Beijing Foreign Studies University Portuguese Employment

Portuguese (Português), referred to as Portuguese, is a language of the Romance language family. Portuguese is one of the few widely distributed languages ??in the world and is the fifth (or sixth) most common language in the world. Portuguese is one of the most widely spoken languages ??in the world after English and Spanish. As of 2013, Portuguese (Português) is spoken by approximately 230,000,000 people worldwide, making it the sixth most popular language in the world, second only to Chinese, English, French, Spanish and Arabic. The vast majority of Portuguese speakers live in Brazil, while only about 12 million speakers live in Portugal. Learning Portuguese can increase your job opportunities.

Learning Portuguese is the same as learning any language. It is divided into two stages, one is the pronunciation stage and the other is the basic stage.

Pronunciation stage:

1. The pronunciation of the 23 letters in Portuguese is as follows:

A a is pronounced in the middle of the mouth. When pronouncing, open your mouth and keep your tongue naturally flat.

B b When pronouncing, the lips are closed together, causing airflow obstruction, and then the lips are suddenly opened, and the airflow rushes out to form a sound. It is a voiced consonant, and the vocal cords vibrate when it is pronounced.

C c The back of the tongue surface bulges and is close to the soft part, forming an obstruction. Then the tongue surface and the soft part suddenly separate, and the airflow rushes out, bursting into a sound.

D d When pronounced, the tip of the tongue is close to the gums, blocking the airflow, and then the tip of the tongue suddenly drops, and the airflow rushes out to form a sound. [d] is a voiced consonant, and the vocal cords vibrate when pronounced.

E e is pronounced in the middle and front part of the mouth. The degree of mouth opening is slightly smaller than [a], but slightly larger than [α]. The tip of the tongue touches the lower gums, and the tongue surface is low and flat. When pronouncing the word, open your lips slightly to the sides.

F f When pronunciation, the upper lip touches the lower teeth lightly, causing a certain obstruction to the airflow and then suddenly opens slightly, causing friction when the airflow passes. [f] is a voiceless consonant, and the vocal cords do not vibrate during pronunciation.

The pronunciation of G g is the same as [k]. The difference is: [g] is a voiced consonant, and the vocal cords vibrate when pronounced.

H h h usually appears at the beginning of a word when used alone. At this time, it is silent.

I i is pronounced in the front of the mouth. When pronouncing, the mouth is opened very small, the tip of the tongue is against the lower teeth, the tongue is raised toward the hard palate, and the lips are slightly open to the sides.

When J j is pronounced, the tongue surface is raised close to the palate, forming a long and narrow channel, and the lips protrude outward and are raised. The air flows from the back of the mouth outward and rubs the tongue to produce the sound. [?] is a voiced consonant, and the vocal cords vibrate during pronunciation.

K k The back of the tongue surface bulges and is close to the soft part, forming an obstruction. Then the tongue surface and the soft part suddenly separate, and the airflow rushes out, bursting into a sound.

L l The tip of the tongue touches the upper gums, causing obstruction, the vocal cords vibrate, and the airflow escapes from both sides of the tongue.

M m When pronouncing, the lips are closed together, forming a blockage, the vocal cords vibrate, the soft palate droops, and the airflow escapes from the nasal cavity.

N n The tip of the tongue presses against the upper gums, forming an obstruction, causing the vocal cords to vibrate, the soft palate to droop, and airflow to escape from the nasal cavity.

O o The place of pronunciation is in the middle and back part of the mouth. When pronunciation, the mouth is opened wide, the lips are rounded, and the tongue is retracted.

P p The lips are closed together, creating a blockage, and then suddenly open, allowing air to rush out of the mouth.

Q q q is usually followed by u. When qu appears before the vowels a (including an) or o, u is pronounced as a semivowel [w]. In this way, qu is pronounced [kw].

R r When pronouncing, raise the tongue surface, relax the entire tongue as much as possible, and then let the air flow pass through. While the vocal cords vibrate, the tip of the tongue trembles many times.

S s When pronounced, the tip of the tongue is close to the gums, but not against it. The upper and lower gums are close together, and the airflow escapes from between the tip of the tongue and the gums, causing the sound to be made by friction.

T t The tip of the tongue presses against the upper teeth and upper gums, forming an obstruction, and then suddenly drops, and the air rushes out of the mouth.

U u is pronounced in the back of the mouth.

When pronouncing, the mouth opens slightly and the lips are rounded and protruded forward.

V v pronunciation method is the same as [f], but it vibrates the vocal cords, making it a voiced consonant.

W w The lips are very round and small, and protrude forward. The back of the tongue is raised toward the soft palate. The airflow passes through the oral cavity and comes out from the space between the lips.

X x When pronouncing, the tongue surface is raised and close to the palate, forming a long and narrow channel. At the same time, the lips protrude outward and are raised. The air flows from the back of the mouth outward and rubs the tongue to produce the sound.

Y y The front of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate, the lips are stretched to both sides into a flat shape, and the vocal cords vibrate.

Z z When pronunciation, the tip of the tongue is close to the gums, but not attached to it. The upper and lower gums are close together, and the airflow leaks out from between the tip of the tongue and the gums, causing the sound to be made by friction.

2. How to summarize open and closed vowels?

Some words in Portuguese have accent marks on certain syllables. The accent mark only appears above a vowel letter. On the one hand, it indicates the pronunciation of the vowel letter, and on the other hand, it indicates that the syllable where the vowel is located should be stressed. The basic accent marks in Portuguese are: acute notes, blunt notes, soft notes, long notes, diaeresis, nasal notes, etc.

