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Differentiation between genuine skin and fake skin

To understand leather, we must first master how to distinguish between true and false. The word "genuine leather" is the most commonly used word in leather products industry, and it is also the customary name for people to distinguish synthetic leather. There are many kinds of genuine leather and the quality is different, so the price varies greatly.

Leather is divided into pigskin, cowhide, sheepskin and horseskin. Cowhide is divided into cowhide and buffalo hide; Sheepskin is divided into goatskin and sheepskin. According to its hierarchy, there are three layers: the first layer, the second layer and the third layer. Fur is mainly divided into fox hair, goat hair, rabbit hair and mink hair. Foxes are divided into blue fox, silver fox and red fox. Goats are divided into adult goats and immature goats, and rabbit hair is divided into grass yellow rabbits, rex rabbits and white-haired rabbits. Minks are divided into males and females. There are many kinds of leather and fur. This is not an exhaustive list.

Smooth leather case is used in many leather products because of its good tensile strength, dirt resistance, wear resistance and good air permeability. Suede leather not only looks elegant, but also has good air permeability. However, it is easy to get dirty and difficult to maintain, especially in harsh environment, suede shoes are easy to inhale dust and will fall down when encountering water fluff. There is a kind of leather called modified leather, which is processed and coated on the surface of leather to press out different lines. Some coating materials are thick and have poor wear resistance and air permeability (this is explained to consumers as appropriate).

At present, the company mainly produces pigskin, sheepskin, cowhide, fur and other leather garments. Leather and fur are semi-natural and semi-processed clothing raw materials. With the continuous improvement of domestic leather-making technology, different styles of leather can be added to the same leather, so it is difficult for consumers to distinguish the types of leather from the quality of garment leather.

Here are several common methods to identify dermis.

First, feel it.

If the leather surface is smooth (the grain surface is processed into thick leather), soft, plump and elastic, it is genuine leather.

Second, the eye view.

It is mainly used to identify the types of leather and the quality of leather grain. It is observed that there are obvious pores and patterns on the leather surface, while synthetic leather imitates pores, but it is not true and clear. In addition, the reverse side of synthetic leather has a layer of textile as the bottom plate to increase its tensile strength, while the reverse side of leather does not have this layer of textile. This identification is the simplest and most practical method.

Third, the smell

Good quality leather generally has no peculiar smell, and all leather has the smell of leather. If there is a pungent smell, it may be that the tanning process is not handled well, and some chemical raw materials are used beyond the standard.

Fourth, ignite

The smell of the ignited dermis is similar to that of the ignited hair, and it does not knot in a knot after burning, so it can be ground with fingers; Artificial leather gives off a pungent smell after ignition and forms a knot in one's heart after burning.

Identification of leather types and quality

There are many kinds of skin now, and only the commonly used skin is introduced here.

First of all, pigskin

1, smooth surface of pig

Ordinary pig smooth surface is made by different tanning processes on the surface of pig skin. Firstly, the surface of pigskin is coated with slurry, and then colored. The smooth surface of ordinary pigs is shiny, and the pores are arranged very regularly. Generally, all three holes are triangular. According to different regions and different tanning processes, the smooth quality of pigs is also different. I won't explain it in detail here. The smooth surface of pigs is of good quality, delicate and soft. Due to the continuous progress of tanning technology, pigskin can now be processed into many different kinds of skins.

Imitation effect, imitation effect is mainly dull, and some imitation leather can also have some dark lines.

Embossing effect, embossing effect is to press out strips, veins and so on. On the leather surface;

Litchi grain effect, this effect is sometimes a bit like the effect of coarse-grained cowhide, but it is essentially different from cowhide. Litchi grains are characterized by slightly thicker skin and coarser grain surface than ordinary glossy surface.

Light coating effect, this kind of leather surface is not coated with slurry, but directly coated with different colors, and its luster is slightly darker than that of ordinary smooth surface. This kind of leather feels better than that of ordinary glossy surface, and it feels saggy when held in your hand.

