He Ming guang Dian Zhao pin

Beijing; Topography The average elevation of the whole city is 43.5 meters. The elevation of Beijing Plain is 20-60m, and the mountainous area is generally 1 0,000-10,500m. Dongling Mountain is the highest mountain in Beijing, with an altitude of 2303 meters.

Climate Beijing's climate is a typical warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate, with hot and rainy summer, cold and dry winter and short spring and autumn. The average annual temperature in 2007 was 14.0℃ (Beijing Meteorological Bureau). 1 -7 to -4℃, July 25 to 26℃. Extreme minimum -27.4℃, extreme maximum above 42℃. The frost-free period of the whole year is 180 to 200 days, which is shorter in the western mountainous area. In 2007, the average rainfall was 483.9 mm, which is one of the most rainy areas in North China. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is very uneven. 80% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June, July and August in summer, and there are often heavy rains in July and August. There are frequent sandstorms in Beijing and North China in spring, and the number of days when the urban air quality reached Grade II or better was 246 (2007), 5 days more than the previous year, accounting for 67.4% of the total days in the whole year.

Beijing (Bijing Shi) is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC) (China), one of the four municipalities directly under the Central Government of China and the national political, economic, transportation and cultural center [13]. Beijing is located at the northern end of North China Plain, with Tianjin in the southeast and Hebei Province in the rest. Compared with the urban population, Beijing is the second largest city in China after Shanghai, and it is also the general hub of land and air transportation in China. Beijing successfully hosted the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

With a history of more than 3,000 years and 850 years, Beijing is the city with the largest cultural heritage in the world, a famous historical and cultural city and one of the eight ancient capitals of China. As early as 700,000 years ago, the original community "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, and the earliest recorded name in Beijing was "thistle".

Only a few cities in the world have become the political and cultural center of a country as long as Beijing. China culture since Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties has been gathered here, with many places of interest and rich cultural landscape. The Encyclopedia Britannica describes Beijing as "one of the greatest cities in the world". With its ancient and fashionable brand-new look, Beijing welcomes1470,000 tourists every year.

Scenic spot

temple

Religious temples in Beijing are all over the capital. The existing famous ones are Fayuan Temple, Tanzhe Temple, Jietai Temple, Yunju Temple and Badachu. Taoist Baiyun temple, etc. Islam, niujie Worship Temple, etc. The Lama Temple of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism), the Catholic Church of Forty Stores, the Catholic Church of Wangfujing, etc. Christian Gangwa Church, Chongwenmen Church, etc.

alley

Hutong is one of the most distinctive houses in Beijing, which originated in Yuan Dynasty. The word "Hutong" means "small street" in Mongolian. There are more than 7,000 hutongs scattered all over Beijing, and each hutong has an anecdote. The names of hutongs are varied, and some are named after characters, such as Wen Prime Minister Hutong; Some are named after markets and commodities, such as Goldfish Hutong; Some of them are named in Beijing dialect, such as Huluguan Hutong. After investigation, the oldest hutong in Beijing is Sanmiao Street, which has a history of more than 900 years. The longest hutong is the east-west Jiao Min Lane, with a total length of 6.5 miles. The shortest hutong is no more than ten meters long; The narrowest alley is Qianshi Hutong in Dashilan area of Qianmen, which is only 0.7 meters wide. Nanluoguxiang, located in Dongcheng District, has become one of the eight characteristic commercial streets in Beijing.

Siheyuan; siheyuan;?quadrangle?dwellings

Siheyuan is a courtyard surrounded by houses in the southeast and northwest, and the outer wall of the courtyard forms the side wall of the hutong. The north room in the hospital is the main room, and the east and west sides are wing rooms. Apart from the gate, there are no windows or passages connected with the hutong. Siheyuan, a traditional residence in old Beijing, is quiet and closed. The former residences and palaces of celebrities scattered in urban areas are generally more authentic quadrangles, such as Gongwangfu in Qianhai West Street. In recent years, there are more and more high-rise buildings in Beijing, but few quadrangles. Now there are only two relatively complete quadrangles in the Second Ring Road.

