Shuangdun No.1 Tomb in Shuangdun Cemetery, Lu 'an, Anhui Province

From March 2006 to June 5438+ 10, 2007, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Anhui Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Lu 'an Cultural Relics Department formed an archaeological excavation team to carry out rescue archaeological excavation on seven cultural relics found on the route, among which the No.1 tomb of Shuangdun in Lu 'an was the focus of this excavation. During the excavation, leaders and experts from national and provincial departments of culture and cultural relics visited the site for guidance, and relevant leaders and departments of Lu 'an and Wu He Railway Company gave strong support. No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangdun, Lu 'an is located in Gaogang, the natural village of Shuangdun Administrative Village, Sanshipu Town, jin an district, Lu 'an City, Anhui Province, about 10 km southwest of Lu 'an City. The No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangdun is a parallel double burial tomb (No.1 in the south and No.2 in the north), with a distance of10m. One of the Han tombs is located on the railway subgrade. Through archaeological drilling of the tomb and its surroundings, it is proved that there is a Han tomb in the middle of the paddock, and a stolen cave with a diameter of 7×4 meters is found. At the western end of the tomb, there are three small tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, which are juxtaposed north and south. A chariot pit was found in the southwest of the tomb, numbered k1; There are two symmetrically distributed burial pits on both sides of Dongmu Road, numbered K2 and K3 respectively. Basic understanding of the relevant structure and layout of tombs.

First, three tombs and chariots and horses pits were excavated. Buried tombs are all "convex"-shaped vertical cave tombs, and the tombs are inclined and face east. The tomb is 4.95-6.26 meters long, 2.34-2.95 meters wide, and the depth from the mouth to the bottom of the tomb is 1.88-2.38 meters. The coffin is rotten, and the traces are interdependent. Some tombs were stolen, and the funerary objects included pots, beans, pots, pots, pans, wells, stoves and other pottery and five baht. The chariot pit is 28 meters long and consists of ramps and chariot pits. The walls of the pit are lined with wooden boards and supported by wooden columns. The bottom of the pit was covered with a layer of wood, which was seriously decayed. Car Malaysia Airlines was stolen in the Tang Dynasty, which caused serious riots. Eight horses were left, four were disabled, and more than 20 bronze horse ornaments/kloc-0 were unearthed. K2 and K3 are vertical holes in the pit. There are more than 90 red painted relics and lead chariots and horses in the pit, which should be a burial pit for wooden horses and figurines.

The wall of No.1 Han Tomb is steamed bread-shaped, with a base diameter of 55 meters and a height of 10 meters. Quarrying and dichotomy are used to excavate sealed soil. The sealing soil layer is thick and overlapping with each other. The soil is loose and not compacted. Han Tomb No.1 is a vertical cave tomb with a pit in the shape of China. The entrance of the tomb is 0/0 meter deep from the bottom of the tomb, and the tomb faces east. It consists of front and back slope tombs, burial rooms and external burial graves, with a total length of 45 meters. Among them, the tomb pit is 17 and 12 meters long, Dongling Road is 20 meters long and 7 meters wide, and Xiling Road is 8 meters long and 4.5 meters wide. The tomb is a "yellow intestine" wooden structure, 9. 1, and 7 meters wide. The south, west and north sides are made up of 922 squares, with a length of 0.92, a width of 0.25 and a thickness of 0.23 meters. The wooden core is inward and the seam is tight, and the eastern end is the opposite tomb door. The cover is covered with 143 square timber with a total thickness of 1 m. There are two longitudinal square timber pressure plates on the cover plate, and there are four layers of square timber at the bottom. There is a cloister between the puzzle and the lattice. The inner wall of the puzzle has symmetrical upper and lower grooves on the south, west and north sides, and a cloister door on the northwest corner. It is speculated that the cloister was divided into 15 small rooms by a small square stick. This room is a heavy coffin. The outer coffin is a wooden coffin, painted with black paint inside and outside, with a length of 4.6, a width of 3. 1 and a height of 2.35 meters, with the door facing the east. The inner Guo is a stone Guo, with a length of 3.9, a width of 2.34 and a height of 1.9 m. The inner Guo is painted with black paint, with moire red color at the upper end of the north wall and the opposite stone gate at the east end. The outer coffin is rectangular, 2.8m long,1.4m wide and1.4m high. The outside is painted in black ink, and there are triangular red patterns on both sides of the cover plate. The inner coffin is 2.32 meters long, 0.95 meters wide and 0.95 meters high. Painted in black ink on the outside and red moire on both sides. The outer cover, sides and ends of the coffin are decorated with neatly arranged gold-plated copper persimmon stalks and diamond-shaped inlays. Put a bronze mirror on the four corners and two sides in the middle of the coffin cover, with the mirror facing up. The whole inner coffin looks gorgeous and exquisite. The Tibetan coffin is a square wood, which is concave in shape, with a height of1.4m and a width of1.6m.. According to the wood orientation and column arrangement of the cover plate, it can be divided into 15 rooms, 4 rooms in the east, 4 rooms in the south and 3 rooms in the west, each with different sizes. The tomb was not stolen, and it was well preserved. Burial objects include copper pots, pottery pots and a large number of wooden models, such as cars, horses and figurines. The wooden structure of the mausoleum is very complicated. Coffin panels and door panels are generally fitted with tenons and mortises such as Z-shaped, dovetail-shaped, convex-concave and side-draped, and some are fixed with S-shaped iron sheets. The outer coffin is connected with columns and beams with tenons and semi-tenons, which is very firm. Characters and symbols such as "South", "North" and "Shangyi" ... Shang Qi and "Yi Bei" are engraved on the cover of the tomb, the door of the tomb and the north side of the lintel, belonging to the traces left by craftsmen when building the tomb.