Washing effect, the smooth coating of washing effect is also relatively thin, which is not very different from ordinary smooth surface, except that it feels softer than ordinary smooth surface. You can wash the stains off your clothes directly with water.

Rub the skin. The color of the skin is different from that of the bottom. After the finished product is made, you can use sandpaper or other raw materials to wipe the unnecessary parts of the clothes, so that your clothes will become another more fashionable style.

2. Pig suede leather

Ordinary suede leather is processed on the reverse side of the cortex. Suede leather has short and thin fluff on the surface and a layer of mercerization with strong sense of direction on the surface. Sometimes you can see a small number of pores.

Top suede leather is washed with water. This kind of leather feels better, and it is more elastic and drape than ordinary suede leather.

The first suede modified leather is the leather modified by the front or the back. Can be made into printing, film pasting and oil film.

Printing is generally processed into different patterns on the glossy surface of suede leather.

Sticking a film is to stick a film on the suede of suede leather. This kind of leather has a particularly bright light, which is a fashionable leather, but its disadvantage is poor air permeability (this is best not to explain to consumers).

Oil film leather is a kind of raw material made by rolling a layer of three oils on suede. Can be processed into oil film leather with imitation effect. When it is folded or wrinkled, there will be some lighter wrinkles, which is normal.

3. Pig suede leather

There are essential differences between pigskin suede and pigskin suede. Its suede is slightly thicker than suede, and triangular pores can be seen on the pigskin. The softness and tensile strength are far less than those of top suede leather, and the opening of leather is far less than that of top suede leather. Double suede leather can also be processed into many different kinds of modified leather like top suede leather.

Because the price of suede on the second floor is cheaper, it can't reflect the grade of clothing. So we seldom use this kind of leather in domestic sales.

Second, sheepskin.

1, sheepskin

Sheepskin is characterized by thin skin, soft, smooth and delicate feel, small pores, irregular and even segments, and oblate. Sheepskin is a high-grade raw material in leather clothing.

Now sheepskin has broken the traditional style and been processed into many different styles such as embossing, washing and printing.

2. Goatskin

The structure of goatskin is slightly stronger than sheepskin, so its tensile strength is better than sheepskin, and its surface layer is thicker than sheepskin, so it is more wear-resistant. The difference with sheepskin is that the grain surface of goatskin is rough, the smoothness is not as good as that of sheepskin, and the feel is slightly worse than that of sheepskin.

Goatskin can now be made into many different styles of skin.

Washable imitation old leather, no coating, direct washing, no discoloration, small shrinkage.

Wax film leather, which is made by rolling a layer of wax on the leather surface. When this kind of leather is folded or wrinkled, there will be some lighter wrinkles, which is normal.

Third, cowhide

Because cowhide can reach a certain thickness and fastness, it is mainly used for leather goods and leather shoes. Cowhide is characterized by fine pores, uniform and tight distribution, full leather surface, stronger leather board than other skins, and solid and elastic hand feel. There are also many varieties of cowhide garment leather.

At present, cowhide has not been processed into different styles of skins as much as pigskin and sheepskin.

The second layer of cattle is also used for clothing, but it is generally suede leather for clothing. The difference between it and the second layer pig is that the suede fiber is coarse, but there are no pores. Cow two-layer modified leather is mainly used for leather goods. It is difficult to identify the smooth or old-fashioned effect on the second floor of the cow.

Fourth, fur.

Leather clothes can be divided into two categories according to their uses: one is to wear clothes for the purpose of keeping out the cold during the Mao Dynasty; The other kind is leather clothing (also called sweater turning) which is mainly used for decoration.

1, fox hair

Silver fox hair is characterized by long hair, usually 7-9 cm; Wool needles are uneven in length and thicker than other foxes, and the fur surface is shiny. Its true colors are gray and black.

Blue fox is neat and tidy, and its fur is shiny, which is shorter than that of silver fox, generally 5-6CM. The natural color of blue fox is white, and it is usually dyed when used in clothing.