The acute sound is used above the five vowel letters. At this time, a, e, and o have an acute sound, which is the name of the vowel letter.

The blunt note is used above the vowel letter a. At this time, the vowel letter a also has to pronounce its name. This is a grammatical phenomenon. The preposition a and the vowel letter a are written together. When , a will have a blunt note.

The long note, commonly known as the triangle accent, is placed on the three vowel letters a, e, and o. At this time, these three vowel letters produce a long vowel sound:

A a pronunciation The location is also in the middle of the mouth. The difference is that the mouth is opened slightly smaller and the tongue is slightly raised. This sound is also pronounced when the letter a is before a syllable starting with the nasal consonant letters m or n and is stressed or unstressed.

E e is pronounced in the middle and front part of the mouth. The pronunciation essentials are basically the same as when pronouncing [ε], but the degree of mouth opening is smaller than [ε]. This sound is also pronounced when the letter e is stressed before a syllable beginning with the nasal consonants m or n.

O o The place of articulation is in the middle and back of the mouth. When pronunciation, the mouth opens slightly less than [?], the lips are rounded, and the degree of forward protrusion is slightly greater than [?]. This sound is also pronounced when the letter o is stressed before a syllable starting with the nasal consonant letters m or n, or in an unstressed syllable at the beginning of a word.

Nasal notes are placed above the vowel letters a and o. A and o should be pronounced nasally, and the airflow flows out of the oral cavity and nasal cavity at the same time.

The diaeresis, placed on the vowel letter u, indicates that the vowel letter u needs to be pronounced.

3. The pronunciation of consonant letter combinations.

When ch is pronounced, the tongue surface is raised and close to the roof of the mouth, forming a long and narrow channel. At the same time, the lips protrude outward and are raised. The air flows from the back of the mouth outward and rubs the tongue to produce the sound.

When pronouncing nh, the lips are naturally open, the tongue surface is close to the upper palate, and the soft lower palate hangs down, allowing the airflow to escape from the nasal cavity to form the sound.

When lh is pronounced, the tongue is raised upward and pressed against the hard palate. The air flows through the tongue and rubs against the gap formed between the upper molars on both sides to form a sound.

Four. The hard and soft sounds of c and g.

C has a hard sound before a, o, u and consonants, and a soft sound before e, i, y and soft notes.

g is pronounced hard before a, o, u and consonants, and softly before e, i, y.

5. Portuguese accent.

In Portuguese, except for a few monosyllabic words that are not stressed, most words have stressed syllables. Only a few of these words are monosyllabic, and the others are polysyllabic with more than two syllables. Normally, a word has only one stressed syllable. In Portuguese, there are several accent marks in Portuguese. Accented syllables are stressed. For unaccented words, the stress of the word is usually on the penultimate syllable. If there is an accent mark, the stress of the word is on the syllable with the accent mark.

Any word with a syllable that has an acute, long, or nasal note is a stressed syllable. However, if a word has other accent marks besides nasal marks, then the stress of the word will fall on the syllables with other accent marks.

For words ending with the vowels a, e, or o, if they do not contain an accented syllable, the stress will always fall on the penultimate syllable.

In unstressed syllables, the pronunciation of a, e, and o will change:

A a is also pronounced in the middle of the mouth. The difference is that the mouth is opened slightly smaller and the tongue is slightly raised.

E e is pronounced in the middle of the mouth. When pronouncing, the mouth is opened very small, the tongue surface is raised, and the lips are slightly pulled to both sides, which is smaller than the long e.

O o is pronounced as u, but it has a long o sound at the beginning of the word.

Basic stage.

Portuguese is an inflectional language. Nouns, adjectives and pronouns change in gender and number, and verbs change with person and tense.

1. Articles:

Articles are divided into masculine and feminine, as well as singular and plural.

um carro

uma casa

o carro

a casa

os carros

as carras

a janela duma casa (the preposition de and the article uma need to be condensed)

numa casa (the preposition em and the article uma need to be condensed)

2. Adjectives:

Portuguese adjectives are distinguished by "gender" and "number". An adjective, if it ends in o, is in the masculine form and is used to modify a masculine noun; if it ends in a, it is in the feminine form and is used to modify a feminine noun.

um carro antigo

uma casa antiga

If the noun is plural, the adjective must also be plural:

os carros antigos

as casas antigas

The adjective and the noun must be completely consistent in gender and number. This is an important feature of Portuguese. Second, most adjectives are placed after the noun, and only a few of the most commonly used adjectives are placed in front of the noun, which is exactly the opposite of English. Third, there are a few adjectives whose endings are not o or a, but other letters, such as feliz (happy) and grande (big). Such adjectives are both masculine and feminine. "number".

3. Verb.

Portuguese verb conjugation (Portuguese: a conjugac?o) refers to Portuguese verbs changing the suffixes and auxiliaries at the end of the verb in order to express different modes, tenses, aspects, persons or numbers. verb form. Portuguese verbs can be divided into three groups, classified by their infinitive suffixes: ending in -ar, -er and -ir respectively.

1. Present tense:

The present tense is composed of the verb stem and the personal suffix:

eu como

tu comes

ele come

nós comemos

vós comeis

eles comem

2. Present continuous tense.

"Present continuous tense" indicates the action that is taking place at this moment, and is generally translated as "being", for example: I am eating, he is sleeping, etc. The Portuguese present continuous tense is composed of estar plus an adverb:

Eu estou comendo.

Ele está domindo.

3. Near future tense.

The nearest future tense expresses things in the future, such as "I will go swimming tomorrow", which is composed of ir plus the original form of the verb:

Eu vou partir amanh?.

Eu vou nadar amanh?.