Central axis

The central axis of Beijing is to point out and clarify the central axis of Beijing, and Beijing's urban planning has the characteristics of symmetry with Miyagi as the center. The central axis of Beijing starts from Yongdingmen in the south and ends at the Bell and Drum Tower in the north, with a length of about 7.8 kilometers. From south to north are Yongdingmen, Qianmen Arrow Tower, Zhengyangmen, Zhonghua Gate, Tiananmen Gate, Duanmen, Wumen Gate, Forbidden City, Shenwumen, Jingshan, Di 'anmen, Houmenqiao, Drum Tower and Bell Tower. From Yongdingmen, the southern end of this central axis, there are the Temple of Heaven and the Xiannongtan. Ancestral temples and social altars; Donghuamen and Xihuamen; Andingmen and Deshengmen are symmetrically distributed with the central axis. Mr. Liang Sicheng, a famous architect in China, once said: "The unique grand order of Beijing is produced by the establishment of this central axis." After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Yongdingmen Gate, Zhonghua Gate and Di 'anmen Gate were all demolished, and Yongdingmen Gate Tower was rebuilt in recent years.

City walls and moats

Beijing City is the general name of the capital defense buildings in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties in the history of China. It consists of Miyagi, Imperial City, Inner City and Outer City, including city walls, gates, urns, watchtowers, enemy platforms, moats and many other facilities. It was once the most complete ancient city defense system in China. Beijing city gate is the general name of Beijing city gate in Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the different grades and building specifications, it is divided into four categories: Gongchengmen, Huangchengmen, Inner Chengmen and Outer Chengmen. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were four gates of Miyagi (called six), four gates of Imperial City (called six or seven), nine gates of inner city and seven gates of outer city in Beijing. There is a folk saying that there are nine doors inside and seven doors outside. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing was gradually demolished. Except for Miyagi, only Tiananmen Square was retained, and only Zhengyangmen, Deshengmen archway, Southeast Corner and Chongwenmen were left in the inner city. All the outer cities were destroyed and only Yongdingmen was rebuilt.

Yanjing Eighth National Congress

Eight scenic spots in Yanjing refer to the eight old landscapes in Beijing, including Jimen Smoke Tree (West Tucheng), Lugou Xiaoyue (Lugou Bridge), Jintai Zhao Xi (Jintai Road), Qiongdao Chunyin (Beihai Park), Juyong Diecui (Badaling), Taiyou Autumn Wind (Zhongnanhai), Yuquan Tu Tu (Yuquan Mountain) and Xishan Qingxue (Xiangshan and Xishan). The Eight Scenes in Beijing were first mentioned in the ancient book Ming Chang Yi in the Jin Dynasty. Later, the Eight Scenes of Yanjing were mentioned in local chronicles such as Wanbu Miscellanies (Ming) and Chronicle of Chen Yuan (Qing). The early Eight Scenes are slightly different from the old age. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong personally presided over the revision of the Eight Scenes of Yanjing and ordered the monument to be built for the Eight Scenes of Yanjing.

Beijing's cultural life is rich and colorful, and various performances and international exhibitions emerge one after another. Beijing Opera, known as the "national quintessence" of China, has a history of more than 200 years. Its gorgeous costumes, beautiful singing and ever-changing facial makeup are impressive. The famous National Grand Theatre, Chang 'an Grand Theatre, Huguang Guild Hall, Laoshe Teahouse, China Peking Opera Theatre, Mei Lanfang Grand Theatre, poly theatre and so on often have traditional Peking Opera performances. Beijing's nightlife is also very colorful. Houhai, Sanlitun and Nanluoguxiang Bar Street are all good places to go.

Siheyuan is the most important residential building in old Beijing. The narrow alley formed between quadrangles with blue tiles and gray bricks is the famous old Beijing Hutong. The most distinctive feature of Beijing is the Hutong Tour in Shichahai. Riding a jingling tricycle, crossing a winding alley and entering a charming quadrangle, you can truly appreciate the charm of old Beijing.

