Was there glass in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty?

There was glass in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, with the exchange of trade between the East and the West, a large number of missionaries flooded into cities. Under the double stimulation of Chinese and western culture and trade, local artifacts have reached a new peak in production methods and decorative techniques. Taking glass smelting as an example, it was not until the establishment of the glass factory in the thirty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1696) that many large-scale practical glass products were created, which made the glass manufacturing technology in China develop rapidly.

Since then, the glass production in Qing Dynasty has re-entered the track of steady development. On behalf of the technical level of glass making in Qing dynasty, the palace made glass, that is, various glassware made by the glass factory for the royal family according to the emperor's decree. In the Qing Dynasty, from Emperor Kangxi to the last emperor Puyi, the glass factory, the official workshop of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, never stopped making and producing glass.

In ancient times, glass was called coloured glaze, float glass, sapphire, etc. It, together with gold, silver, jade, ceramics and bronze, is called the five famous vessels in China, ranking first among the five famous vessels. The ancients called artificial and natural gems, feeders and glassware colored glazes. But coloured glaze is not glass, glass is only material, and coloured glaze is a living work of art. After thousands of years, it has gradually become a proper term containing China's profound culture and tradition.

China glass has a long history, from the Warring States Period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, China's ancient glass manufacturing industry basically developed difficultly in the long practice and exploration of more than 2,000 years.

Extended data:

Development history

The earliest glass manufacturer in the world was the ancient Egyptians. The appearance and use of glass has a history of more than 4000 years in human life. Small glass beads have been unearthed from the remains of Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt 4000 years ago.

/kloc-in the 0/2 century, commercial glass appeared and began to become an industrial material. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, in order to meet the needs of making telescopes, optical glass was made. 1874, Belgium made flat glass for the first time. 1906, the flat glass is made in America. Since then, with the industrialization and scale of glass production, glasses with various uses and properties have come out one after another. In modern times, glass has become an important material in daily life, production and science and technology.

More than 3000 years ago, a European Phoenician merchant ship loaded with crystal mineral "natural soda" sailed on the Berus River on the Mediterranean coast. As the sea ebbed, the merchant ship ran aground, so the crew boarded the beach one after another. Some crew members also carry cauldrons and firewood, and use a few pieces of "natural soda" as the support of the cauldron to cook on the beach.

After the crew finished eating, the tide began to rise. They were about to pack up their things and go on sailing when someone shouted, "Come and see, there are some glittering and translucent things on the sand at the bottom of the pot!" " "

The crew took these shiny things to the ship to study them carefully. They found some quartz sand and melted natural soda sticking to these shiny things. It turns out that these shiny things are natural soda used to make pot supports when they cook. Under the action of flame, they react chemically with quartz sand on the beach, which is the earliest glass.

Later, the Phoenicians mixed quartz sand with natural soda, and then melted it in a special furnace to make glass balls, which made the Phoenicians make a fortune. Around the 4th century, the ancient Romans began to apply glass to doors and windows. By 129 1, the glass manufacturing technology in Italy has been very developed.

In this way, Italian glassworkers were sent to an isolated island to produce glass, and they were not allowed to leave the island for life. 1688, a man named Fu Na invented the method of making large pieces of glass. Since then, glass has become an ordinary article.

Glass: This is Sanskrit, not the so-called glass now. It's also quite plum, KJV is quite Jia, and Di Ting Jia is Jia, which is equivalent to the water essence (crystal) here.

Crystal has four colors: purple, white, red and blue.

"Xuan Ying Yi Yin" said: "Glass is also known as the national treasure of the West. This cloud is full of jade or white pearls. 」

"Great Theory" said: "This treasure came from the grottoes in the mountains. After a thousand years, it turned into a beautiful pearl. 」

Huiyuan Yi Yin said this to this treasure: "It looks like water essence, and its luster is more subtle than water essence, with four colors: yellow, blue, purple and white.

Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty: "Glazed glass is quite elegant". So is the name of Bali. It is as bright as water and as hard as jade, hence the name Shuiyu. Same name as the water mirror.

For hundreds of years, people have always thought that glass is green and cannot be changed. Later, it was found that the green color came from a small amount of iron in the raw materials, and the compound of divalent iron made the glass appear green. After adding manganese dioxide, the original ferrous iron becomes yellow trivalent iron, and the tetravalent manganese is reduced to purple trivalent manganese.

Optically, yellow and purple can complement each other to a certain extent, and when they are mixed together, they become white light, so the color of glass will not cast light. But after several years, trivalent manganese will continue to be oxidized by air, and the color will gradually turn yellow, so the windows of those old houses will turn yellow slightly.

Ordinary glass is an amorphous solid with irregular structure (from a microscopic point of view, glass is also a liquid), and its molecules are not arranged in a long-range order in space like crystals, but in a short-range order like liquids. Glass keeps a certain shape like a solid, unlike liquid, which flows by gravity.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-glass