Why should college students cultivate the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship?

Is there any deviation in college students' innovation and entrepreneurship education?

-Dialogue with Wang Zhanren, Executive Dean of the Institute of Employment and Entrepreneurship Education of Northeast Normal University, Professor of Northeast Normal University, Director of Social Science Department of Northeast Normal University and Executive Dean of the Institute of Employment and Entrepreneurship Education.

In recent years, the State Council and the Ministry of Education have issued a number of programmatic documents on innovation and entrepreneurship education, and gradually defined the basic principles and overall goals of "facing all", "integrating talent training system" and "popularizing innovation and entrepreneurship education". Under the unified leadership of the state, innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities in China has entered a further stage.

Can innovative entrepreneurs be cultivated? What difficulties does China's current innovation and entrepreneurship education face? How to solve these dilemmas? China Education News interviewed Professor Wang Zhanren, Executive Dean of the Institute of Employment and Entrepreneurship Education of Northeast Normal University.

Can innovative and entrepreneurial talents "produce" in batches

Reporter: Innovation and entrepreneurship are choices and behaviors in the face of uncertain future scenarios. Can innovative and entrepreneurial talents be educated or even "produced" in batches?

Wang Zhanren: This is actually a question of whether innovation and entrepreneurship can be taught. In the west, at the beginning of the rise of innovation and entrepreneurship education, people have asked the same question. From 65438 to 0947, entrepreneurship education began in the United States, and Harvard University established the Institute of Entrepreneurship History and the Journal of Entrepreneurship History. The leader of this research institution and periodical is economist Schumpeter. They focus on the characteristics of entrepreneurs and carry out entrepreneurship education research under the guidance of trait factor theory. After 20 years of research, their publications were closed and their research institute was cancelled. Why? Because they find that the difference between entrepreneurs is bigger than that between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, they can't find a model, dilute it and come out as entrepreneurs.

Reporter: Since it is impossible to "produce" in batches, why should we comprehensively promote innovation and entrepreneurship education for all?

Wang Zhanren: Whether you can teach or not and whether you can "produce" in batches are two different things. Western scholars realize that it is not advisable to study entrepreneurs, so they gradually turn from the theory of trait factors to the theory of entrepreneurial process. What is the theory of entrepreneurial process? It means that they thought that entrepreneurs could not be taught. Now they find that entrepreneurs are too different, so it is better to educate everyone about the entrepreneurial process. For example, how an innovative idea turns into creativity, how creativity turns into business opportunities, how business opportunities turn into entities, how entities go public, how startups sell, how to make profits, and so on. And describe the whole entrepreneurial process. From the theory of entrepreneurial characteristics to the theory of entrepreneurial process, the enlightenment for everyone is that entrepreneurship can be taught. Some can teach middle schools, and some can do middle schools. Only by combining the two can we achieve the goal of entrepreneurship education.

Reporter: What is the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship? How to determine the training of entrepreneurial talents?

Wang Zhanren: On 20 10, the state used the concept of "innovation and entrepreneurship education" in the document, which actually stipulated the application attributes of innovation, pointed to the innovation of entrepreneurship, and emphasized the marketization and commercialization of innovation results. Adding the word "innovation" before "entrepreneurship" actually dominates the orientation of entrepreneurship in an all-round way, which is intended to emphasize entrepreneurship with innovative achievements and encourage and support innovators to start businesses. It is innovative, opportunistic and high-growth entrepreneurship, which improves the level and level of entrepreneurship. Broadly speaking, innovation and entrepreneurship are "twin relationships". Although entrepreneurship is not innovation, innovation is not entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship does not necessarily involve innovation, and innovation does not necessarily involve entrepreneurship, but successful entrepreneurship is inseparable from innovation, and successful innovation often occurs in the process of entrepreneurship. Moreover, entrepreneurship in a broad sense is not only to establish new enterprises, but also has economic, political and social significance. Entrepreneurship in the economic sense has also broken through the narrow scope of "entrepreneurship is to create a new enterprise", and "internal entrepreneurship" and "social entrepreneurship" have also been included in the research field of entrepreneurship. Therefore, "entrepreneurial" talents are not entrepreneurs, but people with innovative entrepreneurial spirit and temperament. This is an important basis for determining whether a person has the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship.

