle urine. Indwelling method: First, urinate a part of urine, and then take it with a specimen bottle. Take 3-4 grams of fresh stool with a wooden pole and rinse the rest with water. Once venous blood collection and ear blood collection are carried out. Students who go to the station for physical examination should drink more boiled water to prevent the body from being short of water, resulting in concentrated urine and blood. Keep enough stool specimens, or they will dry quickly and cannot be tested. Don't eat candy or canned fruit the night before the exam. If you feel dizzy and weak during blood drawing, you should sit down and rest to prevent falling and injury. Electrocardiogram, cardiac function examination ECG examination and cardiac function examination can be examined separately, or ECG can be finished before cardiac function examination. Electrocardiogram is to record the micro-electrical activity of the heart itself through skin amplification and connect it to the machine to analyze the heart activity. Don't do physical activity before the examination, and don't take medicine to relieve tension. Sit on your back, unbutton your coat, fully expose your chest, relax and breathe calmly. Cardiac function examination is to analyze whether there is cardiac insufficiency, myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia after exercise. When checking, tie the sphygmomanometer capsule to the right upper arm, pull out the connected wire, hold the inflatable capsule in your right hand, and move it up and down for 3 minutes according to the rhythm of the metronome. Immediately after exercise, blood pressure was measured in bed 1 min, ECG was recorded for 2 minutes, and blood pressure was measured after 3 minutes. When doing ECG, you must relax all over and don't move your limbs. The exercise test should be carried out rhythmically, neither fast nor slow. Get dressed immediately after the examination to prevent catching a cold. X-ray examination Conventional X-ray examination only includes chest X-ray and chest X-ray. Other X-ray examinations shall be carried out together with chest X-rays according to the needs of various departments. Radiologists comprehensively analyze the diseases of lung, heart, pleura and diaphragm by combining everyone's chest films and chest films. Some pleural thickening and adhesion affect diaphragm activity and limit respiratory function. Too many calcification points in the lung, too large and adhesion of diaphragm may cause pneumothorax. There is no danger in doing ground work in this situation, but not as a pilot. During the X-ray examination, you should pose as required, do deep breathing exercises, don't move at the moment of filming, and hold your breath. The basic principle of B-ultrasound is that ultrasound can penetrate the skin and reflect some sound waves when encountering internal organs. According to this principle, check the position, size, texture and new organisms of internal organs. The physical examination of flight recruits should explore the liver, gallbladder, spleen and left and right kidneys. You need to fast water for 8 hours before doing B-ultrasound. The staff will inform the tested students of the time of fasting and water ban. Electroencephalogram (EEG) examines bioelectricity in different parts of the brain and reflects it to the scalp in the corresponding position. Amplifying and recording this kind of electrical activity weaker than ECG activity is called EEG. Epilepsy, commonly known as epilepsy, makes a sound similar to a sheep's call in the mouth when it has a big attack, and then falls to the ground, with limbs twitching, foaming at the mouth and dilated pupils. Epilepsy is the most harmful central nervous system disease to flight. The main purpose of EEG is to find epilepsy through various evoked tests. Wash hair and scalp oil before EEG examination to avoid poor electrode contact. In order to prevent false work, don't eat on an empty stomach before doing it, take hypnotics and get enough sleep. Don't move your limbs or doze off while tracing.