The origin of the surname Du

1. Origin of the surname

The surname Du (Dù) has three origins:

1. It comes from the surname Qi, with Yi as the surname. The history of how people with the surname Du got their surname is very glorious from the historical records. According to "Tongzhi Clan Brief", it is said that the Du family was also the Du family in the Tang Dynasty, and their surname was Qi. After Emperor Yao. It is said that one of the twenty-fifth sons of the emperor was named Qi. Yao's surname was Yi Qi. The Du family came from the surname Qi and was a descendant of Emperor Yao. In ancient times, people took the name of the fiefdom as Tao and Tang. Descendants of the Tao Tang family once founded the country in Liu. At that time, Kongjia, the sixth grandson of the Xia Hou family, was the king of Xia. He was good at treating ghosts and gods. Legend has it that two dragons, a male and a female, descended from the sky. Kong Jia didn't know how to raise them, so Liu Lei, a descendant of the Tao Tang family, learned how to disturb dragons from the Huanlong family. The Huanlong family raised dragons to serve Emperor Shun, so they were given the surname. Liu Lei was also given the surname Yulong because he was studying to disturb the dragon and served Kong Jia. By the Western Zhou Dynasty, Liu Lei's descendants established the Tang State and were known as the Tang Du family. Later, King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Tang State, granted his younger brother Yu the title of Tang Dynasty, and moved the Tang monarch to Du, who was called Du Bo. During the reign of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, the Du Kingdom was destroyed again, and Du Bo, a Zhou doctor, was also innocent and killed. Most of Du Bo's descendants went to other princes, and those who stayed in Ducheng took Du as their surname.

2. It comes from the ancient times after Dukang. According to "Shiben", it is said that he is a descendant of Du Kang, the inventor of wine making during the Yellow Emperor's reign. According to legend, Du Kang lived in the Huangdi period and was good at making wine. If Du Kang is the ancestor of the Du surname, then this surname has a history of at least four to five thousand years.

3. Change of surname from another clan. For example, in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were the Xianbei clan that replaced the Duguhun clan in the north, the Jurchen clan in the Jin Dynasty, the Tushan clan, the Manchu Dushan clan, the Tuktan clan, the Oroqen clan Duningken clan, the Yugu clan Duman clan, the Daur clan Degong clan, and the Dalidel clan. Others changed their surname to Du, and other ethnic groups such as Manchu, Mongolian, Tujia, Jing, Hui, Russian, Zhuang, Tibetan, and Korean had this surname.

★★★The ancestor of the surname: Du Bo. After Emperor Yao's descendant Liu Lei. In ancient times, Emperor Shun granted Yao's son Danzhu a title in the Tang Dynasty (today's Yicheng, Shanxi Province). Danzhu's descendants were all princes in the Xia and Shang Dynasties. When he became king at the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty disrespected the emperor of the dynasty and was destroyed by Zhou Gongdan, who was the regent at the time. His younger brother Shu Yu was granted the title of Tang Dynasty, and the descendants of the original monarch of Tang Dynasty were moved to Du, so they were renamed the Du family of Tang Dynasty. During the reign of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, King Huan of Du State of Tang Dynasty served as a high official in the court and was known as Du Bo. Du Bo's free and easy style attracted the attention of King Zhou Xuan's favored concubine Nu Jiu, so he tried to seduce him. However, the upright Du Bo was unmoved. The angry Nu Jiu complained first and falsely accused Du Bo of bullying her, so King Zhou Xuan killed him. Duber. After Du Bo's death, most of his descendants fled to the Central Plains. The survivors who stayed in Ducheng took the country as their surname and called it Du. They respected Du Bo as the ancestor of the Du surname.

