Which dialect system does the Gelao dialect belong to?

The Gelao nationality (L) is a minority in China. The current population is 579,744 (2000 census). 96.43% of the population of the Gelao nationality is concentrated in Guizhou Province, which is distributed in other provinces, mainly mixed. The settlements in Guizhou are mainly Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County and Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County. The rest are distributed in Guiyang, Liupanshui, Zunyi and Tongren, Bijie, Anshun and southwest Guizhou, and a few are scattered in Yunnan and Guangxi. Gelao nationality (Vietnamese: c? Lao) is also one of the 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam, with 1845 people (1999 census). In Vietnam, the Gelao people mainly live in Wentong County and Huangshufei County in Hejiang Province.

Basic information

Chinese name

Gelao (GL)

Foreign name

Gelao (GL)

classify

nation

human population

579744(2000)

location

Mainly in Guizhou, scattered in Yunnan, Guangxi and Vietnam.

language

Gelao language, Chinese.

Xinyang

Worship ancestors and believe in polytheism, Taoism and Buddhism.

festival

On the third day of March, the Gelao Festival in Duanyang, Qingming Festival.

catalogue

1 Introduction

Group 2 sources

3 culture

Fold and edit the introduction of this paragraph.

Gelao nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China. The current population is 579,744 (2000 census). 96.43% of the population of the Gelao nationality is concentrated in Guizhou Province, which is distributed in other provinces, mainly mixed. The settlements in Guizhou are mainly Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County and Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County. The rest are distributed in Guiyang, Liupanshui, Zunyi and Tongren, Bijie, Anshun and southwest Guizhou, and a few are scattered in Yunnan and Guangxi. Gelao nationality (Vietnamese: c? Lao) is also one of the 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam, with 1845 people (1999 census).

The Gelao people [1] are scattered in Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Vietnam and other places, and are called "Gelao", "old household", "natives" and "rustic" by the Han nationality and other later generations. With abundant precipitation and warm climate, the residence is suitable for various commercial activities such as agriculture. The Gelao nationality is dominated by agriculture, with many kinds of rice in plain areas and many kinds of miscellaneous grains in arid areas in mountainous areas, which belong to the economic and cultural type of rice farming.

Gelao nationality has its own language, which is close to Miao language in phonetic features, but its cognates are close to Zhuang and Dong languages. This situation is probably caused by the communication history of Gelao and Miao 1000 years. Gelao language used to be regarded as a Sino-Tibetan language family, and some people abroad think it belongs to the Austro-Thai language family. Moreover, judging from gelao language's independent numeral system, it should be one of the oldest branches of the Aotai language family. In the past, there was no definite conclusion about the affiliation of language families in academic circles, but at present, it is generally believed at home and abroad that it belongs to Zhuang and Dong language families and constitutes an independent language family. Generally speaking, Zhuang-Dong language family belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family in China, and some foreign countries think it belongs to independent language family or Aotai language family. Only a few elderly people (about 6000 people) have access to the Gelao language.

The Gelao people do not have their own writing, and their history has been handed down through oral literature (such as ancient songs). Gelao language's Athena Chu and the Chinese version of The Origin of Syria have been published.

Gelao people are hardworking, brave and good at fighting. Historically, they were often recruited as soldiers and fought as pioneers. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Gelao soldiers were recruited to resist Japan, and they made outstanding achievements in the battle of Jianjiang King (now north of Jiaxing County). 1935 When the Red Army was on the Long March, it passed through the Gelao nationality area in southwest Guizhou, leaving some wounded and sick people to recuperate in the Gelao nationality's home, which was fully covered by the masses and was not killed by the reactionaries. In the struggle against bandits and the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Gelao people made due contributions.

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Gelao nationality has a long history. Baipu from Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Western Han Dynasty, Pu and Liao from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties are all related to their ancestors. "Two brothers", "two brothers", "two brothers" and "society of brothers" are the names given to them in various periods after the Sui and Tang Dynasties. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it was officially named Gelao nationality.

