What are the rules of couplets?

First, the flat tone

Generally speaking, the characters of the upper and lower tones (both Yin Ping and Yang Ping) in Putonghua are mostly "flat tones" in the phonology department of classical poetry; The third and fourth tones are Legato (both "rising tone" and "falling tone"), but this is only a general situation and is by no means certain. If we use the pronunciation of Putonghua as the rhyme to determine the level tone, there will be errors. Because in many Rusheng characters, its pronunciation is the tone of Yin and Yang in Mandarin, and Rusheng characters are only the rhyme of poetry. Entering rhymes is my biggest headache, and I will make mistakes if I am not careful. In my own classical poetry, most of the faults are found in the wrong entering tone words.

How can I remember the entering tone words? Someone summed up the trick, but I don't quite agree. In my opinion, the mastery of Rusheng characters should be gradually realized in long-term writing. When you are unfamiliar, you can only determine it by looking it up in a rhyme book. Although this is cumbersome, it can effectively avoid mistakes in leveling.

The rhyme book is very clear. Here, let's take a few words as examples, but I hope everyone knows that these words are not flat, but rhyme: peeling, eating, walking, * excitement, rest, and so on. The pronunciation of these words is "flat and even" in Mandarin, but they all rhyme in rhyme.

Add a short story to illustrate the problem of flat tone: Liang Wudi once asked Zhu Yi: "You literati speak four tones all day. What does this mean? " Zhu took the opportunity to kiss up: "It means' Long live the son of heaven'." The sky is flat, the child is rising, the ten thousand is falling, and the blessing is entering the tone. When the balance is balanced, it constitutes the four tones of middle ancient Chinese, and when the sky is high, it is called falling tone. Among these four tones, entering tone is the most problematic. Liang Wudi then asked: "Why is the' Tian Zi Hand Test' not four tones?" Heaven, Confucius and the birthday girl are all flat and up and down, but the exams are silent, indicating that ordinary people at that time didn't know what Rusheng was.

In fact, in Mandarin, Rusheng has disappeared. Some Rusheng words with different pronunciations and rhymes read exactly the same today. For example, "b, Yi, Yi" in Pingshui Rhyme, which belongs to four different rhymes of entering tone, thirteen-digit and fourteen-stroke, is read in Putonghua without any difference (if it is read in Minnan dialect, it can be clearly distinguished, and it can be read as ik, IT and ip respectively).

That's all I said just in a flat tone. Actually, if you have a rhyme book in your hand, it is the most convenient thing. When you are not sure about the level of many words, you can look them up. I used to prefer to use Ping Shui Yun, but now I only like the new version of the poem rhyme bought by the bookstore. This book is called Xin Yun, which is to improve the rhyming book of classical poetry. If you go to some big bookstores, you should be able to find such books to sell. Sanlian bookstore has these books.

Second, some concepts about rhyme.

Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry meter. In fact, if a word appears in a line of poetry, its flatness can be called law, its mistakes are called "irregular" and its mistakes are called "rhyming". Poets use rhyme in their poems, which is called "rhyme". Poetry from The Book of Songs to later generations has almost no rhyme. Even folk songs rhyme. In northern operas, rhyme is also called "quotation", so "rhyme" is also called "quotation".

People write classical poems in two ways: one is accustomed to writing poems in an even manner without following the rules, and the use of rules is determined by the pronunciation of Putonghua. So if they don't mention the rules, they won't write according to the rules, but the rhyme is probably wrong. I stubbornly believe that a classical poem can be wrong, but it must not be wrong, otherwise it is not classical at all. There are also some friends who like to write poems according to the meter. Most of the rhymes they refer to are the meter in Ping Shui Yun or Inspiration of Rhythm. This is correct. Although many people call for using Putonghua to determine the rhyming part of poetry, these appeals have not been paid attention to and recognized by the relevant departments. Therefore, if you want to make your poems not rhyme, you still have to use these rules written by the ancients for us. In fact, there are not many problems involved in rhyme, except that the words can be stipulated in the rhyme book, and then it is enough to understand a few concepts that must be mastered.