Beijing is rich in tourism resources, with more than 200 tourist attractions open to the outside world, including the world's largest Forbidden City, the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Royal Garden Beihai, the Royal Garden Summer Palace and Yuanmingyuan, as well as Badaling Great Wall, Mutianyu Great Wall and Gongwangfu, the world's largest quadrangle. There are 7,309 cultural relics in the city, including 6 world heritage sites, 2 national key scenic spots, 1 national historical and cultural city (Beijing) 1, 1 Chinese historical and cultural village (Cuandoxia Village) 1, 99 national key cultural relics protection units (including Beijing section of the Great Wall and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal) and 326 municipal cultural relics protection units.

world heritage

The Forbidden City (World Cultural Heritage, 1987), the Great Wall (World Cultural Heritage, 1987), Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site (World Cultural Heritage, 1987), the Temple of Heaven (World Cultural Heritage, 1998), and the Summer Palace (World)

Ethnic Characteristics Beijing contains 56 ethnic groups in China. [9] Among them, the Han nationality accounts for 95.7%, and the population of Hui, Manchu, Mongolian and Korean all exceeds 1 10,000. According to the data of the fifth national census in 2000, there are 585,000 ethnic minorities in Beijing, accounting for 4.3%. Among them, the population of ethnic minorities living in urban suburbs is 4 1. 1 10,000, accounting for 70.2% of the total population of ethnic minorities living in Beijing. In Beijing 18 districts and counties, the three districts and counties with the largest number of ethnic minorities are Chaoyang District (110.5 million), Haidian District (10/0/10,000) and Fengtai District (49,000).

Lhasa Terrain Lhasa is located in the middle of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an altitude of 3,650 meters. It is one of the highest cities in the world, with high terrain in the north and low terrain in the south. The south-central part is the valley plain in the middle reaches of Lhasa River, a tributary of Yarlung Zangbo River, with flat terrain.

Nyainqentanglha Mountain

At 100 km north of Lhasa, the world-famous Nyainqen Tang Lala Snow Mountain stands, with Namco on the northern edge, and the highest point of the mountain is 7 1 17 meters above sea level.

Nyainqentanglha Mountain is located in the middle of Tibet Plateau, about 600 kilometers long from east to west. It is bordered by Gangkuka Shame in the west, Boshula Ridge in Hengduan Mountain in the southeast, and slightly protrudes to the north in the middle. It is the watershed between the Yarlung Zangbo River and the Nujiang River, and divides Xizang Autonomous Region into three regions: northern Tibet, southern Tibet and southeastern Tibet. The Great Tanggula Pass is 523 1 m above sea level, which is the natural dividing line between the two provinces of Qinghai-Tibet and the highest point of the Qinghai-Tibet Line 109 National Highway.

"Nyainqentanglha" in Tibetan means "the spirit should be the god of grassland", which shows the respect and hope of Tibetans for it. These four peaks and their surrounding areas suffered from strong Quaternary glaciation, forming steep mountains, especially the northwest slope. The mountain is straight and spectacular.

Chakpoli

Wang Yao is the best angle to shoot the Potala Palace, especially halfway up the mountain. In the early morning of the tourist season, many photographers and photographers often gather on Wang Yao Mountain, waiting for the first sunshine to illuminate the Potala Palace.

Yaowangshan, whose Tibetan name is Jiabori, means "the mountain on the corner of the mountain". It's on the right side of Potala Palace in Lhasa. At an altitude of 3725 meters, there is a path leading to the summit.

Wang Yaoshan is close to Hongshan, where Potala Palace is located, and a main road of the city passes between the two mountains. In the past, the two mountains were connected by a white tower, and below it was a doorway, which was the gateway to Lhasa. In the 1960s, Lhasa was expanded and the stupa was demolished. Dozens of meters wide asphalt road opened the distance between the two mountains. Some people think it is broken, and they try to connect the two mountains with prayer flags. Every year when the Tibetan calendar comes, devout believers will come here to hang new banners. It has been reconnected with the tower.

Milla mt

Milla Mountain passes through Mozhugongka County. Mount Milla is more than 4,700 meters high and stands in the east of Lhasa. Although Milla Mountain is only a hill for Wan Ren, Qian Shan, on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, it forms a north-south watershed with Potala Mountain in the south, which crosses the Yarlung Zangbo River basin in the east and west, and becomes an important boundary mountain for landform, vegetation and climate on the east and west sides of the Yarlung Zangbo River basin.

