A complete collection of detailed information about Shepard.

Shepherding is one of the oldest production activities of human beings, belonging to animal husbandry in agricultural system, and its finished products are mainly wool or goat milk. Generally speaking, sheep are very dependent on the feeding and protection of shepherds, or are led by shepherds to find new pastures to feed. In some traditional agricultural areas in Europe, America and Oceania, sheep husbandry is still the main industry and economic source.

Chinese Name: shepherd mbth: Shepherd Type: Production Activity Industry: Animal Husbandry Products: Wool and Goat Milk Shepherd's History, Origin, Modern Development, Australia and New Zealand, Religious Significance, Popular Cultural Significance, Shepherd's Historical Origin Shepherd is only one of the occupations with the longest history of mankind. In Anatolia Peninsula (Asia Minor), people began to shepherd sheep 6,000 years ago. At that time, the purpose of raising sheep was mainly for their very warm and thick hair, followed by eating goat milk and mutton. In the following thousands of years, grazing activities began to spread throughout Eurasia. At first, although some sheep were raised on family farms, together with chickens, pigs and other animals, people gradually realized that if we want to maintain a huge population, we must move from one pasture to another to meet a large number of herbivores, which gave birth to the first group of farmers who specialize in shepherds.

The most important duty of a shepherd is to keep the sheep intact and protect them from wolves and other carnivores; In addition, it is necessary to supervise the migration of sheep and ensure that they arrive at the market within the specified time to shear their wool accurately. In ancient times, shepherds often milked their sheep and made cheese with goat's milk. Only a few shepherds still do this.

In his masterpiece, Nikolai Pu Sang described the paradise in Greek mythology-the shepherd of Acadia. In many ancient societies, shepherds once played an important economic role. Unlike farmers, shepherds are mostly paid, so although they look after sheep all day, they usually don't own them. In addition, as shepherds, they must endure isolation from the outside world, because they spend most of their lives grazing in open and inaccessible wilderness or mountainous areas. Shepherd's work is mainly entrusted to single men, which can avoid the problem of taking care of family and children. Therefore, the shepherd industry is rarely passed down from generation to generation, and it is often necessary to find new shepherds from outside. At the same time, a large number of farmers or farm owners like to arrange their youngest sons to be shepherds. After all the property such as livestock, fields and farm tools are left to the eldest son, this is already a good way to make the younger son eat and wear almost three meals.

In other places, there is also a habit that every household sends a family member to manage the sheep, usually children, teenagers or the elderly, because managing the sheep is a relatively easy and effortless thing; In this case, the shepherd is completely integrated into the whole society and will not be separated from the public.

Shepherds also have rules of division of labor and cooperation. Usually, several familiar shepherds will form a group to take care of a huge flock together, or gather their own small flocks to take care of them together, so that everyone will try their best to fulfill their responsibilities and it is less likely to lose their sheep. During this period, shepherds will live in the same simple tent in the wild and take turns to take their sheep to the neighboring towns to find grass sources and buy food every day. Another less common way is for a shepherd to find a covered carriage so that he can walk around comfortably and easily with his sheep.

The ancient sheep husbandry was further developed only in some geographical areas, because it was more efficient to plant cereal crops in lowlands and river valleys than to let sheep graze, so the situation of raising a large number of sheep was usually limited to rugged mountainous areas. Before modern times, shepherds concentrated in Israel, Greece, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Scotland. Modern development of modern shepherds with sheepdogs and horses, photo taken in Madison, Canada, 1942. The sheep industry has undergone earth-shaking changes in modern times. As the traditional European Community land system was gradually abolished after 18 and 19 centuries, the shepherd industry changed from a small and independent nomadic people to a fixed service for manor owners. Some families in Africa and Asia, such as India, still keep the custom of taking cattle and sheep as their main wealth, so when other family members deal with more important chores, sheep are often guarded by their youngest son. However, in the United States, most people engaged in sheep farming are scattered in the vast public suburbs under the jurisdiction of the local Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Now the wages of shepherds are higher than ever before, and the cost of hiring shepherds to look after sheep for a long time becomes expensive. In addition, the extinction of natural enemies of sheep (such as wild wolves and snow leopards). ) also makes the importance of shepherds decline.

In some countries, such as Britain, some breeds of hard-working and cold-resistant sheep have become accustomed to intermittently needing no shepherd to watch; Varieties with high wool yield can be kept indoors for artificial breeding, even if they are looking for fresh grass regularly or when necessary. Many farmers who live in the highlands even leave the stronger sheep on the mountainside or grass slope to graze freely. Only when it is necessary to give birth to lambs or shear sheep, farmers will take special care of their sheep. Movable shacks used by shepherds in Australia and New Zealand to stay in the wilderness With the discovery of European geography, sheep have been brought to other continents by fleets, and the total number of sheep in the world has increased significantly, especially in Australia and New Zealand. Because of the suitable land conditions, the sheep industry has developed rapidly.

However, due to the dense squatters in New South Wales 19 counties in Australia, the appearance of a large number of sheep once caused serious problems. They ran amok in a big house without fences, which made people very headache and had to start making policies to supervise sheep. The authorities then hired many shepherds to stop the sheep from going astray and breaking into human cities; At the same time, try to maintain the ecological health of sheep, such as preventing them from being attacked by Australian wild dogs and wedge-tailed hawks. And every time a lamb is born, the shepherd's responsibility is even more important.

Due to the long-term isolation and loneliness in the work process, the shepherd industry was not very popular at first, and only prisoners in prison would be assigned this job. Poor accommodation environment and lack of adequate nutritious diet in the wild make shepherds prone to dysentery and scurvy. Relatively speaking, free workers will be more willing to accept this job, and some of them will be bought by slave owners to take care of the sheep on board during the voyage to Australia until they reach their destination.