2. Migration distribution

The Du surname was born in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people with the Du surname had already migrated to Chu, Lu and other countries. "New Book of Tang" says: "There was Du Xie in Lu. He avoided the difficulties of Ji Pingzi and ran to Chu, where he gave birth to Chuo, a great official. Chuo gave birth to Duan, and Duan gave birth to He." Du He was a general of Qin, and he lived in Yanyi, Nanyang. At that time, he was called Du Yan. Du Bing, the youngest son of He, was appointed as the prefect of Shangdang (now Changzhi, Shanxi Province); Bing's son Du Zha was appointed as the prefect of Nanyang; Zha's son Du Zhou was appointed as the censor. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was forced by the imperial court to move to Maoling (today's Shaanxi Province) because he was a wealthy and distinguished family. Province Xingping Northeast), later formed the largest Wangjun in the history of Du surname - Jingzhao County. The surname Jingzhao Du comes from Du Wen and Du Yao, the 20th grandson of Du Yannian, Marquis of Jianping of the Han Dynasty. In the following hundreds of years, the Du surname formed many branches: the Du surname in Xiangyang came from Du Yin, the youngest son of Du Yu, Marquis of Dangyang and the prefect of Jin Hongnong; the Du surname in Huanshui (now Anyang, Henan Province) came from Dai Hou The youngest son is Du Kuan; the surname of Du in Puyang comes from Du Wei, the son of Du He, who lived in Puyang for a long time and is the descendant of Du Mo. He was the prefect of Puyang in the later Wei Dynasty because of his family Yan. In short, the Du surname mainly multiplied in today's Shaanxi from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Han Dynasty. Its spread process ranged from Shaanxi to Shandong, then to Henan, and finally returned to Shaanxi. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Central Plains was in chaos and war smoke was everywhere. To avoid the war, the Du family moved southward in large numbers. They successively multiplied into large families in Xiangyang and Xiangfan in Hubei, Mianzhu and Chengdu in Sichuan, and Qiantang in Zhejiang. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Du Rang Neng was appointed as the governor of Shannan. In the event of war, he took refuge in Shanyin, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province). Sun Du Ren, a descendant of Rang Neng, moved to Maluan Township, Renli, Tong'an, Fujian Province to avoid the chaos of the Yuan Dynasty. He was named Maluan Du. Ancestor.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the Du surname was one of the surnames of the immigrants from the Hongdong Sophora japonica tree, and was moved to Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Du surname had spread all over the country and spread overseas. There are descendants of the Du surname in Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States. The Du surname is the 53rd most common surname in China today. It has a large population, accounting for about 0.4% of the country's Han population.

3. Historical celebrities

Du Cao: A native of Duling, Jingzhao (now southeast of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), he was a calligrapher and painter of the Han Dynasty. He was the prime minister during the reign of Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty and was famous for his good Zhangcao. Together with Cui Yuan, he is called "Cui Du".

Du Shi: A native of Jixian County, Henan Province, he was a famous honest official in the Han Dynasty and a close minister of Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty. When he was the governor of Nanyang, he invented water drainage (i.e., hydraulic blower), smelted iron and cast agricultural tools, more than 1,100 years earlier than Europe. He managed ponds, opened fields, and developed agricultural production. At that time, it was said that "there was Zhao Fu (Zhao Xinchen) in the front, and Du Mu in the back."

Du Kang: According to legend, he was a person who was good at brewing wine in the Zhou Dynasty. "Han·Cao Cao·Dan Ge Xing": "The only way to relieve worries is Du Kang."

Du Mi: A native of Dengfeng, Henan Province, a famous official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he served as Prime Minister of Beihai, Shangshu Ling, and Yin of Henan. People call him "the best assistant in the world".

Du Lin: A native of Maoling, Fufeng (now Xingping, Shaanxi Province), he was a classics scholar and philologist of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was the author of "Guwenshangshu" and was good at philology. He wrote "Cangjie Xunzhi" and "Cangjie Xunzhi". "Cangjie Gu" and so on.

Du Ji: Cao Cao’s senior adviser made important contributions to the unification of the north.

Du Yu: A native of Duling, Jingzhao, he was a statesman, strategist, inventor, writer, and general in the southern expedition during the Western Jin Dynasty. He wrote "Collected Commentary of Zuo's Classics in the Spring and Autumn Period", "Explanatory Examples of the Spring and Autumn Period", "Chunqiu Changli", etc.