The No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangdun was stolen in Tang Dynasty. Grave robbers cut through the "lifting gear" cover plate, entered the coffin of the main house, and dragged the bones of the tomb owner outside the coffin, which has now been collected. Although early tombs were stolen, more than 500 pieces of lacquerware, woodwork, pottery, bronzes, ironware, chariots and horses, weapons, lead, jade and clay were unearthed. Lacquerware was mainly unearthed in the tomb, and was mostly destroyed by grave robbers. The recognizable shapes are plates, ear cups, jewelry boxes, boxes, boxes, chips and decorations. Lacquerware is painted with various animals, plants, cirrus clouds, geometric patterns, and some of them are also written with auspicious words such as "day", "auspicious" and "bright". Many objects are inlaid with silver buttons, and various figures, birds and animals, persimmon plants and other shapes are pasted with gold and silver foil, which is exquisite and gorgeous. Wood products mainly include cars, horses, figurines and engravings. Trojan horse is made up of head, body and legs, and the horse's head is equipped with metal ornaments such as horse title and horse bodyguard. The figurines are carved from wood, including standing figurines and sitting figurines, some dressed in robes or jackets, some wearing crowns, and some decorated with colorful paintings, with different expressions and lifelike. The wooden car is made by imitating a practical car, with a length of 1.2 meters, complete spokes, shafts, wheels, umbrellas and other parts, small and exquisite. Bronzes are mainly pots, mirrors and five baht, as well as some lacquered wooden legs and copper scraps. There are 22 copper pots, all of which are basically plain colors, and one of them is covered with triangular and moire patterns, which is exquisite in craftsmanship. There are inscriptions on some copper pots, one of which indicates the attributes and serial numbers of the pots, such as "No.6, No.8, No.9, 10 of the * * mansion", and the pots are of the same shape. One indicates the surname and the volume and weight of the pot, such as "Shen's ten liters weigh 30 Jin, and ten liters weigh 28 Jin and 14 Liang". It is worth noting that the shelled mash was found in the eighth copper pot of the * * * government, and whether it belongs to wine needs further testing. There are more than ten bronze mirrors, all of which are sunglass or mirror. Except for a big one, all the others are about 6 cm in diameter. The buttons on the back of these small bronze mirrors were smashed off, which were mainly used to decorate the inner coffins. Some gilded bronze ornaments on lacquered wood, such as horse legs, hook clouds and animal faces, were also unearthed in the room, which should be the feet, paving and decorative parts of the utensils. There are two kinds of chariots and horses: practical and model. Practical ones are made of copper, and some are gold-plated. The model is made of lead, small in size and poor in quality. Weapons are mainly placed on the cover plate of the sarcophagus, including five bronze ge and five iron halberds and five wooden halberds. And copper upsetting are well preserved, wood? Draw red lines at both ends, as well as crossbows, wooden bows, bamboo bows and bowstrings. Most of the pottery unearthed in the burial tombs are pots, boxes, cans, jars, hills, wells, stoves and so on. All of them are argillaceous gray pottery or red pottery, and there are a few copper-like pottery pots in the main tomb and the outer tomb. Jade was unearthed from the tomb, was it? , dragon-shaped, square small print blank, jade plate, laurel, agate, jade piece, jade piece. There is a piece of jade with small holes in four corners, which is suspected to be the remnant of a jade coat or pillow. Pipa was found indoors, and three of them were stamped with "Lu 'an? Cheng "text. Many plant seeds were also unearthed in the tomb. Through field observation, there are seeds and fruits such as rice, millet, red dates, chestnuts, apricots, plums and melons, and some of them are brightly colored. According to documents, Lu 'an was a fief of Lu 'an State in the Western Han Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanshou (12 1 year), the youngest son of Kangwang in Jiaodong was made King of Lu 'an (* * *), and in the Five Dynasties, Ding, Guang, Yu and Wang Mang died one after another. Shuangdun Tomb is two parallel tombs, which should be buried together by husband and wife. The No.1 Han Tomb has a huge paddock, and the tomb is a "yellow intestine puzzle" structure with chariots and horses pits, tombs and burial pits, which belongs to the unique burial system of the Western Han Dynasty princes' tombs. This shows that the owner of the tomb was of a high level and was the first-class figure of the vassal at that time. Secondly, the cultural relics unearthed in this tomb are very beautiful. Many lacquered wood products are pasted with gold and silver foil or inlaid with silver buttons and jade. Bronzes are mostly made of gold and silver, and jade is finely carved. These cultural relics are exquisite and gorgeous, which belong to luxury goods and can be used by non-royalty. Thirdly, the pipa of Lu and the copper pot engraved with the words "V * * *" were unearthed in the tomb. "Luan? "Cheng" is the official position in charge of catering in Lu 'an, and "* * * House" corresponds to posthumous title, the first generation of Wang Qing in Lu 'an. These words are consistent with the records of Lu 'an in Historical Records and Hanshu, indicating that the tomb belongs to the tomb of Lu 'an in the Western Han Dynasty. Fourthly, there is an east old city site about 10 km northwest of Shuangdun Tomb. The relics scattered on the surface of the city site include ant nose money, wooden brick wells and building materials. Based on this, it is inferred that the city was used by the Warring States-Han Dynasty, and should be the former residence of "King Lu 'an". Fifth, the "five baht" money unearthed in the tomb belonged to the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and no late money was found. Liu Qing reigned for 38 years and died in 83 BC. His burial time was in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty after Emperor Wu sealed Lu 'an. According to the comprehensive analysis of the landform, shape, unearthed cultural relics and related documents, it is speculated that this tomb is the tomb of Wang Qingzhi, the first king of Lu 'an, and the second tomb should be the tomb of the queen.