Gelao people are related to the present generation in ancient Guizhou. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, names such as Geliao, Geliao, Gelaohui and Gelaohui began to appear in history books, collectively called Liao. Liao people may be a general term for some ethnic minorities in this area in ancient times, but they have a more direct and close relationship with the Gelao people. The word "Gelao" first appeared in Zhu Fu's Xi Man Cong Xiao in the Southern Song Dynasty. Many historical books since the Ming Dynasty have said that "Gelao was called Liao in ancient times". In the past one or two hundred years, some customs of the ancient Liao people have been preserved among some Gelao people, such as women wearing dresses and chiseling their teeth, and tombs with slate as coffins, all of which indicate that the Gelao people are related to the ancient Liao people. The ancient Liao people were one of the main ethnic groups in Yelang State in the Western Han Dynasty (mainly in present-day Guizhou and Yunnan). 2/Kloc-More than 0/00 years ago, people in Yelang were also "demonized, cultivated and gathered in the city" ("Historical Records Biography of Southwest Yi"), that is, they had lived a settled farming life, and villages and market towns appeared. The society was at the end of primitive society or the beginning of class society. In 130 BC, Qianwei County was established in the Han Dynasty with Yelang land, and it was divided into groups before11year. Since then, the relationship between this area and the Central Plains has gradually become close. The mode of production in the feudal society of Han nationality influenced the present society, thus making a slow transition to the feudal society. In the 7th century, the Tang Dynasty established Jimizhou County in the northern residential area of Guizhou Province. At this time, the productivity of the current society has developed to a fairly high level. Some grains produced by farmers, such as rice and wheat, have been sold in the market as commodities, and the quality of their woven "live cloth" is also very good, which has become a tribute of feudal dynasties.

From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, the Gelao people were always under the rule of feudal dynasties and local officials, and suffered oppression and exploitation. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, most areas of the Gelao nationality were ruled by local chiefs. Later, military institutions such as health centers, research institutes and bunkers were established here. At the end of the Ming dynasty, it began to "change the soil and return to the flow." By the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the "returning the land to the flow" in the Gelao nationality area was basically completed, and the Gelao nationality was under the rule of the flowing officials from then on. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the population of Gelao nationality decreased sharply and the living area shrank rapidly. The settlements of the Gelao people are scattered among the living areas of other ethnic groups, and the Gelao people live together with other ethnic groups around them, influencing each other and learning from each other, and their living customs, food, clothing, housing and transportation have also changed to varying degrees. However, among the Yi people in Qianxi, Dafang and other places in Guizhou, Tusi An still retained his political and economic power until the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC).

Folding editing this culture

Folding language

Gelao people have their own language-Gelao language, and only 1,000 Gelao people can speak this language. Due to the scattered residence, the language of Gelao people varies greatly from place to place. Most Gelao people can speak Chinese, Miao, Yi, Buyi and other languages. Gelao language is regarded as a Sino-Tibetan language family in China, but it is generally regarded as an independent branch of Zhuang-Dong language family internationally. There are many different views abroad on whether Zhuang and Dong language families belong to Sino-Tibetan language family. Generally speaking, there are few Gelao people who still use the language of Gelao people, mainly concentrated in Pingba, Anshun, Puding, Guanling, Liuzhi, Dafang and other counties in Guizhou, with a little distribution in Guangxi, Yunnan and Vietnam. According to the phonetic system, lexical composition and grammatical features of the Gelao language, the Gelao language can be divided into four dialects, and each dialect can be divided into several dialects. Due to the long-term dispersion of the Gelao nationality, there are great differences in dialects. The Gelao people in northern Guizhou call themselves "Hagai" and are distributed in Renhuai, Guanling, Qinglong, Zhenfeng and Longlin, Guangxi. The Gelao people in the central Guizhou dialect call themselves "Gao" or "Laode" and are distributed in Pingba and Zhijin. The Gelao people in Qianxi dialect call themselves "Pa 'er" and are distributed in Qianxi, Zhijin and other places. The Gelao people in southwest Guizhou dialect call themselves "Duoluo" and are distributed in Shuicheng, Zhijin, Malipo, Maguan and other places in Yunnan.

The Gelao people in the northeast of Guizhou once had their own language. According to the Ming Dynasty's Annals of Sinan Prefecture, "People who live in the northwest of the county are called natives if they live in Wuchuan and along the river, saying that they have a local dialect." Volume 7 of Wei Yuan's "Three Wu Ji" also makes it clear: "When Miao rebelled, the border soil was not chaotic. Man Zi, the number is awkward. " It can be seen that today's "Tujia" along the river and other places is actually the Gelao nationality. The characteristic grammar of Gelao language still exists in Chinese dialects in Sinan, Wuchuan and along the river, such as "over ten", "equal ten" or "top ten" in Yanhe dialect, when combined with some numerals 1 1 ~ 19 and quantifiers in Gelao language before ten. For example,' Thirteen' is said to be similar to' Thirty Years' in form, but it is not found in other languages such as Tujia. It is considered to be the remains of the language of the Gelao nationality, which proves the correctness of the national records in Sinan Fuzhi.