Du Gao: A famous diplomat and politician in the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Du Fu: Born in Gongyi City, Henan Province today, he was a great realist poet in the Tang Dynasty. He was known as the "Sage of Poetry" and the "King of Poetry". He often called himself Shaoling Ye Lao in his poems. His poems show the origin of the Tang Dynasty. The historical process of prosperity and decline is called the "history of poetry". It is famous for ancient style and rhythmic poetry, with various styles, mainly melancholy. Representative works include "Five Hundred Words of Ode to the Heart from Beijing to Fengxian County", "Northern Expedition", "Qiang" "Village" and so on, there is "Du Gongbu Collection" handed down from generation to generation.

Du You: A native of Duling, Jingzhao, he was a historian of the Tang Dynasty. He compiled two hundred volumes of "Tongdian", which was the first general history of China that described the legal system. He served from official to prime minister.

Du Mu: courtesy name Muzhi, nickname Fanchuan, the grandson of Du You, a native of Jingzhao Wannian. A famous writer and poet in the Tang Dynasty, he was an upright and unique man. He once pointed out the ills of the times and was deeply worried about the arrogance of the feudal lords and Tufan. His poetic style was high-spirited, bold and uninhibited, he was extremely literary, and he had many affairs in the world. He achieved great success in the late Tang Dynasty. People at the time called him "Xiao Du" to distinguish him from Du Fu. He was as famous as Li Shangyin and was also called "Xiao Du". Li Du". He is the author of Fan Chuan Collection, and his representative works include "A Fang Gong Fu", "Bo Qin Huai", etc.

Du Qiong: A native of Wu County (now part of Jiangsu Province), he was a painter of the Ming Dynasty, and his paintings were the forerunners of the Wu School.

Du Jin: A native of Dantu (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province), he was a painter of the Ming Dynasty. His paintings were based on the Southern Song Dynasty style. He was the most skilled figure. His brushwork was fine and smooth, and he was considered a master of line drawing.

Du Shenyan: A native of Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province), he was a writer of the Tang Dynasty. He was known as the "Four Friends of Articles" together with Cui Rong, Li Qiao and Su Weiwei. His grandson is Du Fu.

Du Qiuniang: a native of Jinling in the Tang Dynasty. She was originally the concubine of Zhenhai Jiedushi Li Qi. Qi entered the palace after being killed for rebellion. He was good at poetry and singing Jin Xianzong. He was favored by Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, in ancient times, Du Qiuniang generally referred to old and senile women.

Du Ruhui: A native of Duling, Jingzhao, Li Shimin's famous prime minister in the early Tang Dynasty, participated in launching the famous "Xuanwumen Revolution" in history. Historically, he was known as "Xuan Ling was a man of many plans", as he was good at making judgments about the dark and good at making judgments, and he was often known as Fang Du. ”

Du Guangting: Taoist Celestial Master, a famous writer and educator in the late Tang Dynasty.

Du Xunhe: a native of Shidai, Chizhou (now Taiping, Anhui Province), a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, some of his The poems reflected the social contradictions and the tragic situation of the people in the warlords' melee situation in the late Tang Dynasty. They were prominent at the time, such as "Collection of Tang Feng".

4. Junwangtang No.

1. Junwang

Jingzhao County: In the first year of the Taichu period of the Han Dynasty, the setting of Youneishi was changed, and the authority was equivalent to the prefect of the county. , one of the three assistants. It is equivalent to the area north of today's Qinling Mountains, east of Xi'an City, and south of the Wei River. During the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, it was renamed Jingzhao County.

Xiangyang County: divided into Nanjun and Nanyang counties, equivalent to today's Xiangyang, Nanzhang, Yicheng, Yuan'an, Dangyang and other places in Hubei Province.

Puyang County: equivalent to today's Wei County, Puyang, Fan County in Henan Province, Guocheng in Shandong Province and other places. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, it was changed to a county.