Summarize the definitions related to rhyme, which is also a noun explanation:

1. Rhyme: Rhyme in classical poetry writing, which can be used by mixing the rhymes of adjacent rhymes.

2. Narrow rhyme: There are few words in a rhyme. (Wide rhyme is the opposite of narrow rhyme, so it is omitted. )

3. Rhyme: When rhymes should be used according to the rules of word spectrum, words mixed with other rhymes in poems are called rhymes.

4. Rhyme: rhyming words used in singing and other people's poems are used to rhyme poems.

5. Secondary rhyme: also known as "step rhyme", the same rhyme words in the original poem must be used in the same order.

6. Rhyme: Use the same rhyme in other people's original poems, but not in their order.

7. Rhyme: Use words that rhyme with the original poem, but don't use its original words.

8. Rhyme: The first sentence rhymes with the last sentence, the second sentence rhymes with the second sentence of Tao, and so on.

9, even rhyme: rhyme only when you meet even sentences.

10. Rhyme: A rhyming method in which one call should be converted. Generally, the last sentence rhymes and the next one follows.

1 1. Rhyme arrangement: From the ground sentences to the whole chapter or even the whole article, every sentence is based on the same rhyme.

Third, duality:

If Duality is elaborated, it is better to buy a book and read it carefully, mainly because there are too many contents. I remember I was very surprised when I saw that the word "dual" had so many learning materials. I always thought that mastering basic knowledge was enough, but I didn't expect to learn so much. In every part of the antithesis, it is divided into small parts, and it is difficult to summarize it comprehensively here. Therefore, you can only choose some memorable and versatile knowledge as the content of your notes, and you must read books for deeper knowledge.

Duality in poetry is called duality. The ancient guard of honor is relative, which is the origin of the word "antithesis". Generally speaking, duality refers to the relativity of the upper and lower sentences. The previous sentence is also called "sentence", and the next sentence is also called "duality".

The antithesis of orthographic poems is different from that of couplets, so it is wrong to copy them. The antithesis in couplets is very wide, that is to say, even if it is neat (also called wide antithesis), the antithesis in metrical poems is different. The antithesis of metrical poems is very strict in neatness, even stricter than words and songs. Because there are many antitheses in the seven-metrical poems, antitheses are required in couplets and necklaces, so antitheses are mostly used in the "seven-metrical" genre in metrical poems, but less in quatrains. The requirements of lyrics and songs are relatively loose. Generally speaking, the five-character and seven-character sentences in classical words require antithesis as long as they appear in pairs. If the first two sentences of a word require antithesis, there will be special requirements in the word spectrum, such as the first two sentences of Xijiang Moon and Shake Up and Walk. Fortunately, many of these requirements are not deliberately reminded, so now when we fill in the words, even if there are mistakes, we often ignore this aspect.

The antithesis rules of metrical poems have the following points:

1, the syntax is the same.

You can't use words with the same meaning. Confrontations like "people have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs" are allowed in words and songs, but not in metrical poems.

3. Part of speech should be relative. Noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb, pronoun to pronoun, function word to function word. If you want to be neat, you must also use words (mainly nouns) with the same meaning, such as astronomy to astronomy, geography to geography, logarithm, orientation to each other, color to color, time to time, device to device, personnel to personnel, biology to biology, and so on. One thing that needs special attention is that it cannot be synonymous in duality. For example, "the stars descend from the clearing, and the moon runs from the river", "star" and "moon" are astronomical pairs, "wild" and "river" are geographical pairs, "vertical" is relative to "surge", "flat" is relative to "big" and "wide" is relative to "flow". This kind of confrontation is called the right work.

4. Sentences are relative.

5. Sentence words and sentence words cannot be reused.

There are two differences between antithesis of words and metrical poems.

First, the antithesis of words is not necessarily equivalent, but equivalent. For example, "thousands of miles are frozen, Wan Li snow drifts", or "looking inside and outside the Great Wall, I am boundless; The river rises and falls, losing its momentum "(the city is flat on the river; Outside to the bottom, right).

