Three prime ministers system

Prime Minister is the general name of China's ancient chief executive. "Slaughter" means domination. In Shang Dynasty, officials managed housework and slaves. In the Zhou Dynasty, there were Taizai who was in charge of state affairs, Jiazai who was in charge of aristocratic housework, and Yizai who was in charge of a city, all of which were general names for officials. Xiang, originally a man of courtesy and righteousness, has the meaning of assistance. The collective name of prime ministers first appeared in Han Feizi's constitutional studies, but only the Liao Dynasty took it as the official name, and the official names referred to by other generations were different in terms of the breadth of their functions and powers. It is usually the same concept as the prime minister. With the change of dynasties, the official official names of prime ministers have appeared one after another: Guo Xiang, Prime Minister, Da Situ, Shi Zhong, Zhong Shuling, Shang Shuling, Tong Ping Zhang Shi, Cabinet University, Military Minister, and so on. According to records, as early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was known as Taizai, Yin and Taishi. Although these official positions were intended to assist the emperor in managing the country, they did not have the nature of aides in the state machine at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Xiang's name appeared. For example, Guan Zhong is the phase of Qi, and Lin Xiangru is the phase of Zhao. Because of the prevailing atmosphere of cultivating scholars at that time, many knowledgeable people were recruited by various countries. Because of its thorough reform and rapid development, Qin was the first country to set up a county system in the Warring States Period, and in the second year (309 BC), it was the same prime minister as Gui Liji. The name of the prime minister began. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, the prime minister was first identified as an official system. In the Yin and Zhou Dynasties before the Qin Dynasty, the supreme ruler of the country ruled through enfeoffment of princes. The king of Shang dynasty or the emperor of Zhou dynasty could not interfere in the internal affairs of the enfeoffment country, and because the monarch of the enfeoffment country was hereditary by nobles, the emperor had no right to remove their ruling power in the enfeoffment country. After Qin Shihuang, the feudal system was abolished, counties were set up, governors were abolished and officials were set up. The emperor no longer ruled by patriarchal blood relations, but appointed bureaucrats to give orders to the whole country. Therefore, it is necessary to organize a bureaucracy to assist government affairs with the help of the prime minister. The Prime Minister came into being under such historical conditions. With the development of feudal countries, the prime minister system lasted for two thousand years.

The prime minister originated in the Spring and Autumn Period. Guan Zhong is the first outstanding prime minister in the history of China. By the Warring States period, the position of prime minister had been established in various vassal States.

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In the Qin dynasty, the official name of the prime minister was the prime minister. Sometimes it is divided into left and right sides, and the left is the top, which is called "right prime minister" and "left prime minister".

Han/Han/Chinese/human

The Han Dynasty is similar to the Qin Dynasty, but if it is called Guo Xiang, its status is higher, and the suggestion is vice. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a group of Confucian scholars were appointed as prime ministers to handle daily administrative affairs, while the government affairs center was transferred to the Imperial Palace. The functions and powers of the prime minister gradually transferred to the hands of the chief executive of Shangshutai. When Han became emperor, He Wu suggested the establishment of three metric systems on the grounds that it was difficult for the prime minister to handle many political affairs alone. Therefore, it is a measure to disperse the power of the prime minister to change the imperial history into a general official, with Fu, the general official and the prime minister as the three officials. The prime minister and the suggestion are divided into three, and the three fairs are actually three zaifu. Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty changed the Prime Minister to Da Situ. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Da Situ was changed to Situ, Fu was changed to Qiu. Among the three fairs, autumn is the most respected. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen the power of the monarch, the power belonged to the monarch, assisted the court ministers, and only retained the three fairs. Later, power was transferred to consorts and eunuchs. Sangong Han became an empty name. The three metric system was implemented until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han Xiandi was reinstated as Prime Minister and Cao Cao was appointed as Prime Minister.

Three Kingdoms

The prime ministers in the Three Kingdoms period were different in different countries. Wei called Cheng Xiang, and continued to use the Prime Minister, who was also the Prime Minister at the beginning of Wu Dynasty, followed by the left and right Prime Ministers. The power of the prime minister varies from country to country. Zhong You and Hua Xin, the prime ministers of Wei, are in power, but they are not in charge of military power, which is in Fu. When he was prime minister, he was named Jin Wengong and was in charge of the military power. Only Zhuge Liang served as prime minister in Shu Han, in charge of military and political power. Prime Minister Wu did not take charge of military power at first, but Lu Xun took charge of military and political affairs after becoming prime minister.

