Is China porcelain the most famous in Jingdezhen or Dehua?

As far as fame is concerned, Dehua is still not as good as Jingdezhen, but Dehua has always been ahead of Jingdezhen in the development of ceramic industry.

"Folk Kiln" and "Official Kiln" —— The contest between Dehua and Jingdezhen

Editor's Note: A seminar on arts and crafts industry and fine ceramics industry in China was held recently in Dehua, the capital of porcelain. Li, vice chairman of the National People's Congress, said at the meeting that arts and crafts are the characteristic culture of a country and a nation, and arts and crafts ceramics are a characteristic commodity. The guests of this conference are representatives from Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Longquan in Zhejiang, Yixing in Jiangsu, Liling in Hunan and other famous ceramic producing areas. After the meeting, the Morning Post reporter interviewed relevant people, taking Dehua and Jingdezhen as examples, trying to explore the current market and culture of the ceramic industry.

Xu Kunzhen, secretary of Dehua County Party Committee, said at a recent seminar on arts and crafts ceramics in China that Dehua has more than 80,000 ceramic enterprises 1 100, with more than 80,000 employees. Last year, the output value of ceramics in the county was 53 1 100 million yuan, of which nearly 5 billion yuan was exported. Dehua, as a new branch of "China Porcelain Capital", the above data reminds people of Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, the old porcelain capital. In all fairness, Dehua and Jingdezhen are more famous, but relevant data show that Jingdezhen exported less than 65.438+0 billion yuan last year, less than Dehua's 654.38+0/5.

Household porcelain and artworks

In Xinmen Street, Quanzhou, there is a porcelain shop opened by people in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi. In the shop, the reporter met the owner Chen.

In the whole two-story shop, the reporter saw all the art display porcelain, such as a large vase with a height of more than one person and a large porcelain plate with a diameter of more than one meter. Lao Chen said that if you sell porcelain in Quanzhou, you must sell the characteristics of Jingdezhen. As for daily-use porcelain, Quanzhou's Dehua has been done very well, so why teach others to swim!

Porcelain is sold all over the country, and many laid-off porcelain workers in Jingdezhen make a living from it. Lao Chen said that in recent years, the Jingdezhen government and the people have been organizing various exhibition groups, not only holding exhibitions all over the country, but also some Jingdezhen porcelain merchants going abroad to hold exhibitions, such as Europe, Russia, Southeast Asia and other places. Quanzhou people may still remember that since the year before last, several groups of Jingdezhen people came to Quanzhou to run jingdezhen international ceramic fair.

Jingdezhen, the old porcelain capital, has always been the main business of ceramics. According to the planned economy model at that time, all major state-owned porcelain factories had a division of labor. For example, Jianguo Porcelain Factory is dominated by vases, Guangming Porcelain Factory is dominated by blue and white, and Dongfeng is dominated by daily-use porcelain.

This is how fine products are produced. According to Chen, whenever leaders or special guests come, the factory will arrange "technical department" and "experimental group" to make some special porcelain. In the "technical department" and the "experimental group", there are hidden dragons and crouching tigers. Many real ceramic experts are craftsmen here, and the gift ceramics they make are often fine. Chen said to him, "That's very valuable."

In recent years, because many ceramic masters and artists have come out to open their own workshops, become small bosses and operate independently, the varieties and shapes of Jingdezhen porcelain have generally increased compared with before, and the fine products have moved from "official kiln" to folk.

"Folk Kiln" and "Official Kiln"

Wen Keren, director of Dehua No.5 Porcelain Factory, told reporters that Dehua and Jingdezhen have exactly the opposite development trajectories. Dehua's porcelain kiln is a "folk kiln", which started from folk manual workshops and snowballed, and now it has become a big industry; Jingdezhen, due to the government's attention, has been dominated by "official kilns" since ancient times. But now, Jingdezhen is full of family workshops.

Ke Hongrong, the newly elected "China Master of Arts and Crafts (Ceramics)" in Dehua last year, pointed out that Dehua's foundation is not comparable to any domestic producing area, even Liling, let alone Jingdezhen, in terms of talents and equipment.

Think of Jingdezhen in the 1950s. Jiangxi Ceramic Technology Company has ten porcelain factories, including Dongfeng, Art, Jianguo and Guangming. But three or four years ago, these state-owned factories had all disintegrated. Some factories have sold their land, and the names of the rebuilt factories are gone. Standing on the foundation of the original Dongfeng Porcelain Factory is the International Trade Plaza, where there is only one ceramic trade city left.

There are hundreds of thousands of ceramic workers, which is a great wealth of Jingdezhen. Workers who have left the factory have now set up family workshops. There are two main forms, one is to contract the workshop of the original state-owned factory in partnership or independently; The other is to build a factory to make ceramics. The main product is, of course, Jingdezhen's biggest feature-furnishings ceramics.