Second, the antithesis of words can make the same word relative. Such as "A Thousand Miles of Ice" to "Snow in Wan Li"; Another example is "broken horseshoe" versus "whistle"; "Cangshan is like the sea" versus "Sunset is like blood".

Except for the above two points, the antithesis of words is the same as that of poetry.

The explanation of some nouns in duality;

1, hands crossed-the antithetical upper and lower sentences in a pair of couplets are generally different or opposite in content. If two sentences are completely synonymous or basically synonymous, it is called "crossing hands". Crossing your hands is a taboo in writing poetry.

2, running water pair-the relationship between the upper and lower sentences is the same, talking about the same thing, the next sentence is derived from the previous sentence, and the two sentences are actually one sentence, called "running water pair."

Fourthly, the differences in rhyme between ancient poetry and ancient poetry:

The rhyme of ancient poetry is somewhat different from that of ancient poetry. Respectively in the following aspects:

1, each poem of classical rhythm can use one rhyme, or two or more rhymes, and it is allowed to change rhyme; Modern verse can only use one rhyme per rhyme, and even the arrangement of dozens of sentences cannot be changed.

2. Classical poetry can rhyme with even sentences or odd sentences. Modern poetry rhymes only in even-numbered sentences except the first sentence (which rhymes with a flat tone and does not rhyme with a flat tone). Five words don't gamble more, seven words gamble more), and the rest of the odd sentences don't rhyme;

3. Classical poetry can rhyme; Generally, only flat rhyme is used in the near body. ("Qi Liang Ti" is called archaism, and the poems that are out of date after the Tang Dynasty are also called archaism. Metric poems, including metrical poems and quatrains, are called modern poems or modern poems. )

The rhyme of a word can be found in the dictionary. The rhyme of a word does not need to rhyme to the end like a metrical poem, and you can choose other rhymes to use within the scope of rhyme. This practice is called "general charge". The rhyming part of "Children's Song" can't be used at will, it is still the part stipulated in rhyming.

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Eight taboos of rhyming poems

Rhyming eight taboos:

Poetry has rhyme, and there are columns in the house; If the pillar is unstable, the house will collapse. If the rhyme is unstable, the poem is not good. So beginners must know what rhymes should be taught. Let's try to describe them below:

First, stop rhyming.

Custom is also called rhyme.

It doesn't match the meaning of the whole sentence, but it is barely enough. For example, if the word "easy to flow" is "floating" in the Tang poem "Yellow River People Flow", it is rhyming. Beginners are most likely to make this mistake and should be warned.

Second, quit rhyme.

What falls in rhyme is called rhyme. For example, a poem is full of one rhyme, and suddenly the words are full of two rhymes. Although the ancient rhyme of one rhyme and two rhymes can be communicated, it can be used when using various ancient styles. This is rhyme. Scholars should be cautious.

Third, avoid heavy rhyme.

The combination of one word and two meanings is called heavy rhyme.

If the ear is one of the five senses, it is also a language-assisted speech; Doing is the meaning of interference and can also be used as a solution. In a poem, two meanings are sworn together, which also existed in the previous generation, but beginners finally have the right not to commit crimes.

Fourth, quit rhyming.

Those who reverse the rhyme, reverse the meaning and rhyme of the word. For example, in an ancient poem, the phrase "the new book comes before the back" means "before the back", which is called inverted rhyme. However, this word does no harm to the meaning, and it can also be used backwards. If you use words that can't be inverted, such as strong forest trees, you will feel unreasonable.

Fifth, stop using dumb rhyme.

When writing a poem, you should choose a rhyme with a loud voice, and the natural tone is superb. If you use dumb rhyme, not only the words are not right, but also the whole poem is weak because of it.

Sixth, stop using rhymes.

Odd rhyme, also known as dangerous rhyme, is like eight odd rhymes, which is easy to teach. Second, Xiaoyun's Zhao character is far-sighted; Words can only be meaningful, easy to use and easy to make do. However, if there are two words and three words that are classic and sound very suitable for the topic, you might as well take a gamble.

Seventh, stop using synonymous rhymes.

