The composition of the unnamed lake in Peking University

Zheng Zujun | The Historical Origin of Peking University Campus

The unnamed lake, which records the glory and dreams of generations of Peking University people, is by far the most striking "relic" of Shuchunyuan-this lake, which can be regarded as a symbol of Peking University, once belonged to a disgraced figure in history, Little Shenyang.

Hejia Garden in the Imperial Capital

When Shuchunyuan first opened, there is no clear record in history. In the Qing Dynasty's Huidian Example, it was mentioned: "In the 28th year of Qianlong, the Shuchun Garden and the paddy field outside the North Building of Yuanmingyuan were right ..." It can be seen that this garden existed before the middle of Qianlong at the latest. However, Shuchunyuan at this time is basically not a "garden", but a large paddy field. The wonderful moment of Shu Chunyuan began when Xiao Shenyang became its new master. The mansion in Little Shenyang is the predecessor of Gongwangfu today, and Shuchunyuan is his villa. In the forty-ninth year of Qianlong, after Xiao Shenyang became a university student, Qianlong gave Shu Chunyuan near Yuanmingyuan to Xiao Shenyang. Because Emperor Qianlong often went in and out of the palace, in order to cope with the emperor's summons at any time, Xiao Shenyang often lived in Shuchun Garden, and built this garden that used to be a paddy field into the tallest private garden in Beijing at that time. At the end of the Qing dynasty, someone wrote lyrics to review its prosperity:

"All the way to the four mountains, the old garden, twelve miles around the mountain, tobacco to whom. In the past, there were many flowers, but today, the niche is full of incense, and the confession is paid to the gardener With the sound of the green field, the guests fell down for a long time. Under the bad wall are pavilions, cloud screens, and Zhu Lou. Xiao Zhong cannot afford to have a graceful demeanour. Whoever gets a boat and a flute has been fighting for more than 30 years, and the dream always wakes up. When you understand the world, fishermen sing together and listen together. "

From this poem, we can roughly understand the scale and layout of the garden at that time: Shuchun Garden is surrounded by mountains and has a circumference of twelve or three miles. The garden is full of fragrant grass and swaying willow branches, which is a scenery of Jiangnan water town. There is a big lake in the garden, and the lake is a clock that can be regarded as a rare treasure at that time. According to the list of properties seized by Little Shenyang in the world, there are 64 towers in Shuchun Garden, with 12 watchmen and 120 watchmen. There is also an order to check the memorial of Xiao Shenyang's home, saying that there are 1003 houses and 357 verandahs and pavilions in the whole park. It can be seen that the scale of Shuchunyuan is large.

Small Shenyang manages Shuchunyuan not only for scale, but also for grandeur. As a pet, he boldly imitated the architecture of Yuanmingyuan to decorate Shuchun Garden. Liang Bin, a descendant, wrote two sentences in the poem "Feeling the Past in the Garden", saying: "Colorful pavilions are forbidden in the middle, and magnificent terraces plan to climb the forest". The poem reads: "The pavilions and pavilions in the garden are all modeled after the scale of Yuanmingyuan." This obvious behavior beyond the system laid the groundwork for Xiao Shenyang's sudden conviction.

Imitate Zhou Shi Island

Shi Zujun 1986 was written in Linhuxuan on September 4th.

Zhou Shi's seeing off graduates is a touching scene in Yanyuan every summer. This unsinkable Zhou Shi, commonly known as "no ship", lies quietly on the east side of the central island of the unnamed lake, becoming a scene of Peking University campus. If Shi Fang can talk, it will not only tell the happy or sad stories of graduates, but also tell us the rise and fall of Shuchunyuan, a garden that has gone through many vicissitudes.

"The original is flat on the side of the apple, and the flying building overlooks Liu Yin. The mirror breeze is big and hangs in the center of Hong Ying boundary water. " -This poem carved on the stone screen on the north shore of the unnamed lake always reminds people of the beautiful scenery around Zhou Shi and the unnamed lake. In fact, these four stone screens were moved from the abandoned Yuanmingyuan nearby, and the four poems in the screen were not specially written for the unnamed lake and the stone boat. Being able to describe the scene of the unnamed lake so aptly seems to be a match made in heaven, but it also has historical inevitability.