The concept of "learning to be an excellent official" restricts the development of innovation and entrepreneurship education.

Reporter: What do you think are the main problems in innovation and entrepreneurship education in China?

Wang Zhanren: First of all, the joint force of educating people has not yet formed. Entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities has its own advantages and characteristics, and the bottleneck problems encountered are not the same. Under the influence of the traditional concept of "learning to be an excellent official", students are not willing to start their own businesses, the conversion rate of entrepreneurial projects is low, and the "champion view" of entrepreneurship education is prominent and utilitarian. Some schools lack scientific research and theoretical promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship education, lack high-level teachers, and have difficulty in compiling teaching materials, which cannot attract high-quality social resources to effectively connect with student entrepreneurship projects.

The root of these problems lies in the fact that the atmosphere of entrepreneurship education has just formed, the successful cases and typical experiences in various regions of the country have not yet been formed and popularized, the platform construction and policy support for entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities in various provinces are also in the stage of being gradually determined, and the complementary resources and benign interaction have not yet formed in industries or regions, which cannot form a joint force for development. Secondly, the operating mechanism is not yet mature. Because there is no overall design at the system level, the understanding and implementation of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities are not the same. Most colleges and universities have not set up special education management institutions, and the work system of leadership coordination and division of labor is running in. In addition, the discipline system needs to be established urgently.

Reporter: These problems reflect that the systematic support system for innovation and entrepreneurship education has not yet been established. How should we improve next?

Wang Zhanren: Entrepreneurship education is a systematic project, which needs institutional mechanisms, teaching staff, social resources and other factors as support.

First, set up a special enterprise education institution for college students and improve the system and mechanism. With the in-depth development of entrepreneurship education, the requirements for system and system guarantee are getting stronger and stronger. It is the trend of the future development to establish a special enterprise education institution for college students, improve the system and straighten out the mechanism. Specifically, it is necessary to establish a college or center for college students' entrepreneurship according to their own characteristics, and put entrepreneurship education and college students' self-employment into the important agenda of the school; Straighten out the leadership system, establish and improve the coordination mechanism of entrepreneurship education and self-employment in teaching, employment, scientific research, youth league committees, university science parks and other departments; Overall planning of campus resources, overall planning and coordination of entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship base construction, entrepreneurship policy support and entrepreneurship guidance services, a clear division of labor, to ensure the investment of personnel, venues and funds.

The second is to establish a team of "three divisions" teachers. "Three-teacher type" has two meanings, one is that teachers should be able to give lectures, consult and practice, and the other is that the teacher structure should cover "theory, practice and synthesis" to ensure sufficient quantity and high quality.

Third, build a scientific, standardized and feasible Industry-University-Research League support system. Industry-university alliance is a brand-new form of cooperation, including university alliance between universities and enterprise alliance between enterprises.

Reporter: You just mentioned that the traditional concept of "learning to be an excellent official" restricts innovation and entrepreneurship education. What are the specific aspects?

Wang Zhanren: The traditional concept deeply rooted in China people's bones is "learning to be an official", not "learning to be an official". Under this cultural background, China's innovation and entrepreneurship education lacks the scientific connection between universities and primary and secondary schools, and lacks the foundation and preparation of enlightenment education, which makes the innovation and entrepreneurship education in universities have to make up for the lack of enlightenment courses in primary and secondary schools. Compared with the national entrepreneurship education in the United States, entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities in China started rapidly under the great employment pressure of college students. We should get rid of the shackles of traditional ideas, emancipate our minds and gradually form a culture of "study hard and be brave in creation". Treat starting an entrepreneurial career and starting an employment career equally, plant the seeds of entrepreneurship in the hearts of all students, and set the "genetic code for entrepreneurship." It is expected that a large number of outstanding graduates will embark on the road of entrepreneurship in the future and become a new force for innovation and entrepreneurship.

The pedagogy of innovation and entrepreneurship in China should be established as soon as possible.