There are numbers synonymous in a rhyme, such as the flower of six hemp, the fragrance of seven yang and the sadness of eleven especially, all of which have the same meaning. If you put them in a poem, they will be repetitive and disgusting.

8. Avoid rhyming synonyms.

There are real words and function words. For example, a wind word with an eastern rhyme is not regarded as an ironic wind word; Thinking about four rhymes of words is not the meaning of thinking about words. If misused, it will lose rhyme, sticky and other disadvantages. Beginners should be careful.

What are the four taboos of poetry? Say: you can add or subtract, you can add more or you can add less; But he can do this. He can go up and down. Scholars know how to avoid the four taboos in rhythmic poetry. Therefore, it is expressed by four taboos in the poem, which are still described as follows:

First, it can be increased or decreased.

Such as five verses, seven verses plus two words. The poem of the seven verses, such as reducing words to five verses.

Second, more or less.

For example, in a poem, one meaning is divided into four sentences, or four sentences still belong to the same meaning.

Third, you can do this.

For example, Yongmei's poems can be moved to chant chrysanthemums; Landscape poems can be moved to chant romantic feelings and the like.

Fourth, you can go up and down.

For example, the sentence that rhymes with four verses is the same as the fourth sentence. If there is no hierarchy, the upper sentence and the lower sentence can be reversed.

Four Taboos of Rhyme

What are the four taboos of regular poetry? One day you don't work, two days are inconsistent; Third, it is unnatural; Four is not elegant. Beginners should pay special attention to these four taboos, now that they have understood the above taboos. This is as follows.

First, don't work

Duality is the most important in metrical poetry. Duality sentences can't be matched well.

Second, incoherence.

Rhyme begins with the first couplet, the second couplet is inheritance, the third couplet is turning point and the fourth couplet is combination. If you don't know the level of starting, bearing and turning, but put the two together, it will be inconsistent.

Third, it is unnatural.

Rhyme should be studied in conception, sentence making, word refinement, rhetoric and various methods, and it should be studied in the present. The meaning of a poem is the same as that of a sentence. This is unnatural.

Fourth, it is not elegant.

Rhyme should be good at using classicism, if it is just greeting eyes, bending fingers, being good at teaching, praising words and exaggerating words.

Flat bricks avoid bricks.

Sticking to the right also has some flexibility, basically following the formula of "135 regardless, 246 distinct", that is to say, whether a modern poem follows sticking to the right is generally based on its even number and the last word. If the sentence is wrong, it is called wrong; If adjacent sentences are not sticky, they are called sticky. Dislocation and stickiness are taboos in modern poetry. Comparatively speaking, dislocation is more serious than sticking. The rules of pasting were later determined and often found in the poems of poets in the early Tang Dynasty. Even Du Fu's poems are occasionally stuck, such as the second poem of the famous sentence "Yong Huai Bei":

Decline: I am well aware of Song Yu's misery, romance and elegance. He is also my teacher.

Sad to see a thousand autumn, a tear, melancholy in different times, not at the same time.

His old home between mountains and rivers-empty works, empty sex platform-is certainly not imagined in the dream? .

The palaces of Chu were all destroyed, and the fishermen who showed them today are not sure.

The third sentence didn't stick to the second sentence. This may have been unconsciously influenced by Qi Liang poets and neglected for some time.

The correct rules were established in Qi and Liang Dynasties, so mistakes are rarely seen in Tang poetry. Among Du Fu's modern poems, only one poem "To General Wang Shicheng Jun" is out of tune:

The general is fearless, with two horns hanging from his arms.

Entangled green horses, in and out of Jincheng.

It is difficult to work if you don't win the lottery in times of crisis.

The guests are full, and no one can tell.

The first sentence and the second sentence, except the first word, are exactly the same, which is mismatched. This may be a temporary negligence when giving a poem without time to process it carefully.

Loneliness and trinity's "problem solving"

Generally speaking, couplets are properly paired according to the meaning expressed by the upper couplet, so that the upper couplet and the lower couplet become a whole. Just like the first part gives a question and the second part answers it. Therefore, how to "solve the problem" is a very important first step.