The characteristics of red fox hair are similar to those of blue fox, but slightly longer than that of red fox. The overall color is red-gray and it is used for clothing without dyeing.

2. Goatskin

The hair of goat leather is thin, which is not easy to shed, and the wool needle is thick and the direction is not completely smooth. The front of goatskin is full of leather, which can be made into suede, sprayed, printed and rolled into patterns with different effects. Goat fur can be dyed in different colors as needed.

3. Rabbit hair and fur leather

White wool rabbit

White-haired rabbit hair has less down of native sheep and can be dyed into various colors as needed.

Grass yellow rabbit

Grass yellow rabbit hair needle is slightly longer, and its natural color is generally used for clothing.

Rex rabbit

Hair is soft and delicate, smooth and delicate, and it is not easy to lose hair compared with other rabbit hair. Rex rabbit hair is the best kind of rabbit hair.

Mink fur leather

Mink fur has a better luster than other furs, and it feels particularly smooth with hands and is not easy to shed.

Types and classification of leather

People are always full of affection for leather, because it shines with mysterious texture and a rare spiritual brilliance. This is why more and more people like leather now. Leather handbags, leather wallets, leather handbags, leather ... Many people regard it as a symbol of status and wealth.

In real life, leather is really ubiquitous and popular. Whether you walk in the street or in your family or personal belongings, its charm and practical value are everywhere. Let's look at the classification and distinction of leather.

kind

The types of leather can be divided into: pigs, cattle, sheep, snakes, crocodiles, ostriches, elephants, buffaloes, camels and so on. , mainly choose pigs, cattle and sheep to make leather clothes. Because the rest leather is hard and not suitable for making clothes, it is mostly used to make leather goods, such as handbags, purses and leather shoes. Among them, ostrich skin and crocodile skin are the most expensive and the highest price. As for suede, patent leather, scrubbed leather, oil skin, etc. , is made by special treatment during leather processing, such as grinding, nudity, coating and embossing.

Before making leather products, each piece of leather has to go through many processes, including washing, tanning, dyeing, cutting and other 50 processing processes. Take a piece of cowhide for example. Firstly, the fat is "washed away" with chemical reagents, and then "pickled" with leather special reagents to prevent corrosion. Then, the leather is pressed between the shafts, then flattened and opened until each leather is equal in size. At this time, technicians will grade the leather according to its thickness, elasticity and type. In order to keep the natural softness of leather and make it smoother, each piece of leather has to go through a complicated tanning procedure.

There are three basic tanning methods: using plants, chromium salts and oil, and treating the outer layer of leather with chromium can make leather smooth and keep its natural soft touch. Then there is the dyeing process. In order to achieve the best effect, leather will be soaked in 100% organic dye several times to ensure that the pigment can penetrate into every layer of fiber in leather. However, not every leather goods manufacturer will be so eager for success, and some will only dye the surface of leather goods, so that when the leather goods are scratched, the bottom will show another color. Then there are polishing, waxing, oiling, heating, softening and other processes. During this period, it will go through many dyeing procedures. Among these processes, dyeing and ironing are the most important: because skin itself has uneven color just like human skin, you should be very careful when matching colors, and the ironing process can affect the touch of leather.

After all the processes are completed, professional technicians will select available leather from them, and divide different parts suitable for leather goods, clothes and lining according to the blueprint of design. Take cowhide as an example. Shoulder cowhide is the toughest, so it is often used to make leather bags.

Going back to the classification of leather, apart from different animal types, leather itself can also be subdivided, and each leather can be divided into three layers. Take pigskin as an example, most of them are divided into three layers. The first layer is the front of the pig. The second layer is pig suede, and the third layer is pig second layer, sometimes it can be divided into three layers. Because the pigskin is hard, you can only use the pig's front and suede to make clothes and purses. Sometimes the leather master will make a choice according to the texture of the leather surface. For example, the leather master will turn the pigskin upside down and take pigskin suede as the reverse side, while the second floor of the pig will only be used to make leather shoes. But in any case, the texture of pigskin is poor, not as durable as cowhide, and pig suede is more likely to "mirror" and shed hair.