Hanyang County: The administrative seat is now Hanyang, Hubei Province.

Nanyang County: The administrative seat is now Nanyang, Henan Province.

2. Church name

Shishengtang, Shaolingtang: Du’s main church names are "Shishengtang" or "Shaolingtang". The origin is that Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, called himself "Shaoling Ye Lao", and history called him "the sage of poetry".

In addition, the church names of the Du surname include: "Jingzhao Hall", "Yongyan Hall", "Zhende Hall", etc.

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Universal couplets for the ancestral hall with the surname Du

〖Universal couplets with four characters for the ancestral hall with the surname Du〗

Folk Songs Loving Mother;

The world's known poet.

——Anonymous couplet for ancestral halls with dummy surnames

The first couplet refers to Du Shi (?-38), the imperial censor of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Du Shi was born in Ji County, Hanoi (now part of Henan Province). The courtesy name is Gongjun, and he was the censor during the reign of Emperor Guangwu. In the seventh year of Jianwu (AD 31), he served as the prefect of Nanyang. He invented water drainage (hydraulic blower) and cast agricultural tools. He used less effort but achieved great results, 1,100 years earlier than Europe. He also recruited migrant workers to repair Pichi, open up fields, and develop agricultural production. At that time, it was called "Zhao Fu (Zhao Xinchen) in the front and Du Mu in the back. The lower couplet refers to the "King of Poetry", which is a tribute to Du Fu (712-770, a native of Gongxian County, with the courtesy name Zimei), a great poet of the Tang Dynasty. He was eager to learn since he was a child, had profound knowledge, and had political ambitions. He became an official by offering gifts, and served successively as Zuo Shiyi, Huazhou Sigong, and Yuanwailang of the Ministry of Education. His poems were good at choosing social themes of universal significance and boldly exposed the social contradictions of the time. It shows the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and is called the "History of Poetry"; the style is mainly melancholy, and the language has a high degree of expressive ability. There are "Du Gongbu Collection" and "Yunxian Miscellaneous Notes" by Feng Zhi of the Tang Dynasty. : "The goose crown boy said: 'You are the official of this star, and the angel has relegated you to the throne of the Tang Dynasty. Jiuyun Gao has been sent down and can be taken from the foot of Doulong. ’ Just as he said, he got a stone, which said in gold: ‘The King of Poetry was originally in the country of Chufang, and at nine nights the lin seal was ripe, and the sound vibrated the fusang to enjoy heavenly blessings. '"

Shu Cheng Tongdian;

It is listed in Yingzhou.

——Anonymous Ancestral Hall Universal Couplet

Part 1 Lian Dian refers to Du You, a historian of the Tang Dynasty, whose courtesy name was Junqing. He was born in a family of nobles for generations. He served as governor of Lingnan, Huainan and other provinces. In the late Zhenyuan period, he was promoted to the post of Situ Tongping Zhangshi (prime minister). ), during Wang Shuwen's reform, he served as envoys such as Zhongduzhi, Yantie, etc., in charge of finance, and was granted the title of Duke of Qi. Although he had a high official position, he was still diligent and tireless. He dealt with government affairs during the day, studied hard under the lamp at night, and was well versed in ancient and modern classics. In about ten years, he wrote two hundred volumes of "Tongdian", which is rich in content, clear in origin, detailed but not complicated, concise and important. It is the first general history of my country that describes the canonical system. Xialiandian refers to Du Ruhui, a minister in the early Tang Dynasty. Keming was born in Duling, Jingzhao. When the Tang Dynasty king entered the pass, he helped Li Shimin plan and make quick decisions, participated in the Xuanwumen Incident, and helped Li Shimin seize power. He served as a lieutenant in Tiance Mansion and was a bachelor of literature. Shangshu Youpuse (prime minister), together with Fang Xuanling, took charge of the government and presided over the formulation of the central organizational structure, scale and regulations. During the Zhenguan period, Taizong selected eighteen heroes for portraits in Lingyan Pavilion, with Du Ruhui ranking first. . Later, he resigned due to illness, and Taizong often sent people to visit him. After his death, Taizong even abandoned the court for three days to express his condolences.