Please read this couplet first: "If you want to break the city of sorrow, you must indulge in wine". This is a very good network link, and its conception, emotional catharsis and calligraphy skills are very good, giving people a wide range of processing space.

How to "solve the problem", we must first find the subject of couplets-nouns. There are two groups of nouns in couplets: one is worried about the city, and the other is wine. Between the two, there is no doubt that worry is the theme of the first part of this book, and it is also the object of the author's vigorous propaganda. My personal opinion is that the subject looks at nouns and vents on verbs, and the preposition is progressive and related, which can be regarded as a general law.

Second, the joint "problem"

After finding the main body expressed in the first part, how to "pick up the topic" is an important work in the first part. Just like the example mentioned above, "If you want to break the city of sorrow, you must indulge in wine". There are many angles to deal with, so you must find a "breakthrough point".

"Sorrow" is the theme expressed in the first film, but if the first film is treated with worry about the boudoir, homesickness and frustration, it is obviously not in conformity, because the first film is full of potential and does not conform to the major events of the country and the people, so the angle of cut-in is particularly important.

Third, the "harmony" of the alliance

In fact, this topic can be discussed together with the previous topic. As a topic alone here, it is nothing more than emphasizing its importance. "Harmony" is a necessary requirement for writing poems, and it is also very necessary to quote couplets. "Harmony" means that the upper and lower couplets should be "water * melted", just like running water, so it is called "running water pair".

Achieving "harmony" is nothing more than doing "three things" First, the meaning of "harmony" in couplets. Generally speaking, the bottom line is the extension and expansion of the meaning of the top line, but there are also parallel and parallel points, such as "the mountains have a long way to go, and learning from the sea is endless." The second is the "harmony" of potential, that is, the upper and lower alliances should be commensurate with their momentum, and the phenomenon that one alliance is overwhelming and the other alliance is drizzling should be avoided as much as possible; Third, we should pay attention to the "harmony" between words. For example, the first couplet adopts self-alignment technique, and the second couplet also adopts self-alignment, so I won't go into details here.

Fourth, Lian's "allusions".

Allusions are cultural treasures left by our ancestors. The reason why it can be an allusion is that it contains a lot of humanistic connotations and is well known to everyone. Because there are few words in couplets, if you want to express the author's more thoughts, borrowing "allusions" can play a very good role and add a lot of color to couplets. There are many ways to use allusions, such as direct use, cultural use, borrowing and anti-use, so I won't elaborate here.

On the other hand, it's time to say the opposite: if you want to break the city of sorrow, you must indulge in wine-the avenue is difficult, but it is difficult to float. Let me talk about the appreciation of the whole couplet in combination with the above.

If you want to break the city of sorrow, you must indulge in wine-the first quotation "How to solve your worries, only Du Kang" comes from Cao Cao's "Short Songs", and its meaning needs no explanation. The word "city of sadness" describes the depth and firmness of sadness, which is extremely sad. The practice of two verbs is worth pondering. Usagi's firmness will be broken, and the means of breaking will be vertical, and the publicity and pollution will be extremely exhausted. These two prepositions are also used appropriately. To express one's wishes, one must express one's progress, connect the broken with the vertical, and reveal a kind of helpless emotion.

The road is difficult to walk, but it is floating —— The second part quotes the Analects of Confucius? The full text of the allusions in Gongye Chang is: "Confucius said: If the Tao fails, it will float on the sea by fork. For me, what is the reason? Confucius said, "If the avenue can't be realized in the world, maybe Zhong You can follow me to roam the East China Sea on a bamboo raft? "Avenue here refers to the principle of governing the country and leveling the world.

It is not difficult to understand that the hard road points out the root of the trouble and further explains why the trouble is deep and why the trouble is firm. In terms of momentum, although the words are not vigorously promoted by the Shanglian, they are just plain, but to borrow the words of Confucius, the feelings of serving the country and benefiting the people are naturally not lost to the Shanglian. Emotionally, Fu Cha expressed a kind of extreme helplessness, which is consistent with the feelings of Shanglian. The use of the two prepositions "Nan" and "Bing" plays a connecting role. It should be said that the upper and lower couplets are harmonious and flow in pairs. The disadvantage is that the second couplet is not as good as the upper couplet in practicing calligraphy, and may be limited by the use of allusions.