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Jin dynasty began to save trouble. Shangshu Province and Menxia Province were both established in Jin Dynasty, and began to implement polyphase system. Important affairs are discussed by three ministries and eight provinces, and the prime minister is no longer limited to three provinces. The governors of the three provinces began to have the status of prime ministers, and they were all called public auxiliary posts and slaughter auxiliary posts together with the three provinces.

Southern and Northern Dynasties

In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, prime ministers or prime ministers were mostly self-appointed ministers, which became a means to usurp the throne and seize power. The system of the Northern and Southern Dynasties was changeable, and the prime minister was the person with whom the emperor discussed political affairs or entrusted secrets. The official names are Zhong Shujian, Zhong Shuguan Order, Zhong Men Guan Servant, Zhong Shuguan Order, Servant Shooting or General. The person with the highest status and the greatest power is the person who records history.

Sui dynasty

The Sui Dynasty established a three-province system, and the governors of the three provinces were all prime ministers.

the Tang Dynasty

In the Tang Dynasty, Zhong Shuling, governor of Zhongshu Province, was appointed as assistant governor of Xiamen, and assistant ministers of Zhongshu and Xiamen were prime ministers. Shang Shuling will no longer appoint this official in the future, but take Shang Shuling as the chief executive and concurrently serve as the prime minister. After Tang Gaozong, ministers and servants are only prime ministers if they add "three things in the same book" and "things in the same book". He is also a prime minister, participating in and discussing state affairs, and knowing current politics together.

the Five Dynasties

The prime minister system of the Five Dynasties basically followed the Tang Dynasty, but it also had many characteristics of its own.

The prime ministers of the Five Dynasties were the assistant ministers of Zhongshu, Xiamen, ministers of various ministries, assistant ministers and other officials with flat seals. The only exceptions are the later Tang Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty.

In September (933), the fourth year of the late Tang and Ming Dynasties, he said, "Feng? There are big industries in the state, which should be disclosed to the public, but the word "flat chapter" violates the father's name and is unwilling to denounce family secrets. He can exchange the same thing for the second product of the same China book. " During the reign of Xiande in the later Zhou Dynasty, Tang Zeng was known as "two books with the same quality".

Other prime minister titles are still "the same thing."

During the Five Dynasties, centralization was further strengthened. At the same time, the power of the prime minister was usurped by the emperor and he began to intervene in the affairs of various ministries. The prime minister often judges, leads and is responsible for the work of a certain department, especially some important departments, which are almost always judged by the prime minister.

Compared with the Tang Dynasty, a major change of the prime minister system in the Five Dynasties was the unification, fixation and improvement of the prime minister level.

At the end of Jin Dynasty, in February of the fifth year of Tianfu (940), he was "promoted to the second grade of the flat seal under Zhongshu Gate" and at the same time stipulated that "the assistant minister under Zhongshu Gate was Wang Qing Sanpin". Since then, the rank of prime minister has been raised and fixed as second-class, and once assistant minister Zhongshu and assistant minister under the door have been added as prime ministers, their official products have also been upgraded from third-class to second-class.

The reform of the post-Jin prime minister system completely changed the chaotic and unreasonable situation of the prime minister level since the Tang Dynasty.

Compared with the prime minister system in Tang Dynasty, the biggest change was that in the Five Dynasties, the prime minister system appeared as the chief prime minister system and was inherited. In the late Tang Dynasty, "Duluge was the prime minister, so it was called the first" xianggong ",which was considered as the beginning of the recorded prime minister system of the Five Dynasties.