Lhasa River is the mother river of Lhasa, which has a great influence on the development of Lhasa. Lhasa citizens love this river very much. Every weekend or holiday, groups of Lhasa people will drive or walk to the banks and valleys of Lhasa River, set up tents, fish, play in water or take a bath, drink butter tea, eat all kinds of delicious food brought from home, and enjoy the bright sunshine and leisure in Lhasa, much like a picnic of Han nationality.

Lhasa River originates from Pengcuola Kongmagou at the southern foot of Nyainqentanglha Mountain in Jia Lili. It flows through Naqu, Dangxiong, Linzhou, Mozhugongka, Dazi, Chengguan and Duilong Deqing and reaches Qushui County. It is a large tributary of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, with a total length of 495 kilometers and a drainage area of 3 1.760 square kilometers. The maximum flow is 2830m3/s, the minimum flow is 20m3/s, and the annual average flow is 287m3/s; It is one of the highest rivers in the world at an altitude of 5500 meters from the source to the estuary. This river belongs to the type of snow melting and long rain, and its water volume changes with temperature and precipitation.

Most of the Lhasa River basin is mountainous, with towering peaks and steep slopes, and the terrain inclines from north to south. There must be a small-scale modern glacier in Nyainqentanglha Mountain. Most tributaries on the right bank of the basin originate from glaciers, and most tributaries on the left bank originate from lakes or swamps.

The Lhasa River is V-shaped in the valley above Tanggu in Linzhou County, and widens to the valley below Mozhugongka County, with a width of about 1- 1.5 km. The floodplain began to appear, and the vegetation on the floodplain was good. This section of the river is relatively regular, and there are three continuous terraces on both banks: the third terrace is 40-50 meters higher than the river surface and the surface is thick. The second terrace is 20-30m higher than the river surface; The first terrace10-20m is higher than the river surface, and most of it has been cultivated.

Both banks of the river are valley alluvial plains with a width of 1- 10 km, and the cultivated land area is about 570,000 mu. These areas have mild climate, flat terrain, thick soil and abundant water resources, and are one of the main grain producing areas in Tibet.

Climate Lhasa is located in the southeast of Xizang Autonomous Region, on the north bank of Lhasa River, a tributary of Yarlung Zangbo River, with geographical coordinates of 9106 ′ east longitude and 29 36 ′ north latitude. The climate belongs to the semi-arid plateau temperate climate zone, with an annual sunshine duration of 3,000 hours, which is 1.800 hours more than that of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, the neighboring province, and 1.000 hours more than that of Shanghai, the largest city in eastern China. It ranks among the best cities in China, so it has the reputation of "Sunlight City".

The annual precipitation is 200-5 10 mm, which is concentrated in June-September and rainy nights. The highest temperature is 28℃, and the lowest temperature is-14℃. The air is thin, the temperature is low, the daily temperature difference is large, it is dry and windy in winter and spring, and the frost-free period is 100- 120 days all year round. Relatively speaking, March-65438+1October is the best tourist season in Tibet, and May Day is usually the beginning of the tourist season.

Introduction Postal code: 850000

Area code: 089 1

English name: Lhasa

Chinese Pinyin: Lhasa

License plate number: Zang A

Lhasa has seven counties (Dangxiong County, Duilong Deqing County, Qushui County, Mozhugongka County, Dazi County, Nimu County and Linzhou County) and 1 District (Chengguan District). The total area of the city is nearly 30,000 square kilometers, and the urban area is 59 square kilometers. The total population of the city is nearly 550,000, of which the urban population is nearly 270,000. Tibetan, Han, Hui and other 3 1 ethnic groups, with the Tibetan population accounting for 87%.

"Lhasa" means "holy land" or "Buddhist country" in Tibetan. It has long been the political, economic, cultural and religious center of Tibet. The magnificent Potala Palace is the symbol of the highest political power of the integration of politics and religion. As early as the 7th century AD, after Songtsan Gambo annexed the surrounding tribes and unified Tibet, he moved the capital from Yalong River to Lodz (now Lhasa) and established the Tubo Dynasty.