V. "Hint"

When people appreciate a pair of good couplets, they often say that they are resistant. What is a resistant product? That is, there are still many places worthy of appreciation to explore and remember, which seems to make people feel unfinished. This is between the lines. We should not be too straightforward in writing couplets, just like "pouring beans out of a bamboo tube", and the quality of such couplets will not be very high. If you can express yourself quietly, it will have a good artistic effect, just like a master of Chinese painting drawing blank space. For example, this couplet: a plum blossom within reach-without words, compared with the night on the third day of the third month, the whole couplet is gentle and mellow. With two movements without words, it outlines a faint nostalgia, or people, or things without trace, so that readers can imagine.

Sixth, the alliance's "Bixing"

What is "Bi Xing" refers to two juxtaposed concepts, namely "Bi" and "Xing". To compare one thing with another; Xing, say something else first to cause the lyrics to be sung. "Bixing" is two ways to express the tradition of China's classical poetry creation. Bixing can be used alone or at the same time.

"Bixing" is also widely used in couplets, and look at a self-encouragement couplet written by Lin Zexu, a people's travel hero: "A hundred rivers are tolerant; The wall stands thousands of miles, and there is no desire. " The whole Federation begins with "All rivers run into the sea" and "All people stand on the wall", which shows the feelings of "great tolerance" and "rigid desire". The poem "Self-encouragement" expresses a person's ambition. Self-encouragement should have a sea-like mind, which means that we should listen to a wide range of different opinions in order to do things well and be invincible. Grind yourself as upright as a thousand stone walls, and express yourself by resolutely putting an end to selfish desires, resisting all kinds of temptations, being an upright person and standing upright in the world. This can be understood as "comparison", and its technique should be metaphor.

VII. CEPA

When writing couplets, the author will draw up a topic and then conceive from what angle and structure around this topic, which is called "layout". Although most people know this, in practical application, most of them are not satisfactory. Let me talk about my feelings here. Let me talk about the arrangement of ideas first. Generally speaking, the arrangement of ideas should be "positive" first. This "positive" is in line with the law and truth, and it is best not to "take the sword to the side"; Second, the meaning should be clear to avoid confusion. Although the joint meaning of Untitled is obscure, we can still understand the author's meaning through deep mistakes. Third, the corner cutting should be "new", and "new" means jumping out of the previous mold, which is often the key to success; The fourth is to create "strangeness". Although "strangeness" and "novelty" are similar, they all have unexpected meanings. But my "strange" refers to the strange rising and steep dial, which can give people the feeling of a strange peak protruding and will make people unforgettable.

People often pay little attention to the layout of the structure, which is actually a very important link. Here I will talk about two points that are easy to ignore: First, the flow direction of qi pulse. When people appreciate couplets, they often have smart and fluent comments. You can't tell me why you are clever and tactful. Indeed, qi pulse is an invisible thing that can only be understood, but it does exist. It needs to be realized through continuous exploration, and it can only be said that the meaning of the sentence is connected in series to express the theme. Qi pulse must be poured at one time and cannot be stagnant. To do this, we must consider the arrangement of expressing associative meaning and the arrangement of inter-sentence structure.

Secondly, in the layout of the structure, we can learn from the montage technique of movies, and stack the combination of time and space to produce the result of jumping, which often produces unexpected effects. In the couplets of "Lonely Mountain Embracing Lin Bu" I once mentioned, I may feel that the immortal has been lost, the garden is old and the chrysanthemum is yellow, and the crane traces the plum heap, which has become a farewell song throughout the ages; Today, guests return home, wandering alone, lonely mountains and clear springs are cold, Pinghu sunset shines, and a glass of turbid wine is offered to Sri Lankan people. Through the transformation of time and space, the comparison between the past and the present, and the continuous jump of four words, the whole couplet makes people feel the flow of breath, making the theme of "Lonely Mountain Embracing Lin Bu" more distinct.