Reporter: In your opinion, what is the future development trend of innovation and entrepreneurship education in China?

Wang Zhanren: We should take the road of professional development for all. "For all" is still the mainstream trend. What is "specialization"? I understand that there are professional personnel, institutions and curriculum systems.

In the future, innovative and entrepreneurial education modes with their own characteristics will be gradually formed, and the innovative and entrepreneurial education system will be improved day by day. At present, there are three modes of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities: school-based mode, regional mode and industry mode. While adhering to the school-based model, colleges and universities mainly show the trend of developing to regional characteristics and industry characteristics. In the future, entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities will gradually form a "trinity, each with its own characteristics" model, that is, the entrepreneurship education model in colleges and universities should be organically combined with "school-based, regional and industry" to maximize the effects of entrepreneurship education in different colleges and universities.

The core of "Trinity with Distinctive Features" mode lies in "matching interests and accurate positioning". Colleges and universities actively explore the convergence of interests in the research of regional characteristics and industrial characteristics, let local governments and enterprises actively participate in entrepreneurship education in the form of "government-industry-university" cooperation, provide resources for entrepreneurship education, and build a benign interaction mechanism between their own development and regional economic and industrial progress.

Reporter: A distinctive educational model must rely on a perfect curriculum system. Then, based on the innovation of innovation and entrepreneurship education mode in the future, what kind of innovation and entrepreneurship education courses should be offered?

Wang Zhanren: Perfecting the education system of innovation and entrepreneurship is the key to the in-depth development of innovation and entrepreneurship. The construction of this system must be based on accurately grasping the outstanding practical characteristics of innovation and entrepreneurship education and building a "practice-oriented" system.

The practice of entrepreneurship education curriculum system includes the practice of curriculum content and the practice of teaching methods. "Practicality of course content" means that teaching content should be closely combined with entrepreneurship practice, and entrepreneurship practice content should be added to the innovation and entrepreneurship education curriculum. While increasing the content of entrepreneurial practice, don't weaken theoretical knowledge. The content of practical entrepreneurship education course is not equal to "de-theorization", and theory and practice cannot be opposed.

"Practical teaching methods" refers to the comprehensive application of open, interactive, seminar and case teaching methods in teaching. The course of entrepreneurship practice education system means that students apply entrepreneurial theoretical knowledge through entrepreneurial practice and accumulate relevant experience in practice. Entrepreneurship practice education system includes competitions, parks and activities.

Reporter: The new historical period has put forward higher requirements for innovation and entrepreneurship education. So, should innovation and entrepreneurship education be established in China?

Wang Zhanren: We should establish China's pedagogy of innovation and entrepreneurship as soon as possible, lay a solid foundation in principles, historical theories, methods and comparisons, and deepen research. First of all, we should summarize the essence, purpose, value, method and evaluation of innovation and entrepreneurship education from the principle level; Secondly, we should sort out the history related to innovation and entrepreneurship education. That is to say, China's creative education, innovation education, entrepreneurship education and innovation and entrepreneurship education are sorted out vertically in history, and their relationships are studied. Third, the methodology research of innovation and entrepreneurship education. This is to solve the problem of whether the innovation and entrepreneurship education mentioned above can be taught. (China Education News reporter Zhao Zhunsheng)

situation

Donghua University:

Personalized education has created students' entrepreneurial genes.

"School education is not only reflected in the profession, but also injects innovative' genes' into us." Luo Qing Basket, a graduate of Donghua University, told his own entrepreneurial story at the launching ceremony of the "Shanghai Chuanghui" College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Incubation Base on Yan 'an Road Campus of Donghua University.

In 2006, Luo Qing entered the Computer College of Donghua University. When he was in middle school, he insisted on self-learning computer network, information security and other professional knowledge, and developed the software VHT antigen system V 1. 1 based on the process-level Trojan horse interception authorization technology, and won the first prize of the National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition and the national intellectual property invention patent.

For students with outstanding talents in this field, how to innovate the training mode and stimulate their enthusiasm for innovation and entrepreneurship? The answer given by Donghua University is: teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and individualized training.