Zhou Shi is not unique to Shu Chunyuan. In the Yuanmingyuan and the Summer Palace, there are such stone boats. Although they are in a different place, they have a strikingly similar fate: 1860 When the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan, the Summer Palace and Shuchun Garden also suffered, and Zhou Shi in the three places were burned to the base.

Today, we can see a renovated stone boat-Qingyan Boat in Kunming Lake of the Summer Palace. This two-story villa decorated with tiles and stained glass was built when Empress Dowager Cixi rebuilt the Summer Palace. Through it, we can roughly imagine the stone boat in the unnamed lake before it was burned down. The base of this banquet boat is an old thing from Qianlong period, and it is also the imitation object of today's unnamed lake Zhou Shi.

In the twenty-first year of Qianlong, a stone boat was chiseled in Kunming Lake, and a poem was specially written:

What's wrong with snow and smoke?

Spring breeze and autumn moon are not shocking.

Carrying the boat means being cautious,

The rock dedicated itself to Yong 'an.

As can be seen from this poem, the stone boat built by Qianlong borrowed the theory that "water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it". At the same time, he also hopes that his country will be as stable as Zhou Shi, which will not be blown away by the wind and submerged by the waves.

Small Shenyang put the stone boat in Shuchun Garden, perhaps hoping that its status as a favorite princess would be stable forever, or just for ornament. But whatever the reason, things like Zhou Shi were never enjoyed by people outside the royal family in feudal times.

Zhou Shi is not the only one in Shuchunyuan. When the imperial edict of Emperor Jiaqing executed small Shenyang, he listed 20 major crimes, among which the thirteenth was: "The Nanmu house built in small Shenyang was confiscated, and its multi-treasure pavilion and partition style were modeled after Ningshou Palace system, and its garden decoration was like Pengdao Yaotai in Yuanmingyuan. I don't know what it is, but its main crime is thirteen. " This island, which is completely modeled after the "Yaotaipeng Island" in Yuanmingyuan, is the island in the middle of the unnamed lake today. However, more than 200 years later, the buildings on the island in the middle of the small Shenyang Lake have disappeared. Even the "Island Pavilion", a small pavilion with a basement built on this island during the yenching university period, no longer exists today. History left us with information about the island in the middle of the lake, only a poem written by Yi Xin, the biological father of Emperor Guangxu, after visiting Shu Chunyuan:

Jiege Lingyun has been dim for a long time, and the autumn ruins are in the middle of the water.

Our walls are covered with knowledge, frantically cutting spines and releasing hazelnuts.

Wanli, the immortal of Peng Ying, became three chapters.

I have never been angry, and I have never broken my sail.

This poem tells us roughly what the island in the lake was like. However, at the end of the poem, we can't understand the sadness, decline and illusory sadness that we played in Zhou Shi and the small island in the lake today.

Waiting for the moon against the wind: witnessing the marriage of generations

On the Lushan Mountain near the Weiming Lake, there is a quiet three-in-one courtyard. There are two Pinus bungeana trees in front of the hospital, with old stems and branches swaying in the shadow. The oldest existing building in this Yanyuan Garden is Linhuxuan, which used to be the residence of Si Tuleideng, president of Yanda University, and Ma Yinchu, the old president of Peking University.

"Linhuxuan" is the new name of this old building: 193 1. Bing Xin named this hospital Linhuxuan, and later Hu Shi, then dean of Peking University College of Literature, wrote a plaque. For more than 200 years, the name of Shuchunyuan, a small courtyard, has been "facing the wind and waiting for the moon".