Thinking about the scriptures;

Image Lingyan.

——Anonymous couplet for ancestral halls with surnames of Du surnames

The first couplet refers to Du Yu of Jin Dynasty, who was erudite and thoughtful about the classics. He also wrote "Pictures of League Meetings" and "Chunqiu Long Calendar", which became a family story. The lower couplet refers to Du Ruhui of the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, he was the right servant of Shangshu. He was granted the title of Duke of Lai State and was in charge of government affairs together with Fang Xuanling. His image is in Lingyan Pavilion.

Jinling Duqu;

Jade slips and treasures.

——Anonymous couplet for ancestral halls with dummy surnames

The first couplet refers to Du Qiuniang of the Tang Dynasty, who was Li Qi’s concubine at the age of fifteen. The lyrics of the song "Qi" go: "There are flowers that can be broken, but they must be broken. Don't wait for the flowers to be empty and break the branches." Tao, Shuo became an immortal and left.

Nanyang Bright;

Lai national reputation.

——The Anonymous Couplet of the Ancestral Hall with Du Surname

The Shangliandian refers to the Eastern Han Dynasty Du Shi Shi Dian. Xia Lian Dian refers to Du Ru Hui Shi Dian of Tang Dynasty.

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〖Five-character Universal Couplet of Du Ancestral Hall〗

Thinking about the scriptures;

Image by Ling Yan.

——Anonymous couplet for ancestral halls with Du surnames

The Shangliandian refers to Du Yu (222-284), a general and scholar of the Western Jin Dynasty. Du Yu, courtesy name Yuan Kai, was born in Duling, Jingzhao (now southeast of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). He once served as the general of Zhennan. He commanded the military forces in Jingzhou to destroy Wu Gong and was granted the title of Marquis of Dangyang County. He had many strategies and was called "Du Wuku" at that time. He wrote the "Collected Commentary on Zuo's Classics in the Spring and Autumn Period", which is the earliest type of commentary on "Zuo's Classics" that has been passed down to this day, and is included in "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics". Xia Lian Dian refers to Du Ruhui (585-630), a minister in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Ruhui, courtesy name Keming, was born in Duling, Jingzhao (now southeast of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). In the late Sui Dynasty, he served as Fuyang Wei. Tang soldiers entered Guanzhong to help Li Shimin plan. When the official reaches Shangshu, his right servant shoots. After his death, his posthumous title was completed and his portrait was painted in Lingyan Pavilion.

A scholarly scholar and a rich scholar;

Xing Douhuan's articles.

——Anonymous couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Du.

This couplet is an anonymous collection of Du Fu’s poem couplets.

The thatched cottage will be left to future generations;

Poetry will last forever.

——Zhu De wrote a general couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Du.

This couplet is a couplet for Du Fu’s Thatched Cottage in Chengdu, Sichuan Province written by Zhu De (1886-1976).

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〖Seven-character Universal Couplet of the Ancestral Hall with the Surname Du〗

Standing the Tao is as good as Zhou Zhu History;

Written by Zheng Sinong.

——Du Mu wrote a common couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Du.

This couplet is a poem couplet by Du Mu (803-852), a poet of the Tang Dynasty.

The clouds and clouds and the clear light change the phenology;

The spring night and the rain know the season.

——Du Fu wrote a universal couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Du.

This couplet is a couplet of poems by Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty.

The maple forest, green trees and paintings are combined;

The jade cup and brocade mat are in full swing.

——Du Fu wrote a common couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Du.

This couplet is a couplet of poems by Du Fu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty.

When I wake up from the dream, Yangzhou is a happy place;

I am worried about the old customs of the country.

——Du Shenyan wrote a universal couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Du.

This couplet is a poem couplet by Du Shenyan (about 645-about 708), a poet of the Tang Dynasty. Du Shenyan, whose courtesy name is Bi Jian, was originally from Xiangyang (now part of Hubei Province). There is "Collection of Du Shenyan".