1951On May 23rd, Tibet was peacefully liberated and Lhasa entered a new era. 1960, the State Council officially approved Lhasa as a prefecture-level city. 1982, it was identified as one of the first 24 national historical and cultural cities.

Lhasa was called "Yosa" in ancient times, Tibetan "goat" was called "Yosa" and "earth" was called "Sa". It is said that when Princess Wencheng married Tubo in the 7th century A.D., it was still a deserted beach, and then the recumbent pond was filled with goat back soil to build Jokhang Temple and Jokhang Temple. After the completion of the temple, the number of missionaries and people who came to worship Buddha increased, and many hotels and residents were built around Jokhang Temple. At the same time, Songtsan Gambo expanded his palace in Hongshan (now Potala Palace), so palaces rose up in the Lhasa Valley Plain, forming a world-famous plateau city. "Yossa" gradually became a "holy land" in people's minds and became the religious, political, economic and cultural center of Tibet at that time. Generally speaking, Lhasa consists of Potala Palace, Barkhor Street, Jokhang Temple, Sera Temple, drepung monastery and Lhasa River. However, Tibetans believe that "Lhasa" in a strict sense should refer to Jokhang Temple and Barkhor Street built around Jokhang Temple. Only when you reach Jokhang Temple and Barkhor Street can you consider Lhasa as real. Today, the eastern part of Lhasa still maintains the essence of the ancient city of Lhasa.

Lhasa New Town, centered on Potala Palace and Barkhor Street, reaches Sera Temple in the north and Duilong Deqing County in the west. Looking at Lhasa, the post and telecommunications building, news building, Lhasa hotel, Tibet hotel and other buildings are dotted with continuous and brand-new buildings. Standing on the top of Potala Palace overlooking the whole city of Lhasa, the whole city of Lhasa is a new building hidden in green trees, and only Barkhor Street is full of flags and mulberry smoke. There are ethnic houses and streets here, and people from all over Tibetan areas gather here. Many of them still wear their traditional clothes, which seems to show that Buddhism has actually become a way of life.

Dangxiong County in the north of Lhasa and some districts and townships in Nimu, Duilongdeqing, Linzhou and Mozhugongka belong to the southern edge of the northern Tibetan grassland, where aquatic plants are abundant and animal husbandry is prosperous, with rich beef and mutton, ghee, velvet antler and wool. The central part is the famous Lhasa Valley, and the southern part belongs to the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. It is one of the better agricultural areas in Tibet, rich in highland barley, wheat, rape and beans, and "Lhasa No.1" broad bean is a well-known variety at home and abroad. There are geothermal hot springs with economic value and medical function everywhere around Lhasa. Qusang Hot Springs in Duilong Deqing County and Dezhong Hot Springs in Mozhugongka County are famous in the whole Tibetan area.

Lhasa, located in the alluvial plain of river valley, is one of the highest cities in the world. The terrain is inclined from east to west, and the climate belongs to the semi-arid monsoon climate zone in the temperate zone of the plateau. The annual sunshine hours are more than 3000 hours, so it has the reputation of "Sunshine City". The annual precipitation is 200-5 10 mm, concentrated in June-September, and it rains many nights, which is called rainy season. The highest temperature is 28℃, and the lowest temperature is-14℃. The air is thin, the temperature is low, the daily temperature difference is large, and it is dry and windy in winter and spring. The annual frost-free period is 100 ~ 120 days.

Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka are listed as world cultural heritages.

The main attractions are drepung monastery, Sera Temple, Xiaozhao Temple, Zongjiao Lu Kang, Zangling, Chubu Temple, Lhasa Mosque, Qugong Site, Tibet Museum, Wang Yao, The Drikung Kagyu Temple Group and so on. The main business districts are Barkhor Street, Yutu Road Pedestrian Street and Lhasa Department Store.

Lhasa with ethnic characteristics has a total population of nearly 550,000, of which the urban population is nearly 270,000.

In 2000, according to the fifth national census, the total population of this city was 474,499. Among them: Chengguan District 22300 1, Linzhou County 50895, Dangxiong County 39 169, Nimu County 27375, Qushui County 29690, Duilong Deqing County 40543, Dazi County 24906 and Mozhugongka County 38920.