Sometimes, shepherds like to complain about their inefficiency and make fun of them because they are afraid of getting lost in the vast desert.

In general, it is difficult for a single shepherd to manage sheep all day. In particular, many wild animals are used to staying in the dark, so it is more common for two or more shepherds to cooperate and rotate. The shepherd who is in charge of herding sheep during the day will get up before sunrise in the morning to take his sheep out. After a whole day, he will return to the camp at sunset (pen made of long wood). At this time, the shepherd's partner will take over and stay in the shed all night to watch the sheep. It was not until the next morning that the sheep were handed over to the original shepherd; The wild life of herding sheep is so repetitive and orderly every day.

A shepherd who looks after his sheep at night should be extra careful, because he often spends long nights in a moving guard shed, which is located near the sheepfold to guard against predators in the wilderness. In addition to loyal shepherds being tied up in the camp, some modern shepherds will bring extra shotguns to deal with any sudden crisis and conflict from Australian wild dogs or local aborigines.

1839 what is the average salary of a shepherd? 50 Australian dollars, and the weekly food ration includes 12 pounds of meat, 10 pounds of flour, 2 pounds of sugar and? Pound of tea, but not long after, with the Great Depression of 1840s, wages dropped to the level of one year? 20 Australian dollars.

Due to the sharp drop in wages, many shepherds caught up with the Victorian gold rush in the 1960s and 1980s, hoping to try their luck and get rich. As a result, many workers have been lost in the whole animal husbandry, resulting in a serious shortage of manpower. As a result of this wave of labor shortage, people began to build fences to look after their sheep, which led to a sharp drop in the demand for foreign shepherds in the future. In the mid-1880s, as many as 95% of the sheep in New South Wales were put on the owner's pasture for fixed feeding. /kloc-In the 1990s, New South Wales erected a record-breaking animal husbandry fence with a total length of 2.6 million kilometers. The estimated total cost is A $300 million.

To sum up, the current ranchers have banned the function of shepherds and taken care of their own flocks. As a result, the traditional shepherd industry in Australia and New Zealand has declined. Religious Significance The image of a good shepherd is displayed in the mosaic art of the Italian city of Lavaine in the 5th century A.D. As symbols, the words "shepherd" and "shepherd" are often used to describe God and his behavior, especially in Jewish and Christian traditions (the most obvious example: Psalm 23); In Christianity, it refers to Jesus, who also calls himself the good shepherd. This record can be found in paragraph 10: 1 1 in the Gospel of John. Because the ancient Israelites were a farming and herding people, there were indeed many shepherds among them. It is worth noting that many heroes recorded in the Bible are shepherds, including ancestors Abraham and Jacob, prophets Moses and King David, and Old Testament prophet Amos. In the New Testament, angels also claim that Jesus was born a shepherd.

Shepherds attend the traditional midnight mass in Provence. The same analogy applies to churches and priests. Bishops, whether Roman Catholics or Anglicans, will embroider the shepherd's crank stick on their personal heraldry to show their recognition. Both of them have the same meaning, which means that believers need to be taken care of like sheep, and some of them are inspired by the allusion that Jesus instructed Peter to "feed my sheep" three times.

In addition, the word Pastor originally means shepherd in Latin, but it is only used to refer to clergy in most Christian sects. The Significance of Popular Culture William bouguereau painted "Little Shepherd Girl". Shepherds and shepherds are both residents of the utopian world imagined by popular culture, projecting human yearning for poetic pastoral life and beautiful nature. Therefore, the shepherd's work has been sublimated from the actual needs of animal husbandry to the ordinary and leisurely farming and pastoral life in the suburbs.

The first person who wrote poems for the life of shepherding was Te Aucry Toth in ancient Greece, while Virgil's Pastoral Collection (Pastoral Collection) in ancient Rome was even more famous. All these inspired later poets, such as/kloc-The Shepherd's Calendar written by Edmund Spencer, the English poet laureate in the 6th century.

In addition, shepherds and even shepherdesses are the favorite themes of many painters and sculptors, which enables them to create eternal and immortal art halls frequently. Famous works include The Shepherd Boy and the Dog by Danish neoclassical sculptor Bater Sauval. William bouguereau, a French academic painter who insisted on aestheticism all his life, has painted a shepherd girl many times.

In these works, shepherds are mostly shown to have noble and refined moral quality and soul, on the grounds that they were born in the countryside but were not tempted and polluted by the depraved side of big cities. Because of this, Edmund Spencer described in his poem Colin Kloz Going Home Again that a herder who left his hometown made a wise decision after seeing the danger of city life. As for his famous work "The Fairy Queen", it is also mentioned that herders are taken care of by fairies in the forest and will not be hurt by noisy wild animals.

In literary works, there have been many stories of shepherds generously helping abandoned orphans: the tragedy Oedipus, the legend of the founding of Rome, romulus and remus, Langer's Daphne and Klose, Shakespeare's A Winter's Tale, and similar plots in Wilde's short fairy tale The Young King. Similarly, the social status of abandoned babies at birth is often much higher than that of shepherds who raise them. They are usually descendants of royalty or nobility, and there is no way to hide their innate noble temperament.

In Andersen's fairy tale The Shepherd and the Chimney Sweeper (1845), the heroine, the porcelain Shepherd, has a gold-plated walking stick and shoes. She fell in love with another porcelain chimney cleaner because he had a beautiful prince-like face and had never been polluted by soot.

Paulo coelho's Fantasy Journey of a Shepherd Boy describes the story of Saint James, a Spanish teenager, who meets Melchizedek and pursues the pyramids. The original work has been translated into 40 languages.