As far as the scale is concerned, there are usually only one or twenty workers in the family workshops in Jingdezhen today, and there are only forty or fifty more, which is a bit like Dehua in the 1980s and 1990s. Think about the size of the state-owned porcelain factory. Guangming Porcelain Factory has more than 3,000 retired workers.

In Dehua, history seems to be reversed. Dehua's private porcelain factory started from a family factory, when there were only a few people. Today, Dehua's large-scale porcelain factory, such as Dehua's leading enterprise Mei Jia Company, employs nearly 7,000 people. According to the company's plan, the annual output value will reach 654.38 billion yuan in 2005.

"Mercedes Benz" and "Li Xia"

Chen is an old porcelain worker in Jingdezhen. According to him, he worked in Jingdezhen Dongfeng Porcelain Factory for 20 years, from 1975 to 1995 when he was laid off. First as a fireman, then transferred to the supply department. His salary rose from 18 yuan in 1975 to more than 200 yuan in 1995. Now I receive unemployment benefits 167 yuan every month, plus 10 years of old-age insurance and medical card. In Jingdezhen, there are still many laid-off workers in porcelain factories like Lao Chen. It is understood that there were 60,000 ceramic workers in Jingdezhen two years ago. At that time, the plan of the municipal government was to "pay 20 thousand, return 20 thousand and keep 20 thousand" According to business people in Dehua, many ceramic talents from Jingdezhen have flowed into Dehua. In some enterprises in Dehua, the monthly salary of senior managers and ceramic designers is 10,000 yuan, and the monthly salary of ordinary workers is also around 800 yuan.

The income gap is so big, not only employees, but also bosses. The reporter and Chen talked about the bosses' "mounts". He said that now some workshop owners who have made money in Jingdezhen have also started to buy cars, but the grade is not high, belonging to the "family car series" products. A car is only 65,438+10,000 yuan, and the small boss in Jingdezhen has a "Li Xia" which is even more beautiful. A "Honda" climbed to the top, which can't be compared with the "Mercedes-Benz" of Dehua boss. Chen said with certainty: "Jingdezhen does not have a big boss with assets of hundreds of millions. It would be great to have millions. I just got out last year. In a year, the change can't be that big. "

A considerable number of Jingdezhen ceramic workers flow into the sales link. They don't have workshops at home, so they sell porcelain from fellow villagers' workshops and sell them all over the country. Chen said that my sense of security in state-owned enterprises was gone, and doing business was risky. Some people who slept outside to sell porcelain made money, others lost money, and several families were happy and worried. Porcelain is a delicate thing. Before leaving, it should be sealed in wooden cases and wrapped tightly with straw. Rao, many of them are still broken. However, even porcelain dealers with good business can't do big business for large Dehua enterprises. It is good to earn tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands a year, and it is almost impossible to earn millions.

Reporter's notes

Institutional advantages of Dehua porcelain

Dehua ceramics people also admit that Dehua is not as good as Jingdezhen in terms of fame alone, but Dehua has always been ahead of Jingdezhen in the development of ceramic industry. Today's Dehua, with large modern enterprises and developed ceramic trade, has obvious industrial advantages.

The great development of Dehua ceramic industry has been in the past 20 years. In the 1980s, the output value of porcelain in Dehua County was less than 20 million yuan. But it was at that time that Dehua's folk ceramic workshops began to develop. After 20 years of rolling development, Dehua porcelain has changed. It is also the Millennium porcelain capital and has a long ceramic culture. Dehua can walk ahead of Jingdezhen, and Dehua porcelain has institutional advantages. Unlike Jingdezhen Porcelain Factory, which is a state-owned enterprise, Dehua Porcelain Factory is a private enterprise.

In September last year, Beijing Arts and Crafts Publishing House published the Who's Who of Contemporary Ceramic Art in Jingdezhen, China. There are 70 ceramic celebrities in Jingdezhen, all of whom are masters of arts and crafts, including many famous professors from the National Academy of Fine Arts. The camp is quite luxurious.

Although it is the era of market economy, the profound connotation of Jingdezhen is still awe-inspiring.

It is understood that in addition to the traditional ceramic industry, Jingdezhen also has emerging industries, such as Changhe Aircraft Factory, a "Hafei" southward relocation project, which specializes in the production of helicopters and Huayi Refrigerator Factory, all of which are well-known state-owned factories. Jingdezhen ceramics has lost its dominant position in the economy. Ceramics is a highly polluting industry. It used to burn coal, but now it burns oil and natural gas. After the urban re-planning, the newly-built ceramic factory also moved to the suburbs of Jingdezhen.