Due to the scattered residence, Chinese has become a lingua franca, and many people are also familiar with Miao, Yi and Buyi languages. In the past, it was thought that the Gelao people had no mother tongue, and Chinese characters were used as homographs. However, at the end of 2008, the Gelao Society of Guizhou discovered the book "Nine Days History of Tai Po" among the people in Guizhou, which proved that the Gelao people have their own language-Gelao language.

Folding literature and art

There are poems, stories, proverbs, etc. In the folk literature of Gelao nationality. Most poems are easy to sing, which can be divided into three words, five words and seven words.

The Gelao Wedding Chen Yuxian

The instruments of the Gelao nationality include erhu, flute, suona, gongs and drums. The "Eight Immortals" music played by the Gelao nationality is full of national characteristics. Eight people played erhu and flute together with other musical instruments, and the timbre was very harmonious and pleasant. Suona is an indispensable musical instrument for Gelao festivals. There are more than ten kinds of tunes, such as the old gray tune, the mountain tune, the river tune, the street tune and the wedding tune. The gongs and drums are loud and the atmosphere is more enthusiastic.

Folding education

In the Gelao nationality area, except for the ancient Sizhou area (Wuchuan along the river), there were official academies in the Song Dynasty, and the rise of school education was mainly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Confucianism aimed at political "education" was established in the Gelao nationality area. Therefore, in the late Ming Dynasty, especially in the Qing Dynasty, where the Gelao people lived, there were Confucianism, academies, social studies and voluntary studies. Because of the rise of Confucianism in Gelao area. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Gelao nationality had scholars, juren and scholars, and a group of earlier Gelao intellectuals came into being. Famous figures include Shen You (1425— 1449), a statesman in Ming Dynasty, and Zhou Yuhuan, a writer in Qing Dynasty.

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the imperial examination was abolished and the education of the Republic of China was promoted. Some new primary schools have been built in Gelao nationality areas. By 1949, there were junior middle schools in Daozhen and Wuchuan counties, complete primary schools in central towns, and private schools were more common in rural areas. However, the enrollment rate of Gelao children is low, and the adult illiteracy rate is as high as 98%.

After 1950, the people's government made great efforts to popularize primary education in Gelao ethnic areas, and widely run schools through public, private and public subsidies, and adopted various policies to take care of Gelao children. Ethnic primary schools and ethnic middle schools have also been established in the areas inhabited by the Gelao people. Mainly to recruit Gelao students. By 1994, there are 6 complete middle schools, 7 junior middle schools, 50 junior middle schools with caps, 4 agricultural vocational middle schools and 6 12 primary schools in Daozhen and Wuchuan Autonomous County. There are seven kindergartens.

Folding science

Sand mining: Mercury smelting by sand mining was first done by the ancestors of Gelao people. In the Zhou Dynasty, cinnabar was used as a tribute to the king of Gelao people's houses in the Zhou Dynasty. Gelao people have accumulated a lot of experience in mining cinnabar, so they can adopt different well-drilling mining techniques according to the formation of vein. Mining tools include rattan hats, leather hats, hammers, sharp drills, oil lamps and baskets.

Smelting and casting: The Gelao people mastered smelting and casting technology earlier. Gelao people are good at smelting and casting copper and iron. In the ancient tomb, many bronze hairpins, copper pots, copper buckles and so on were unearthed. In the history books, there are many records about the bronze drums and pots of the Gelao people. Copper pots made of bronze are used for cooking utensils, and copper drums are used for musical instruments and ritual vessels. Iron is mainly used for casting agricultural production tools and household appliances, such as plows, knives, hoes and iron pots.

Weaving and Dyeing: From the tombs unearthed in the area of Gelao nationality from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, it can be seen that Gelao nationality has mastered textile technology for a long time. According to documents, the textile raw materials of the ancient Gelao nationality include wild plants such as kudzu and bamboo, as well as cultivated hemp, bamboo, wool and silk. Textile tools include spinning wheels and looms. By the Ming Dynasty, Gelao women had mastered the blending technology of spinning silk, hemp and cotton in different proportions. Influenced by the Han culture, professional dyehouses and skilled dyeing technicians gradually appeared in the Gelao nationality in northern Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, I had mastered the blending methods of different fabrics such as cotton, silk, hemp and wool and dozens of dyeing methods. But also mastered how to determine the amount of cloth dyeing according to the chromaticity of dyeing water. The Gelao people who live in the mountains are also famous for their skilled masons. They are unique in stone tombs, stone tablets, memorial archways, bridges, railings and other items and stone carvings on buildings. Their rough and bold masonry trumpets can often be heard in quarries.