During the undergraduate course, the Computer College provided professional tutors for Luo Qing basketball, provided in-depth professional training, provided scientific research conditions such as laboratory and network environment, and guided Luo Qing basketball to participate in scientific and technological activities such as "Challenge Cup". Luo Qing Basketball won the first prize in the "Challenge Cup" National Extracurricular Academic and Scientific Works Competition for College Students in Shanghai twice, and was nominated for the 3rd Mayor Award for Youth Scientific and Technological Innovation in Shanghai.

Before graduation, Luo Qing Basket and his friends who participated in scientific and technological innovation set up a company based on the research results of this project. After five years of development, the company has developed network security software and hardware products such as "active cloud crawler" and "information filtering black box", involving penetration, application, protection and other fields. And has recruited Donghua University graduates 10, and provided more than 50 internship positions to the school.

In Donghua University, there are many "good prospects" like Luo Qing basketball.

Therefore, from 20 10, Donghua University explored and constructed the "345" innovation and entrepreneurship education system, which integrated innovation and entrepreneurship with scientific research enlightenment, professional learning, practice and career education.

Among them, "3" refers to the personalized education menu: to carry out the basic knowledge education of innovation and entrepreneurship for all students, to strengthen the cultivation of innovation and entrepreneurship ability for students with entrepreneurial will, and to provide entrepreneurial practice support for students with entrepreneurial actions. "4" refers to the combination of innovation and entrepreneurship education with scientific research enlightenment education, with professional education, with practical education and with vocational education. "5" includes five educational dimensions: knowledge guidance, ability improvement, peer learning, entrepreneurship training and entrepreneurship actual combat.

For three consecutive years, in the special evaluation of postgraduate innovation and entrepreneurship training in Shanghai, Donghua University students got 44 out of 303 special projects, ranking first among universities in Shanghai. Shanghai "Juequn" College Student Venture Fund supported 84 projects in 6 years, and Donghua students won 17 projects. (China Education News reporter Dong Long)

Nanjing Institute of Industrial Technology:

Establish an entrepreneurial space for everyone.

"Innovation and entrepreneurship education is not elite education. It should be for everyone and should be customized for each student. " Sun, secretary of the Party Committee of Nanjing Industrial Vocational and Technical College, said.

Nanjing Industrial Vocational and Technical College builds an educational space for innovation and entrepreneurship for all, pays attention to supporting transformation, stimulates students' enthusiasm for participation, and comprehensively improves students' innovation and entrepreneurship quality.

According to reports, the college has expanded the popularization channels of innovation and entrepreneurship education by encouraging makers' works to enter exhibitions and industrial centers. The college also tries to break the conventional organizational system of classes, grades and majors, set up a cross-border elite talent school, and provide special funds, expert guidance and professional experimental training places. , gather superior resources and strive to build a creative education development space shared by everyone.

Nanjing Industrial Vocational and Technical College has established a "creative practice assistance space" by improving the incentive mechanism of "integration of competition and training" to provide conditions and support for students' innovation and entrepreneurship. At present, the college has more than 50 professional associations such as mechanical innovation association and robot innovation association, attracting more than 10 thousand college students to participate in various innovation activities every year. The college provides students with 3 million yuan for innovation projects and competitions and 2 million yuan for venture capital every year, supports students to declare 150 innovative practices and patent invention projects, and supports more than 20 entrepreneurial projects, which stimulates students' enthusiasm for innovation and entrepreneurship.

In order to promote the transformation of students' innovative and entrepreneurial achievements, Nanjing Industrial Vocational and Technical College actively builds innovative and creative studios for teachers and students majoring in docking, selects "creative students" to enter the studios, participates in teachers' vertical and horizontal research and product development, and gives students scientific research subsidies. Since the establishment of the Teacher-Student Studio, more than 500 students have participated in the studio, 30 products have been independently developed, 70 patents have been declared, and more than 50 patent product conversion agreements have been signed with the school.

