Life of Characters in Kuroda's Works

Kuroda was born in Kagoshima on 1840. His father is a poor soldier with a salary of only four stones. 1863, Kuroda Kiyotaka took part in the eagle-fighting war, served as the captain of the pistol in the Battle of Bird Feather in Fujian in 1868, then served as the staff officer of the North Vietnamese Conquest Army, and served as the chief of staff in the Battle of the Pentagon in 1869. Since then, his career has been smooth sailing.

Kuroda showed his outstanding humanity in the conquest of North Vietnam, the Battle of Wuling Guo and the subsequent development of Hokkaido. When conquering North Vietnam, Kuroda tried his best to rescue the enemy star Keinosuke, but Kawai was trapped in a desperate situation and died of his injuries. He Jing is a very regrettable talent. Kuroda successfully rescued the enemy general Takeshi Sakamoto Shi in the later Bo Xuan War. At that time, some people in the government army thought that he was an unfaithful minister and demanded that he be sentenced to death. Kuroda ran around and saved his life. Later, when Kuroda was engaged in the development of Hokkaido, Ibn spared no effort to work for him.

1869, the Japanese government set up a pioneering ambassador for Hokkaido, who was responsible for developing Hokkaido on the one hand and guarding against Russia on the other. The first pioneer was Naoki Shinjima, the ambassador of Saga Francisco, who was replaced by tojo hideki, the royal family, a month later. 1870, Haruhiko Kuroda served as the second official in charge of Huatai (Sakhalin Island) development, 187 1 year, and was promoted to be the agent of the development chief. It is worth mentioning that Kuroda, a military commander, opposed the Japanese troops to send troops to Huatai, and in 1874 opposed sending troops to attack Taiwan Province Province. Kuroda runs counter to the trend of the times and advocates giving up Yutai and devoting himself to friendly work with Russia. With the efforts of Sakamoto and others, Japan and Russia concluded the Huatai Thousand Islands Exchange Treaty in 1876. 1874, Kuroda was promoted to Lieutenant General and a pioneer in Hokkaido. 1876 65438+ 10. In October, he signed the Jianghua Treaty on behalf of the Japanese government, forcing North Korea to open its doors. In the same year, he founded Sapporo Agricultural School to train talents for the development of Hokkaido. 1877, the southwest war broke out. He joined the army as a conqueror in the Southwest War and made meritorious service. He was awarded the first-class Sunlight Medal. As the object of the crusade in the Southwest War was Saigō Takamori, who was called the hero of Satsuma, Haruhiko Kuroda, like Junichi Kubo, never dared to return to his hometown of Satsuma again. Kuroda's most respected Xixiang Zhou Nan also died in the Southwest War, which made Kuroda suffer from alcoholism and spread madness. Rumor has it that he confessed to his sick wife on 1878.

Another person whom Kuroda respects is the aforementioned Kubo Toshiichi. On 1878, the year after the outbreak of the Southwest War, Okubo was assassinated in Tokyo's Yoshio-CHO. The assassin was Ichiro Teru Shimada, the cremation of Ishikawa Prefecture. In the "rape and murder pattern" he left behind, he called Kimoto Longji, Kubo Junyi and Iwakura Tomomi "traitors" and Liben Chongxin, Ito Bowen, Kuroda Kiyotaka and Kawaji Toshiyoshi "unforgivable giants". The Tokyo Nikkei News, which reported the incident at that time, commented: "Look at how many heroes of reform still exist today. Jiang Teng, Maehara Seiji and Xixiang (Longsheng) rebelled and died; Omura and Hirozawa were assassinated; Mu Hugong died of illness; The names of Banhara, Goto and Auxiliary Island are retired; In the present exhibition hall, there are only three founders of retro style, namely the Duke of Okubo and the Duke of Kuroda and the Duke of shinya yamanaka. Now (Okubo) has been assassinated by an assassin for only eleven years. At the beginning (referring to the Meiji Restoration), the hero lost more than half. " . The only Samoan representatives are Kuroda and Masayoshi Matsuzawa. Although there are Kawasaki Munenori, Saigou Jyuudou, ōyama Iwao, Kawamura Junyi and others, Kuroda has unconsciously become the first old man.

Compared with his role in the central government, Kuroda is committed to the development of Hokkaido. 188 1 year, there was an incident of exploiting and selling official property. Kuroda hired some foreigners to develop Hokkaido, which contributed to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery, industry and communication. In addition, he also set up a garrison system for poor gentry. The development of Hokkaido needs a lot of money, which is a great burden for the government. 188 1 year, the government's ten-year development plan expires, and so far the government's investment in Hokkaido has exceeded140,000 yen. The local government of Hokkaido took the opportunity to sell the government official property at a price of 390,000 yen to the Kansai Chamber of Commerce founded by Tomohe, Takeichi Nakano and An Tian Ding in the Five Dynasties with preferential terms of 30 years' interest-free repayment, which triggered strong criticism from all walks of life on the collusion between officials and businessmen of the vassal valve. Critics include not only civil rights groups, but also Fujimoto Chongxin, who once disagreed with Ito Bowen on issues such as constitutionalism and the establishment of parliament. The problem of stopping the sale of official property was intertwined with the ousting of Dawei, which triggered the Meiji coup in 14. Kuroda believes that it is a good thing to entrust private enterprises to develop Hokkaido, so he is the promoter of selling official property. Finally, because of this problem, he was pulled down from the position of development director, but he continued to work hard to achieve cremation.