By the end of 2003, the total population of this city was 420,000.

The Tibetan New Year

The determination of Tibetan calendar year is closely related to the use of Tibetan calendar year. The official use of the Tibetan calendar began more than 950 years ago, that is, the year of Ding Mao in the lunar calendar (AD 1027). Since then, the usage of Tibetan calendar has been inherited.

People in Xizang has been preparing for the China New Year since December of the Tibetan calendar. At this time, everyone began to soak highland barley seeds in pots. On New Year's Eve, every family sets all kinds of food in front of the Buddha statue. In order to have plenty of food during the festival, the whole family has been busy until late at night. The first day of the lunar calendar is the first day of the Tibetan New Year. The first thing they did was to send people to the river to pick up the first bucket of water for the New Year-auspicious water. From the next day, relatives and friends visited each other to celebrate the New Year. This activity lasts for three to five days. During the Tibetan New Year, in the square or on the open grass, everyone dances in a circle, playing the lyre and banging the cymbals.

festival

Niu Wanghui: Cattle regulation is the Tibetan people's understanding of the important position of cattle in agricultural production. They cultivate strong feelings for cattle in their daily work, resulting in a large number of cattle cultural phenomena. They regarded cows as gods and regarded them as the best sacrifice to God, so the Cow King's Club appeared. The Ox King Festival begins on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month and generally lasts for more than ten days, sometimes even as long as a month. The number often exceeds 1000. During the Cow King's Meeting, people invited Heiba (a wizard) to chant Buddhist scriptures, blow yak horns, slaughter dozens of yaks or hundreds of sheep, and indulge in wine and revelry, which was very lively. Because of the huge cost, this large-scale ox king meeting has only been held once in a hundred years. All the members attending the Ox King's Club have a common blood relationship, which is also a cultural festival of ancestor worship. ?

Zhao Chuan Dafa Research Association: This is the biggest religious festival in Tibet. At that time, the monks from drepung monastery, Sera Temple and Gandan Temple in Lhasa will be concentrated in Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. This law was continued by the prayer meeting held by Master Zong Kaba, the founder of the Gelug Sect, in Lhasa on 1409, and the Gesi degree examination was held. Buddhists from other parts of Tibet also come to worship Buddha. Since then, the scale has been continuously expanded and enriched, making the prayer meeting a fixed religious festival, which is still very popular today, and its scale is no less than that when it was founded and continues to this day.

Butter sculpture Lantern Festival

The Tibetan calendar 1 month 15 (February 19, 2000) was also the last day of the Dafa Festival in Zhao, which was a grand and colorful butter sculpture Lantern Festival for the Tibetan people. During the day, people go to temples to worship Buddha; At night, a butter sculpture lantern festival was held in Barkhor Street, Lhasa. Various flower stands were set up on both sides of the street, filled with colorful images such as immortals, figures, birds and beasts, flowers and trees, puppet shows and so on. After the lantern is lit, it is like a star falling, flashing and shining. Local officials and people in Tibet are also scrambling to watch lanterns. In the evening, farmers in the suburbs sing and dance, sometimes for several days. This is the most lively and joyful festival in Lhasa.

Sagadawa Festival

April 15 (16,2000) in Tibetan calendar is the day when Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, was born, became a monk and died. This is also a traditional festival for the Tibetan people. April in the Tibetan calendar is the Buddhist calendar day, so it is called "Sagadawa" in Tibetan. On this day of the Tibetan calendar every year, Tibetan men and women will wear festive costumes and gather in groups in Longwangtan Scenic Resort behind the majestic Potala Palace to hold this sacred festival according to their traditional customs. After a long period of development, Sagadawa Festival has gradually evolved into a mass festival for Tibetan people to visit the park in spring and summer and wish a bumper harvest in agriculture and animal husbandry. During the festival, some people set up colorful tents, others put highland barley wine and butter tea, and the whole family laughed and took a nap by the lake. Then, Tibetan youths formed a circle, celebrated festivals on the ground and sang peace. Now the Lhasa Tibetan Opera Troupe and other literary and art groups are also coming to perform for the festival.

