What is the truth about Liu Bei borrowing Jingzhou?

Of course, some friends think that Liu Bei only borrowed Nanjun at most, not Jingzhou.

However, there is a problem here: both Biography of the Ancestors and Biography of Wu clearly record (see the previous quotation) that Liu Bei promised Sun Quan that once Liangzhou was captured, he would immediately cede the whole Jingzhou to Sun Quan. Is Liu Bei sick? If you only borrowed one south county, why did you give all the counties in Jingzhou to Sun Quan? Liu Bei captured Liangzhou Guan Sunquan. What does he want to give Jingzhou to Sun Quan?

One more thing, prepare for Yizhou, and let Zhu Gejin leave Jingzhou counties. He is not allowed to say, "Our plan for Liangzhou is to decide Liangzhou, but Jingzhou and Wuer are the best. "All said:" This is false, but I don't want to contradict it. I want to introduce the year with empty words. " So, three officials of Nanjun were appointed, and Guan Yu tried his best to get rid of them. Sun Quan's response to Liu Bei's failure to return Jingzhou was to seize three southern counties by force. It can be seen that in Sun Quan's understanding, Liu Bei should not only return the southern counties, but also return the southern counties.

So in the eyes of leaders Liu Bei and Sun Quan, they really borrowed all Jingzhou counties except the places occupied by Cao Cao, not just Nanjun.

1.4 the nature of Liu Bei's recovery of four southern counties

It was after Liu Bei captured the four southern counties that Zhou Yu gave Liu Bei the land on the south bank of the southern counties. At this time, Liu Bei already had the vast territory of four counties. What did Zhou Yu do for Liu Bei in such a small place on the south bank of Nanjun County? Why did Liu Bei set up Jingzhou Animal Husbandry Institute here?

Because the oil port belongs to Nanjun's territory, if Liu Bei wants to stand here, he must ask Zhou Yu to give it a piece of land to station.

So the question arises:

-Liu Bei has occupied a vast area of four counties in the south of Jingzhou. Why did he ask Zhou Yu to give him such a small piece of land to station? You know, most of Nanjun's territory is in Jiangbei.

-Among the four southern counties occupied by Liu Bei, there are many big towns: Hanshou and Liling, which were once ruled by Jingzhou, can all be used as Liu Bei's office. Why do you want to temporarily change the military camp into a city office in Youkou?

-Liu Bei controlled four counties in the south, but he didn't appoint any county prefect. Only Zhuge Liang supervised three counties and transferred taxes?

A, "Guan Yu Biography": My ancestors took over the counties in the south of the Yangtze River, but worshipped the founding fathers, and I was the prefect and general of Xiangyang, stationed in the north of the Yangtze River.

B, "Biography of Zhang Fei": The first master decided to fly to the south of the Yangtze River, the capital was the satrap, the generals were recruited, the new pavilion was sealed, and then the south county was transferred.

C, "Zhao Yunzhuan": moved to the general yamen. When my ancestors went to Shu, why did they stay in Jingzhou? ("Cloud Legend" records: "Since I leveled the south of the Yangtze River, I thought I was partial to the general, and I introduced Guiyang as the satrap and replaced Zhao Fan." However, there is no such record in the official history of the Three Kingdoms. It is estimated that Zhaoyun only manages the area on his behalf)

-Liu Bei has controlled Changsha, Guiyang, Lingling and Wuling counties in the south, but in the fifteenth year of Jian 'an, Sun Quan classified Changsha as Hanchang County (of course, it may also be one of the conditions for borrowing Jingzhou).

-Biography of Zhou Tai: Later, Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu rejected Cao Gong in Chibi and attacked Cao Ren in Nanjun. Jingzhou was pacified and the soldiers were stationed in Cen. (Cen is located in Lixian County, Hunan Province, which belonged to Wuling County at that time)

The answers to these questions can be summarized as follows: although Liu Bei occupied four counties in the south, he was entrusted by Sun Quan to take them back for him, and Liu Bei himself did not own or dispose of these four counties. In this way, the records of Zitongzhi Bamboo Slips and Jiangbiao Biography are more accurate.

This is why Liu Bei, after occupying four southern counties, asked Zhou Yu to station a small piece of land for him as the office of Jingzhou Pastoral. It is also the main reason why Liu Bei risked his life to see Sun Quan in person and demanded the governance of Jingzhou.