Song Liaojin

In Song Dynasty, Zhang Shi of Tongping was the official name of the Prime Minister, and he was an assistant who participated in political affairs. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the emperor's courtesy to the prime minister gradually degenerated, and Song Taizu abolished the "sitting theory" ceremony, which greatly reduced the position of the prime minister. Yuanfeng was restructured and there were two prime ministers. The Prime Minister said that Shang Shu's left servant shot and assistant minister under the door, and the second time with Shang Shu's right servant shot and assistant minister in the book; In addition, there are assistant ministers under the door, assistant ministers in the book, and ministers around. In Politics and Times, the left servant shot was changed to Taizai and assistant minister, while the right servant shot was Shaozai and assistant minister in Zhongshu. Suggestions, and then change the prime minister's official name to Shangshu, servant shooting, and deputy ambassador to participate in politics. The main road was changed to the prime minister.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Song Taizu constantly strengthened the imperial power, divided and weakened the relative power. The Prime Minister is not an official name, but actually a group in the Sui Dynasty and the highest leader except the emperor. In the early Song Dynasty, the system of "two governments and three departments" was implemented, and the functions and powers of the prime minister were divided into three parts. Although there are three provinces in the central government, the six ministers of the three provinces are not allowed to manage their own affairs and become idle posts without special approval. The actual power belongs to the "Zhongshumen", an institution that manages state administrative affairs, also known as the government affairs office and the Jingshi office. Tong Pingzhang is the chief executive, and most of them are assistant ministers in Zhongshumen and Xiamen provinces, and there is no quota. In addition, the executive power is divided by participation in politics. The Privy Council is the highest military body of the central government, and its leader is the Tang emissary. Together with the government affairs hall, it is called the "second house" of the east and west. The "Third Division" (Ministry of Housing, Salt and Iron, Ministry of Finance) is in charge of finance, so-called "province planning", and the chief executive is "three division envoys", so-called "phase planning", which is slightly lower than the "second office". The two governments and three departments are independent of each other and directly responsible to the emperor, which constitutes the highest auxiliary government organ.

Song Shenzong Yuanfeng was restructured, and the three-part system of the two houses was abolished. The left and right servants were prime ministers, the left servants were assistant ministers, and the right servants were assistant ministers of Zhongshu and the central government.

At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the left and right servants became prime ministers, no longer serving as assistant ministers of the two provinces, and the assistant ministers of the two provinces changed to participate in politics. After filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty, the prime minister was the left and right prime minister, and the deputy prime minister still participated in political affairs. In addition, Zong, Ning Zong and Li Zong all set up "the military affairs of Pingzhang are important" and "the military affairs of Pingzhang are important to each other", which are held by senior ministers or powerful ministers to handle military affairs and occupy high positions as prime ministers.

The Liao Dynasty established two official systems, the North and the South.

North: The north is divided into two Privy Councils, the north is in charge of military affairs and the south is in charge of internal affairs.

The Privy Council of the North and the South consists of the Prime Minister's Office of the North and the Prime Minister of the South respectively (this is the first time in China's history that "Prime Minister" is officially named).

South: Most officials in the south imitate the Tang system, and there are also officials from three provinces and six departments, various post stations, academies, temples, prisons and various guards. Their status is as lofty as that of the north, but they have no real power. It is a lofty institution used by the state to train scholars.

The Jin Dynasty took Shangshu Province as the highest administrative institution in China, without Zhongshu and Menxia provinces. Take Shangshuling, Zuoyou Prime Minister, Pingzhang Political Affairs and Zuoyou Cheng as Prime Ministers.

Yuan dynasty (1206- 1368)

In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was the administrative center. The official-in-charge's order in the secretariat is often ordered by the Crown Prince, followed by the Prime Minister, and then by Pingzhang politics. Deputy Zuo, You Cheng and Councillor are all prime ministers, with as many as ten people.

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In the early Ming dynasty, there was also a province of Zhongshu, which influenced the prime minister. In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), the prime minister was dismissed, and the emperor personally decided the state affairs. The prime minister system was abolished. After the emperor, due to various political affairs, a cabinet university assistant document was set up. After the cabinet position became heavier and heavier, the university students became the de facto prime ministers, called auxiliary ministers, and the first one was the records.

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The Qing dynasty set up a cabinet college student along the Ming dynasty and a military department in Yongzheng. The cabinet became idle Cao, and the minister of military affairs became the de facto prime minister. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was customary to confer a bachelor's degree as a sacrificial ceremony, but there was no such official title as prime minister.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the New Deal was implemented, imitating Japan's appointment of the Prime Minister as the head of the administrative organ.

Among all the official positions, the prime minister changed the most, because the monarch not only needed the help of the prime minister to handle political affairs, but also worried that the prime minister's power was too heavy and endangered his own power.