1885, the first cabinet of Ito Bowen was established. From 1886 to 1887, Kuroda traveled around the world. When he returned to China, Foreign Minister Noue Kaoru resigned due to unfavorable criticism from inside and outside the government for negotiating with the big powers to amend the unequal treaties. In order to strengthen the power of the cabinet, the prime minister temporarily served as foreign minister. After that, Takamoto Maoji became the foreign minister, former Minister of Agriculture Kikukawa just served as the Minister of the Palace, and Kuroda served as the Deputy Prime Minister-level Minister of Agriculture. The draft constitution was completed during the current term of the Ito Cabinet. In order to get the draft passed smoothly in the Privy Council, Ito resigned as Prime Minister and became the Speaker of the Privy Council on 1888, giving the position of Prime Minister to Kuroda.

1888 On April 30th, Kuroda's Cabinet was established, and its members included Masayoshi Matsuzaka, Yan Jun Yamayama, Saigou Jyuudou Navy and Tomori Mori. Yamagata Aritomo's Minister of Interior, Yamada's Minister of Justice and Noue Kaoru's Minister of Agriculture and Commerce were all born in Changzhou. Da Kun, who was born in Fei, believed in the foreign minister; Takeshi Sakamoto Shi, a servant of the old shogunate, sent a postal photo. 1In March, 889, the leader of the Datong Solidarity Movement, Goto Kojiro, who had been fighting against the government, expressed his willingness to cooperate with the government and was appointed as a postman, replacing Mori Youli who was assassinated by Sakamoto. This cabinet included almost all the founding fathers at that time, so it was also called "the cabinet that trapped the founding fathers". Kuroda left a bad name in history, because he expressed "transcendentalism" at the meeting of local officials. In this regard, Kuroda said: "The Constitution has to accommodate the opinions of all citizens. However, people have different opinions on how to govern, and it is inevitable that people with the same opinions will form a so-called political party. As a government, it should be detached from political parties and adhere to the principle of fairness and integrity. All cabinet members should take this as their purpose, be impartial and impartial, pursue life for the people and work hard for the prosperity of the country. "

Critic Junichiro Otsu sharply criticized Kuroda's "Transcendentalism": "Although Kuroda's cabinet has no name of any political party, it is actually only a vassal party centered on the Mozambican governor (state). Because he used the old vassal valve as a fortress and had no determinism and program, he had to whitewash it with transcendentalism. " This evaluation is very accurate. After the death of Xixiang and Okubo, Haruhiko Kuroda was promoted to the position of veteran, which is the real reason why he became prime minister.

The short-lived Kuroda cabinet aroused strong repercussions in society, that is, under the auspices of Foreign Minister Okuda, the unequal treaties were amended. Regarding the revision of unequal security treaties, people's focus is on abolishing extraterritorial jurisdiction and realizing tariff autonomy. After eight years' efforts, Noue Kaoru, the former foreign minister, even spared no effort to create a "Ming Lu Guan era" to amend the treaty, but it ended in failure. Instead of inheriting Inoue's route, Foreign Minister David overthrew the plan made by Inoue and big countries at the same meeting and turned to negotiate with other countries alone. The contents of the revised plan proposed by Foreign Minister Dayong mainly include: increasing the agreed import tariffs (some of which are freely taxed by Japan); Five years after the implementation of the treaty, the extraterritorial jurisdiction of foreigners' residence was completely abolished; MFN treatment should be attached with conditions; The validity period of the treaty is 12 years, after which a new treaty is concluded; Japan promises to open the mainland; During the period of 12, the Grand Court retained four European and American judges (judges). When foreigners were accused, most of the judges were foreigners for collegiate trial; Amend the criminal law, criminal law, civil law, commercial law and procedural law. From 65438 to 0889, Japan signed new treaties with the United States, Germany and Russia. However, the contents of the new treaty immediately attracted opposition after it was disclosed in The Times of London, and the comments of Japanese newspapers were mixed. Prime Minister Haruhiko Kuroda is determined to work with Foreign Minister Otaru to amend the Treaty. However, David was bombed by members of Yang Xuan society who came to Hengxi Island and lost a leg, so the negotiation on amending the treaty was interrupted. Kuroda's cabinet immediately resigned.

David's proposal to amend the unequal treaties is indeed humiliating, but the text contains the contents of abolishing the extraterritoriality of foreigners' residence five years after the implementation of the treaties and restoring tariff autonomy two years after/kloc-0. If implemented according to this situation, the former can be implemented in 1894 and the latter can be implemented in 190 1. Due to the opposition's demand for a complete equality treaty, extraterritorial jurisdiction was abolished, and tariff autonomy was finally realized in 19 1 1 year until 1899. Should we be patient for a while or ask for a completely equal treaty from the beginning? It is difficult to evaluate which of the two options is correct.

Kuroda's cabinet ended without results. Kuroda died in 1900, and his dream of opening up Hokkaido went with him.