After Zhou Yu's death, with the strong support of Lu Su, Liu Bei's request was finally agreed by Sun Quan on the condition that:

A. Sun Quan is guarding Jiangxia County (except the part occupied by Cao Cao), because this is the key to shielding Jiangdong;

B, Sun Quan is separated from Changsha County, and the north is mainly along the Yangtze River to control the Yangtze River;

C. After Liu Bei seized the new base area from the enemy, he returned Sun Quan. (At that time, I mainly wanted to take it from Cao Cao, and Yizhou was also intended to be taken by Sun Quan. However, after lending Jingzhou, Sun Quan had little hope of seizing Yizhou.

D. The sites borrowed by Liu Bei include: most of Nanjun (a small part is in Cao Cao's hands), Wuling County, Lingling County, Guiyang County and the south of Changsha County. Later, Liu Bei was divided into Yidu County in the west of Nanjun County.

1.5 Liu Bei's contribution to the battle of Jiangling in Chibi

Some friends think that Liu Bei's main participation in Battle of Red Cliffs has made great contributions, and Jingzhou naturally has Liu Bei's share. Actually, it is not.

-Liu Bei basically didn't send troops to Battle of Red Cliffs, but just led several Qin Bing to follow Zhou Yu. Guan Yu talked about this matter, which can be proved as follows: "In the battle of Wulin, General Zuo was in the platoon and didn't take off his bed. He tried his best to break Wei, but in vain. There is no soil, but he wants to take back the land. " ("Wu Shu") That is: Liu Bei participated in Battle of Red Cliffs alone (personally), and other people and troops did not mention it at all.

-None of Liu Bei's major generals, including Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, participated in any record of Battle of Red Cliffs. If you take part in such a great victory, it will be recorded in your personal biography, even if it is only a sum of money. Unfortunately, there is no record that even Zhuge Liang participated. At the same time, almost all the generals who participated in the war under Sun Quan are recorded in their personal biographies.

-"Biography of Jiang Biao" records: "Although the preparation is deeply shameful, the heart will not allow it, and the northern army will be defeated. Therefore, it is wrong to put 2,000 people in the back and fly away, but they are not willing to iron feathers. There are also plans to advance and retreat. " It is a good proof (although it is considered to be the exclusive beauty of Wu people, it is a normal performance throughout Liu Bei's life, which is consistent with the record that he did not participate in the war in his personal biography).

-Did Liu Bei contribute to the siege of Jiangling? I can only say very little. Lu Wu said: According to legend, Yu Yun said: "Benevolence guards Jiangling City, and there is enough food in the city to support the sick. Zhang Yide took a thousand people behind Qing, and Qing took two thousand people after me, thinking that after I cut Ren from Xiashui people, Ren heard that I had entered and left. " I benefited from two thousand people. -This is the only record of Liu Bei's participation in Jiangling operations. Liu Bei asked Zhang Fei's 1000 men to follow Zhou Yu to attack the city, and Zhou Yu sent another 2000 men to cut off Cao Ren's back road from Xiashui. But judging from the results, Liu Bei didn't finish the task, and Guan Yu took the task a year later, but he still didn't finish it. In short, Liu Bei sent 1000 troops to participate in the battle of Jiangling. And Zhou Yu's troops are at least thirty thousand.

-Liu Bei's actual strength at that time. Because Liu Bei was defeated by Cao Cao's elite cavalry in Dangyang, the army was basically lost, but how many men and horses did Guan Yu's water army have? The only record is the conversation between Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan.

At that time, Sun Quan was very skeptical about Liu Bei's residual strength ("But can An resist this after Yuzhou's new defeat?" Zhuge Liang (Zhuge Liang Chuan) In order to dispel Sun Quan's doubts, Zhuge Liang replied: "Although the Yuzhou army was defeated by Nagano, Guan Yu's water army still has 10,000 soldiers, and Liu Qi's rivers and rivers are no less than 10,000 soldiers. Cao Cao's people, exhausted from thousands of miles away, heard that they chased Yuzhou and rode more than 300 miles a day and night. This so-called "a spent force, it is impossible to wear Lu." Therefore, Sun Tzu's art of war is taboo, saying, "You must be a general. "And northerners don't learn to fight in water; Moreover, the people of Jingzhou attached a symbol, forcing soldiers to take advantage of the situation, unconvinced. Now, the general can lead tens of thousands of soldiers to form a brave army and defeat Cao Cao's army together with Yuzhou Xiegui. If Cao Cao's army is broken, it will return to the north. In this way, the situation of Jing and Wu will be stronger and the feet will be formed. The chance of success or failure is today. "

In other words, when Zhuge Liang boasted about Liu Bei's strength to Sun Quan, Guan Yu's water army and scattered soldiers had already numbered 10,000. The actual strength is estimated to be less than this.

