/kloc-where is the 0/7th century glass art center?

After entering the17th century, the glass technology in Europe is still centered on Venice and Germany, showing a prosperous trend. The tall glasses, especially Venice, continue to exert influence on other countries, but the uniqueness of each country is more remarkable than before.

From 13 to 14 century, the glass craft in Venice was characterized by enamel glassware, decorated with myths or fables and portraits. /kloc-in the middle of 0/5th century and in the early of 0/6th century, it was replaced by transparent glassware with high blowing technology, then carved glass appeared, and its tools first appeared as Jin Gangzuan with a pen. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, glassware was still carved, but it changed the expression of dotted patterns in the past, depicting tangled branches with complex structures and exquisite techniques, which had obvious baroque artistic characteristics. However, the influence of Venice glassware in Europe and its sales market have begun to be impacted by Germany and Britain.

Painted glass wine glasses German glassware, until Nuremberg and other places in the17th century, still maintained the traditional production process of enamel painting. Generally, glassware is decorated with exquisite landscape paintings. But at this time, the main achievement of German glass technology is transparent glassware, which uses the rotary table gem polishing technology as a decorative means to make relief decorative effect on transparent glassware. Most of the themes are portraits, city signs or geometric patterns, thus forming a different style from Venice carved glass. At present, the "Ground Glass Goblet Cover Cup" in new york konic Glass Art Museum is a Nuremberg product. Since 1622, when the gem polishing technology was applied to glass polishing, the glass decoration in Nuremberg quickly changed from the initial enamel painting to the production based on carving technology. It can be compared with Venice products in the same period in terms of production technology and decoration level, and has won a broad market in Europe.

In Britain, the glass art of the Renaissance was mainly influenced by Venice and Germany. /kloc-after the 0/7th century, British glass technology gradually showed its own characteristics. In particular, George Levitz clotho, a famous glassmaker, created a special glass containing lead, which is more transparent than Venetian glassware and is not easy to break. It has been copied by many European countries. In France, the influence of Venetian glass technology is obvious. Lyon and Nantes produced a large number of venetian transparent glassware and enameled glassware. In particular, in 1669, Goebbels recruited Venetian glass workers and established the Royal Institute of Mirror Making in Paris, which later became the largest glass workshop in France.

In Flanders, glassware decorated with venetian reliefs was once popular, and glassware produced in Antwerp and Brussels still kept traces of venetian influence until the second half of the17th century. In the Netherlands, the glass craft centered on Amsterdam is also influenced by Venice, but in some works, it makes the carving craft of Jin Gangzuan in Venice more perfect, especially the carved glassware with portraits or badges that appeared in the second half of17th century is completely different from Venice. But by the end of 17, the glass crafts of Holland and Flanders were influenced by Germany at the same time, especially in the imitation of German relief decoration.

Carved glass lid jar