The spring breeze of Jinshui has taken possession of me;

I will return to the thatched cottage.

——He Shaoji wrote the universal couplet for the ancestral hall with the surname Du.

This couplet is the couplet for the Du Gongbu (Du Fu) ancestral hall written by He Shaoji, a calligrapher of the Qing Dynasty. "Ren Day" refers to the seventh day of the first lunar month, when many people come here to visit.

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〖Universal couplets of seven words or more in the ancestral hall with the surname Du〗

Flowers are folded in time , Jinling Duqu;

The orchid was banished to Li, and the jade slips were kept as treasures.

——Anonymous couplet for ancestral halls with the surname Du.

The first couplet refers to the character Du Qiuniang in literary stories. Du Mu's "Preface to Du Qiuniang's Poems" of the Tang Dynasty said that she was a fifteen-year-old woman from Jinling in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, she was the concubine of Li Qi, the military governor of western Zhejiang Province. She once sang to Li Qi, "Flowers are ready to be broken when they bloom. Don't wait until there are no flowers to break branches." After entering the palace, she was favored by Emperor Xianzong. During Emperor Mu Zong's reign, she was the nanny of the prince. During Emperor Wenzong's reign, the prince was deposed, so she returned to her hometown. The second couplet refers to the fairy Du Lanxiang of the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to legend, a fisherman picked up a three-year-old girl on the shore of Dongting Lake and raised her until she was more than ten years old. She was surprisingly beautiful. Suddenly one day, the Qingtong Immortal descended from the sky and took her daughter away. Before leaving, she said, "I am the fairy Du Lanxiang. I was banished to the human world due to mistakes. Now I am going back to heaven." Later, she descended to Zhang Shuo's house in Baoshan, Dongting. He taught Zhang Shuo Taoism and left behind jade slips and other objects. Zhang Shuo also became an immortal and left.

Bu built a thatched cottage and misinformed Yan Wu's house;

It is famous for its arsenal and is fond of Zuo's calligraphy.

——The general couplet of the ancestral hall of Du surname written by an anonymous person

The upper couplet refers to the Du Fu Thatched Cottage in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Xia Lian Dian refers to Du Yushi Dian, a general and scholar of the Western Jin Dynasty.

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Appendix: Allusions and interesting stories about the surname Du

〖Du Kang and wine〗

Du Kang, whose courtesy name was Zhongning, was a member of the Kang family and was good at making wine. In "Zhongzhou Zazu" and "Zhili Ruzhou Complete Records", Dukang's wine-making process is vividly and concretely described.

It is said that there is an old mulberry tree in Jiuquan Valley in Dukang Village, Ruyang, Henan. This is where Dukang invented wine. Du Kang was a sheep herder when he was a child. Every sunrise, he would drive the sheep to the ewe slope for grazing. At noon, we went to Jiuquangou to eat and read. Jiuquangou was called Kongmulang Stream in ancient times and was full of mulberry trees. A clear spring flows through the forest. There is an old mulberry tree by the spring. The tree body is empty due to its age. Du Kang was eating under the tree. He often remembered his ancestors and found it difficult to eat, so he threw the leftovers into the mulberry tree hole. When the villagers saw that Du Kang didn't want to eat and was getting thinner day by day, they gave him Qufen to satisfy his hunger. Inadvertently, he threw the koji powder into the tree hole. In this way, rice koji ferments and turns into wine. After Du Kang drank this wine, he realized that wine could relieve worries and cheer him up. So he summed up his experience and started making wine as a career.

In the future, in addition to "Dukang Valley", "Dukang Spring" and "Dukang River", people named it "Dukang Tomb" and "Dukang Temple". Emperor Wu of the Wei Dynasty, Cao Cao, wrote a poem in "Dan Ge Xing", "Why can only Du Kang relieve his worries?" These fully illustrate that Du Kang was an expert in wine making in ancient times.