Names and characteristics of several ancient kiln factories in China.

There were five famous kilns in ancient China, including Jun kiln, Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ding kiln and Ge kiln. Famous kilns include Yaozhou Kiln, Cizhou Kiln and Jingdezhen Kiln.

China's five famous kilns officially started the "porcelain" era of firing practical utensils and ornamental utensils. In fact, before the Song Dynasty, most of the practical and ornamental utensils fired in China were pottery, which was different from porcelain. Therefore, the arrival of the five famous kilns is the arrival of the porcelain era in the true sense.

I. Jun Kiln

One of the famous porcelain kilns in Song Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Bagua Cave, Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Enjoy the reputation of "gold is valuable and priceless" and "even if you have a wealth, it is not as good as a piece of Jun porcelain".

Jun kiln is famous for its unique art of kiln transformation, which is known as "gold is valuable, but Jun porcelain is priceless" and "a rich family is not as good as a Jun porcelain". It is known as the first of the "Five Famous Porcelains" in China with its quaint modeling, exquisite craftsmanship, complicated glaze color matching, magical kiln transformation of "one color in the kiln, one color in the kiln", endless graphic colors and wonderful charm of lakes, mountains, clouds, fog, people, animals, flowers, birds, insects and fish.

Second, Ru kiln

Ruyao is the most famous porcelain kiln in China. The kiln site is located in Liang Qing Temple, Baofeng County, Henan Province. Song Dynasty belongs to Ruzhou, hence its name. Glaze colors mainly include sky blue, sky blue, light pink, pink blue, moonlight white and so on. The glaze layer is thin and bright, and the glaze bubbles are large and sparse, which is called "as few as the morning star". There are tiny lines on the glaze, which are called "crab claw lines".

Third, the official kiln.

The official porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty is the peak of celadon created by Song Huizong's introduction of the essence of Ruyao and Kaifeng Dongyao. As a national instrument, the official porcelain of the Northern Song Dynasty is simple and elegant in shape, pure and smooth in enamel, jade in glaze color, with cracks like gems, slightly purple in mouth and iron brown in foot. Its artistic style and pursuit of quietness, elegance and unconventional are beyond the reach of other porcelain species.

In Song Dynasty, the official kiln porcelain was mainly plain, with neither gorgeous carving nor colorful painting, and mostly decorated with concave-convex straight edges and chords. Its tire color is iron black, glaze color is blue, and "purple mouth and iron foot" adds quaint and elegant beauty.

Fourth, ding kiln

Ding kiln porcelain is deeply loved by people for its colorful decorative patterns. Decorative techniques are mainly white glaze printing, white glaze carving and white glaze drawing, as well as white glaze embroidery and gold color drawing.

Printing is mainly based on flowers, such as lotus, chrysanthemum, day lily, peony and so on. There are also animal patterns such as mandarin ducks, dragons and phoenixes and lions. The white glaze printing fixture with strict, symmetrical and neat picture has always been regarded as a treasure in ceramic art.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Ge Yao

There are many tire colors, such as black, dark gray, light gray, khaki, etc. The glaze color is opaque and opaque, and the glaze color is mainly gray blue. Common uses include stoves, bottles, bowls, dishes, washing, etc. They are all exquisite in texture and fine in workmanship, and they are all the styles of palace porcelain, which are very different from those of folk kiln porcelain.

Most of the classic artifacts of "Ge Kiln" handed down in the world originated from the old collection of the Qing Palace. The biggest suspense in the history of China ceramics has been caused by the fact that these artifacts are inconsistent with the characteristics of the "Ge Kiln" recorded in ancient documents and are not supported by archaeological data.

Six, Cizhou kiln

Cizhou Kiln is famous for producing white glazed black porcelain. The contrast between black and white is strong and bright, and the pattern is very eye-catching. Can be carved, scratched, picked and colored. He also creatively painted China's painting techniques on porcelain in the form of pattern composition, which has fascinating artistic charm. It opened up a new way for China porcelain painting and decoration, and laid a foundation for the great development of Jingdezhen blue-and-white and colored porcelain after the Song Dynasty.

Seven, Yaozhou kiln

The carving decoration of Yaozhou kiln porcelain with knife instead of pen is the most exquisite. Knife flowing, flowing under the knife. It pays attention to one go. After carving, the pattern is bold and vigorous, the lines are lively and smooth, and the three-dimensional sense is very strong. After firing, transparent turquoise glaze is applied to make the utensils more elegant and beautiful, with high style. Decorative techniques mainly include carving, printing, drawing, engraving, piling and hollowing out.

Eight, Jingdezhen kiln

Jingdezhen porcelain is known as "fake jade" with its unique style of "white as jade, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, and endless sound", and has created exquisite and peerless famous porcelain such as blue and white, glazed red, multicolored, bucket colored, pastel, plain tricolor, exquisite and high-temperature glaze.

Extended data

The Collection Value of "Five Famous Kilns"

The five famous kilns represent the highest level of monochromatic glazed porcelain in China. Their scarcity and rarity make the world's major museums and top private collectors regard owning these five famous kilns as heroes. Because its representative works are mainly preserved in the world's major museums, especially the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Taipei.

Experts pointed out that the five famous kiln porcelains that can circulate in the collection market are rare. Every time it appears, it will definitely arouse the "killing" of top collectors.

"Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln, Jun Kiln and Ding Kiln" were handed down from the Song Dynasty, and the five famous kilns are extremely rare. Feng, a research librarian of the Antiquities Department of the Palace Museum and a member of the National Cultural Relics Appraisal Committee, told the reporter that the treasures handed down from five famous kilns are mainly collected in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Taipei, as well as in foreign British Museum, Metropolitan Museum and Jimei Museum. Among them, Ru kiln porcelain is the least preserved.

Although there are thousands of museums in the world, less than 10 can accommodate Ru Ci in the Song Dynasty. There are 67 Ru kilns handed down from ancient times in these museums, but some people think that there are less than 100. The National Palace Museum in Taipei is the most concentrated place of Ru kiln porcelain, with 2 1 piece, and the rest are kept in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Shanghai Museum and British Museum.

As early as the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the word of mouth that "even if you have wealth, you can't afford a thing in Ru Ci" was widely circulated among the people. Nowadays, the price of Ruyao porcelain has soared. However, despite the high price, Ruyao porcelain that can circulate in the auction market, even including the other five famous kilns, is rare.