There are two other data that record the strength of Liu Bei's army during this period:

Lu Wu: According to legend, Yu Yun said, "Benevolence guards Jiangling City, and there is enough food in the city to support the sick. Make Zhang Yide one thousand people against you, "

Biography of Jiang Biao: "So, we made a mistake and let two thousand people fly with feathers, but refused to tie them to it."

It can be seen that Liu Bei's two closest confidants are both military generals, but each of them leads a thousand troops. What is the total strength of Liu Canbei?

Look at Zhuge Liang's original words-as for Xiakou, the late Lord said, "It's urgent, please be ordered to ask General Sun for help." (Biography of Zhuge Liang). You know, if Liu Bei and Liu Qi have 20,000 soldiers, facing Cao Cao's attack, they can only say that things are critical and ask Sun Quan for help. However, Zhou Yu only brought 30,000 people (maybe less than 30,000), but he was confident to defeat Cao Cao. Comparing the two, it is likely that the actual strength difference between Sun and Liu in Jiangxia is more than 10,000. So Liu Beijun estimates that there are only a few thousand people.

1.6 the situation in Jiangxia county

Some friends believe that Liu Bei exchanged Jiangxia County for Sun Quan's South County. Actually, it is not.

After Liu Biao's death, Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao, and the territory of Jingzhou basically fell. Only a small part of Jiangxia County is still in the hands of Liu Qi and Liu Bei.

-At the beginning of the year, Sun Quan captured Xiakou and annihilated Howie Corps. Later, although Xiakou was abandoned, it always controlled the south bank of the Yangtze River in Jiangxia County. Therefore, even before Battle of Red Cliffs, Jiangxia controlled by Liu Qi only had the northern half. Shown as:

Hu Zong was appointed Governor of Hubei Province,

Send Huang Zu's old general Gan Ning to lead the troops to Dangkou (located in the dictionary of the Three Kingdoms in Wuhan, Hubei Province today).

-Cao Cao accepted Jingzhou, defeated Liu Bei, and appointed Wen Pin as the satrap of Jiangxia, responsible for all parts of Jiangxia Jiangbei.

Therefore, the actual scope of Jiangxia County controlled by Liu Qi is not large, even only in Xiakou area. So after Sun Quan beat Coss away, he appointed Cheng Pu as Jiangxia Prefecture. At this time, Liu Bei has not borrowed Jingzhou.

After Liu Bei came from Battle of Red Cliffs, he was basically not in Xiakou, but mainly stationed in Nanjun and Nanjun. So when Liu Qi died, this gorge was abandoned. Sun Quan later built Xiakou City in the south of the Yangtze River (located in the present Wuchang area in the south of the Yangtze River). Therefore, there will be no question of Sun Quan trading Nanjun for Jiangxia.

As the former Xiakou City was isolated in the territory of Sun Quan, Liu Bei would not actually occupy it. So it is equal to Liu Bei's automatic abandonment of the city. Perhaps Guan Yu used this city as the base of the Northern Expedition (not recorded) and fought many wars with Wei Jun. But after Liu Bei borrowed Jingzhou, Guan Yu immediately moved to Jiangling. At this time, Xia Kou gave up completely. Liu's influence in Jiangxia is over.

1.7 Summarize.

According to Liu Bei's request, action and the reaction of both sides later, we should be able to know:

Liu Bei did borrow the land of five counties in Jingzhou from Sun Quan (two of which were incomplete) as a base for his own development.

When Liu Bei borrowed it, he promised to return all the borrowed sites when he had a new base in the future.

Because Liu Bei didn't make much contribution in the most important and crucial offensive and defensive battles in Battle of Red Cliffs and Nanjun, he could only ask Sun Quan to lend some for his foothold and development when he later allocated territory.

At that time, Liu Bei's own residual strength was not great. Liu Bei did not want to risk a decisive battle, but wanted Zhou Yu to resist. Therefore, when distributing benefits after the war, Liu Bei really had no capital and was in a very unfavorable position.