There are many ancient tombs around Shuangdun in history. Some graves have been razed to the ground due to farmland reconstruction, building houses and road construction. According to the current archaeological investigation, there are still 36 earth mounds of Piba, Songdun, Yandun, Xiaodun, Xuanwu, Qinglonggang, Dashan, Handa and Tang Dun within 23 square kilometers around Shuangdun. These tombs are all located on hilly mounds with high terrain. Small tombs are 3-5 meters high, with a base diameter of 10-20 meters, and large tombs are 10 meters high, with a base diameter of more than 50-70 meters. Among them, within about 6 square kilometers centered on Shuangdun, there are four parallel double mound tombs with the same shape, such as Shuangdun, Gaodun, Madadun and Sanxing Temple, with a distance of 500- 1000 meters, which are called "Eight Dams" by local people. Building components such as slabs, tiles, bricks and wells are scattered on the surface near these graves. In the 1970s, when a waterway was built in the northwest of the northern tomb of Madadun, a chariot pit was discovered, the structure of which was the same as that of the chariot pit of the No.1 Han tomb in Shuangdun, and some chariots and horses were unearthed, indicating that the tomb was of a high grade. The excavation of the No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangdun and the determination of the owner's identity show that these four tall double burial tombs are probably the tombs of four generations of kings in Lu 'an, and the ancient tombs in this area belong to the Lu 'an National Tomb Area in the Western Han Dynasty.

The excavation of the No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangdun and the discovery of the tomb in Lu 'an in the Western Han Dynasty are major archaeological discoveries. The wooden structure of the tomb is complex and the tomb is well preserved. The compartment structure of the inner cloister remains unique, and the inner coffin is well preserved and beautifully decorated, which is really rare in similar Huangchang tombs that have been discovered so far. In addition, although the shape of the tomb is smaller than that of the Huangchang Tomb in Dabaotai, Beijing and Yangzhou, Jiangsu, there are 15 tombs, which were built according to the basic regulations of princes' tombs at that time. In particular, the discovery of well-preserved princes' tombs is rare all over the country, which provides very precious physical materials for studying the system of princes' tombs in the Western Han Dynasty. The cultural relics unearthed in this tomb are very exquisite, mainly jade, lacquer, wood and bronze. The overall characteristics are exquisite workmanship, unique shape, exquisite luxury, distinctive characteristics of the times and high scientific and technological value. This new archaeological discovery unveiled the mysterious veil of Lu 'an State in the Western Han Dynasty, which is of great scientific, historical and artistic value for studying the history, politics, economy, culture, technology and tomb system of Lu 'an State in the Han Dynasty. With a history of more than 2,000 years, the No.1 Han Tomb in Shuangdun, Lu 'an City was officially opened. This shows that the archaeological excavation of Han tombs has entered the stage of uncovering tombs and comprehensively cleaning up cultural relics. According to reports, Shuangdun Han Tomb may be the tomb of Liu Qing, the first king of Lu 'an, which is of great value to the study of Lu 'an history and the politics, economy, culture, technology and burial system of Han Dynasty.