Bath Festival [within 7 days of the first half of July in Tibetan calendar]

The first ten days of July (September 2000) of the Tibetan calendar is a traditional festival of the Tibetan people, which has a history of at least 700 to 800 years in Tibet. At this time, according to Buddhism, the water on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has eight advantages: sweet, cool, soft, light, clear and odorless. Seven cups won't hurt your throat, and eight cups won't hurt your stomach. Therefore, July is called the best time to take a bath. Tibetan bathing festival lasts for five or six days. During the festival, whether in towns or villages, rural areas or pastoral areas, people bring tents, butter tea, highland barley wine, Ciba and other foods, and come to the banks of Lhasa River and Yarlung Zangbo River one after another to compete for water and have a swim. Bathing Festival is a masterpiece of Tibetan folk culture, with a long time span and wide spread. Until today, it is still full of vigor and vitality, and it also absorbs a lot of entertainment culture, thus making today's bathing festival evolve into a comprehensive social festival integrating religion, entertainment, fitness and social education.

Shoton/Sho Dun festival

The Snowdon Festival is one of the biggest traditional festivals in Tibet. "Shelton" means yogurt. Before17th century, the Shelton Festival was a purely religious festival. According to the regulations of the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism, the Tibetan calendar is closed every June, and monks and nuns in all Tibetan Buddhist temples are not allowed to go out to avoid stepping on bugs. The Tibetan calendar was lifted on July 1, and they went down the mountain one after another. At this time, farmers and herdsmen had to take out the prepared yogurt to sacrifice. This is the origin of the Snowdon Festival. ?

During the festival, Tibetans in groups of three and five, men, women and children, carry all kinds of bags, carry highland barley wine barrels, and some even set up tents, spread mats and carpets on the ground, and put highland barley, dishes and other holiday foods into Norbulingka. In recent years, various organs and units in the autonomous region have also arranged large-scale cultural activities, academic seminars and economic and trade exchanges during the Snowdon Festival, and the scene has become more lively.

Horse racing festival

Horse racing is a favorite activity of Tibetan people. It is not only a place for farmers and herdsmen to gather and exchange production experience in their leisure time, but also a display of people in Xizang spirit. Horse racing is almost indispensable in all Tibetan festivals circulated among the people. Horse racing not only appears in festivals in the form of motif, but more importantly, Tibetan people have formed such a national traditional "horse racing festival" based on their strong belief in horses, which has a long history.

"Looking at Fruit" Festival

"Looking at Fruit" Festival is an annual festival for Tibetan people, wishing a bumper harvest in agriculture. In Tibetan, "Wang" means fields and land, "Guo" means turning around, "Guo Wang" means transliteration, and the sound means "turning crops around fields". ?

Watching fruit festivals is very popular in agricultural areas of Tibet. In the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the rural areas along the Lhasa River, the "fruit watching" festival is very popular, and there are festivals in other places, but the names of the festivals are different. Lahu and Dingri are called "Ji Ya", that is, comfortable summer days; Bubala Snow Mountain is surrounded by semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, known as "Bangsang", that is, auspicious grassland. It's about the same time, before the crops are yellow and ready to open the sickle. Before liberation, Tibetans celebrated the Fruit Festival before the arrival of the "bird king"-the season when geese flew south. Guowang Festival is an important cultural phenomenon of Tibetan people, and its origin, ceremony, region or gender characteristics are rich and colorful.

On this day every year, Tibetan people wear festive costumes, some carry colorful flags, some carry harvest towers made of highland barley and wheat ears, and the harvest towers are tied with white "Hada", holding slogans, some beat gongs and drums, sing songs and sing Tibetan operas, and some carry portraits of Chairman Mao around the field for a week. After the circle, people carry tents and highland barley wine, while talking about the past and present, and some indulge in drinking. The commercial department also organizes material exchanges, supplies commodities with ethnic characteristics and daily necessities, and purchases local products. After the fruit festival, the intense autumn harvest sowing began.

The terrain of Kunming is in the middle of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and the elevation of the city center is 1, 89 1 m. Dianchi Lake is in the south, surrounded by mountains on three sides.