Small Shenyang is a romantic person, and this small building carrying romantic memories of small Shenyang also witnessed the punishment of small Shenyang for its "romance". Small Shenyang is not only handsome, but also brilliant, personable and smart. Magalny, an English messenger, described him as "clumsy in appearance, good at words and quick and skillful in speaking". It is impossible for such a person not to attract women's love. Xiao Shenyang himself loves beauty. With the support of his wife Feng, he married several concubines and doted on them in every way. Romantic Shenyang finally paid the price for the woman who lived in the house waiting for the moon in the wind. Among the 20 imperial edicts of Emperor Jiaqing punishing Xiao Shenyang, the fourth one is: "It is shameful to marry a woman who has left the palace as a second wife." This small building, after the sudden fall of small Shenyang, is particularly easy to cause people's sadness because of its once brilliant romance-"I can't stand it, I'm waiting for the moon." (Journal of Peking University: Zheng Zujun1written in Linhuxuan on September 4th, 986)

Time flies, when yenching university bought the land of Shuchunyuan from Chen, this beautiful garden, which once stood at the top of the imperial city, was already a decadent scene. With the donation of George Kerry, an American, the "Moon Building" was renovated and became the residence and reception place of Si Tuleideng, the president of yenching university in the 1920s.

Maybe it's because the name "Waiting for the Moon in the Wind" is too romantic. This building, full of classical flavor, witnessed the beautiful marriage handed down from generation to generation after the death of Xiao Shenyang 100 years ago. 1June, 929, Wu Wenzao and Bing Xin, who had been in love for many years, got married here. Six years later, Gao Zu Fei Xiaotong and Wang Tonghui of Wu Wenzao got married here again.

Linhuxuan Zheng Zujun 1986 was written in Linhuxuan on September 4th.

Today, as a VIP reception room of Peking University, Lin Huxuan receives thousands of foreign guests such as heads of state and famous scholars from dozens of countries every year. Outside the porch, a pair of white pines planted in Hu Lin's porch still quietly watched what was happening in the porch. But in the antique Linhuxuan, we will never see the former owner and the people who got married here.

Although little Shenyang really embezzled 820 million silver, there is still a debate in the history circle. Although no one can confirm whether little Shenyang is really brilliant and has made many contributions to the Qing Dynasty, no one can deny his dramatic life of "running like a mansion". Perhaps the best portrayal of his life is that "it is enough to help rape and misuse it skillfully."

Zheng Zujun 1986 was written in Linhuxuan on September 4th.

Qian Mu, a master of Chinese studies, named this lake, which witnessed a hundred years of historical changes, as "unnamed", in sharp contrast to the life of Xiao Shenyang. The word "nameless" reflects the state of mind that intellectuals have been pursuing all their lives: indifferent to fame and fortune, tolerant and uncontested. If Xiao Shenyang had realized this truth earlier, he wouldn't have written such a bitter and helpless quatrain as "it was a dream a hundred years ago" on the Lantern Festival night. (Journal of Peking University: Zheng Zujun1written in Linhuxuan on September 4th, 986)

Biography: 19 19, Si Tuleideng became the president of yenching university. At that time, Yanda implemented a separate school system for boys and girls: the boys' school was in Chongwenmen's weapons factory and the girls' school was in Tongjiadao, dengshikou. Worried that the narrow school building would hinder the development of the school, Si Tuleideng decided to find another school site. Born in China and raised in China, the American walked, pedaled his bike or rode a donkey all over the suburbs of Beijing, saw countless barren graves and mountains, and finally chose a piece of land opposite the Tsinghua University Auditorium. In order to buy this place, Si Tuleideng took the trouble to take the train for two days first, and then was escorted by the supervisor's guards. He rode a horse for a week and came to An to discuss the land transaction face to face with the owner of this land, Shaanxi Governor Chen. With superb eloquence, he successfully persuaded the old feudal warlords to "sell and give away" this treasure trove of geomantic omen to Yanda at a price of 60,000 yuan. Yenching university was built on the land bought by the old headmaster. This land covering an area of 380 mu is actually the site of two ancient gardens: one is the spoon garden of the famous Ming painter Mi; The other is Yanda University's main building-Little Shenyang Shuchunyuan Villa, which was built on the old site of this garden. (Journal of Peking University: Zheng Zujun1written in Linhuxuan on September 4th, 986)