In the past five years, the students of this school have won more than 200 awards in various national innovation and entrepreneurship competitions, 420 patents have been applied by students, 299 patents have been authorized, and more than 200 student innovation teams and R&D projects have been independently operated every year. After the transformation of the patented product "smart trash can", the sales have exceeded 40 million yuan and the orders have exceeded 72 million yuan. There are more than 30 incubation projects in the college students' business incubation base every year, and the maximum interest-free business loan for incubation projects is 250,000 yuan. (China Education News reporter Dong Long)

We talk about it

Zhang Zhaogen, Executive Vice President of Entrepreneurship College of Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College:

Constructing "Four Stages" Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education System

There are still many problems in the practice of innovation and entrepreneurship education in higher vocational colleges, which are mainly manifested in the misunderstanding of innovation and entrepreneurship education, the imperfect curriculum of innovation and entrepreneurship education and the serious shortage of teachers. In recent years, Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College has built a "four-stage" progressive innovation and entrepreneurship education system. The first stage is general education, which focuses on providing all students with compulsory courses in innovation, entrepreneurship and career planning. The second is the innovative education stage, focusing on the practical training of real production projects under the background of "school-enterprise integration". Third, in the stage of specialized education, select students with entrepreneurial will and entrepreneurial foundation, transfer to entrepreneurship college after completing their professional studies for the first two years, and organize case-oriented entrepreneurship training and simulated company training. Fourth, in the stage of entrepreneurial practice, the key point is to cooperate with Hangzhou Development Zone to build a pioneering park for higher vocational students.

At present, the school has developed more than 30 innovative courses and carried out nearly 300 skill innovation projects with more than 20,000 students. There are 143 student enterprises in the pioneer park, which has driven 1400 students to start businesses.

Yuan Shouqi, President of Jiangsu University:

The problem of venture capital cannot be solved by universities alone.

The shortage of venture capital is recognized as a stumbling block on the road of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship. To solve the funding problem, it is difficult for colleges and universities to "outshine others", and the government, schools, enterprises and society need to "four in one" to jointly raise funds. You can set up special funds for innovation and entrepreneurship, special scholarships, project support funds and construction funds. Schools can build high-quality business incubators with local governments, entrepreneurial practice bases for college student village officials with local organizations, employment and entrepreneurship workstations with local human resources departments, postgraduate scientific and technological innovation workstations and scientific and technological entrepreneurship collaboration consortia with outstanding innovative and entrepreneurial enterprises, and so on. In this way, we can not only reduce the pressure of capital payment through the introduction of various soft and hard resources, but also win the financial support from all walks of life through collaborative construction.

Yanshui Zhao, Chairman of Yi Tuo Group:

To measure "double innovation" is not to talk about heroes by success or failure.

To measure the quality of "double innovation", we cannot simply talk about heroes by success or failure. Some projects don't make money, but they are worthy of recognition in innovation concept, innovation ability and innovation mode. Don't totally deny such a project. To establish an effective and scientific mechanism to evaluate and measure the quality of "double innovation", there must be an incentive mechanism and a fault-tolerant mechanism. If there is no fault-tolerant mechanism, innovation and entrepreneurship will be difficult for a long time. For example, young entrepreneurs tend to be paranoid for a while. If they concentrate on this business, they will ignore other aspects, and such a problem will arise. At this time, a fault-tolerant mechanism is needed. We should have a relaxed and tolerant innovation culture, allow innovative entrepreneurs to fail in the process of starting a business, enable entrepreneurs to let go of their hands and feet to innovate and start a business, and encourage them to succeed in constantly overcoming difficulties and failures.

Dean of Entrepreneurship Development Research Institute of Huang Wenzhou Medical University:

Do a good job in technology transfer and protect knowledge achievements.

The patent transfer system of protecting teachers' knowledge achievements in colleges and universities in China is still very weak, and the development of technology transfer organizations within colleges and universities is still very backward. Therefore, colleges and universities in China need to establish specialized technology transfer institutions to recruit professionals who are proficient in venture capital operation, intellectual property law, technology commercialization operation and other knowledge and experience for the whole society; Through the cooperation with off-campus resources, the existing knowledge and technical education foundation of colleges and universities will be transformed into innovative achievements that can produce social value, and the interests of colleges and universities, markets and individuals will be realized, so as to build a platform for capital injection and commercial operation for the prosperity of innovative and entrepreneurial activities in colleges and universities.