The climate in Kunming is warm as spring, and the temperature difference is small throughout the year. The annual average temperature in urban areas is about 15℃, the monthly average temperature in the hottest time is 19℃, and the monthly average temperature in the coldest time is 7.6℃.

The annual maximum extreme temperature is 30.4℃ and the minimum is -7.8℃.

Because of the suitable temperature and humidity, long sunshine and short frost period, flowers do not wither all year round and vegetation is evergreen all year round, so Kunming has the reputation of "Spring City".

The daily temperature difference in Kunming is quite large. There are four seasons in a day, and when it rains, it becomes autumn. The daily temperature difference between winter and spring can reach 12~20℃. Don't forget to bring a sweater or coat when you go. In addition, the rainy season in Kunming is mostly concentrated in May ~165438+1October. As long as it rains, the temperature will drop. At this time, tourists are advised to bring windbreakers.

Kunming is the capital of Yunnan Province, the political, economic, cultural, technological and transportation center of Yunnan Province, and the only mega-city in Yunnan Province. With a history of more than 2,400 years and an annual reception of 27.35 million tourists, it is a famous historical and cultural city in China and an excellent tourist city. Kunming is located in the southwest of China, in the middle of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. It is 2100km away from the capital Beijing, 250km away from the Sino-Vietnamese border in the south, 395km away from the China-Myanmar border in the west and 300km away from the China-Laos border in the southwest (linear distance). It is one of the important gateways for China to ASEAN and international tourist cities. The geographical location of Kunming belongs to the north latitude subtropical zone. However, in most areas of the territory, there is no heat in summer and no cold in winter, flowers are in full bloom and the climate is pleasant, which has typical temperate climate characteristics. The urban temperature is between 0-29℃, and the annual temperature difference is the smallest in China. It is called "Spring City" at home and abroad.

Scenic Spot Daguanlou Yunnan Ethnic Village Yuantong Temple Tan Hua Temple Haiyuan Temple

Xishan-Longmen Zhu Qian Temple

Dianchi Daguanlou Jiuxiang Scenic Area Expo Park

Cuihu Tong Yuan Shilin Scenic Area

Jin Dian Scenic Area, Black Dragon Pool, Yulong Bay, Yunnan Military Academy, Kunming sedan chair snow mountain.

Local customs Kunming is a multi-ethnic city, with 26 ethnic groups living in the world. There are Han, Yi, Hui, Bai, Miao, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Bo and other ethnic groups forming villages or mixed villages. In the long-term production and life, all ethnic groups have not only influenced each other, but also maintained their own national traditions, continuing many unique lifestyles, folk customs and culture and arts. The compatriots of all ethnic groups living in Kunming are warm and hospitable, good at singing and dancing, and simple in folk customs. No matter how they treat people, unique food, colorful costumes, different styles of residential buildings and interesting weddings, people can feel distinctive national characteristics.

Among many ethnic festivals, the Torch Festival of the Yi nationality, March Street of the Bai nationality, Around the Three Souls, Water-splashing Festival of the Dai nationality, Huashan Tour of the Miao nationality and the Knife and Pole Festival of the Wa nationality have long enjoyed great fame, and the festival activities are rich and colorful. On festivals, people of all ethnic groups will wear their own embroidered national costumes and gather from all directions to hold wrestling, bullfighting, duets and other activities. According to the season of the New Year, many customs are very popular among the people, such as the adjustment of the Western Hills on the third day of the third lunar month, the spring outing in the Golden Temple on the ninth day of the first lunar month, climbing the snail peak on the ninth Chongyang Festival, and the grand view of the moon on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival.

There are many kinds of local literature and art in Kunming, such as Yunnan opera, lantern opera, folk songs, ethnic minority operas, folk narrative poems and folklore. After hundreds of years of development and spread, it is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.

Ethnic Characteristics The population of Kunming is mainly Han, accounting for 86.52% of the city's permanent population. The minority population accounts for 13.48% of the city's permanent population. Among the ethnic minorities, Yi has the largest population, followed by Miao and Hui, and Jinuo, Dulong and De 'ang have the smallest population.