Cowhide is divided into cowhide and cowhide, and cowhide can be used as grinding fur after processing. Cowhide is used for men's wear because of its good feel and many uses, while the texture of cow's second floor is very similar to suede. Because it is rough and hard, it is only used for leather bags.

As for sheepskin, there are only two kinds of skins: front and back. These two kinds of skins are very thin, light and soft, so they are often used as women's clothes. Compared with cowhide and sheepskin, it is much shorter, so it is also more expensive than cowhide.

Leather Common Sense-Types and Differences of Leather

Leather differentiation is the basic knowledge that leather care industry and consumers need to master. Modern leather processing technology is more and more advanced, and there are more and more kinds of leather. It is not enough to distinguish authenticity and types only from the thickness and density of pores on the leather surface. Mastering the knowledge of leather differentiation and understanding the performance characteristics and expansion strength of leather are of great help to the design and manufacture of leather products, the renovation and cleaning of leather care industry and the repair of damage, and the purchase and use of leather products by leather products consumers.

Throughout the world leather industry, leather includes genuine leather, reclaimed leather and artificial leather.

1. Leather is the original skin peeled from cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, deer or other animals. After tanning in leather factory, leather materials with various characteristics, strength, feel, color and pattern are made, which are essential materials for modern leather products. Among them, cowhide, sheepskin and pigskin are the three raw materials for tanning. There are two kinds of dermis: the first layer and the second layer.

(1) The first layer of skin is cattle, sheep and pig skin, with grain surface, natural scars, blood and tendon marks, occasional knife wounds during processing and extremely low utilization rate of belly. The first layer of imported leather also has the serial number brand of yellow cattle. Full grain leather can be distinguished by pore thickness and density. There are many kinds of cowhide, including cowhide, beef cowhide, grazing cowhide, bull cowhide, castrated bull cowhide, castrated bull cowhide and so on. In China, there are cowhide, buffalo hide, yak skin and yak skin. Among them, the pores of buffalo hide are thicker and thinner; The pores of cowhide are thinner and denser than buffalo hide. The pores of sheepskin are fine, dense and a little inclined, mainly sheepskin and goatskin. Pigskin is easy to distinguish because the rule of long hair is 3~5 small pieces. Generally, artificially raised pig skins and wild boar skins are the famous South American wild boar. This kind of wild boar skin has obvious characteristics of pig skin pores and grain surface. Because of its special collagen fiber structure, it can be processed into very soft garment leather or glove leather with high value. In addition, ostrich skin, crocodile skin, crocodile skin, lizard skin, snake skin, bullfrog skin, marine fish skin (including shark skin, cod skin, sole skin, eel skin, pearl fish skin, etc. ), freshwater fish skin (including scaly fish skin such as grass carp skin and carp skin) and hairy fox skin (silver fox skin and blue fox skin, etc. ).

The top skin is directly processed from the original skins of various animals, or the skins of cattle, pigs, horses and other animals with thick skins are cut into upper and lower layers, and the upper layer with tight fiber structure is processed into various top skins.

(2) The second skin consists of two layers with loose fiber structure, and is processed by spraying chemical materials or covering PVC and PU films.

Therefore, an effective way to distinguish the first skin from the second skin is to observe the fiber density on the longitudinal section of the skin. The top layer is composed of a dense and thin fiber layer and a slightly loose transition layer closely connected with it, which has good strength, elasticity and process plasticity. The second layer of leather has only a loose fibrous tissue layer, which can only be used to make leather products after spraying chemical raw materials or polishing. It maintains certain characteristics of natural elasticity and process plasticity, but its strength is poor, and the thickness requirement is the same as that of the first layer of leather.

There are also all kinds of leather that are popular now. Leather processing technology is somewhat different, but the method of distinguishing is the same.

The following details the surface treatment of various leathers:

1. Water dyed leather: refers to all kinds of soft leather made by bleaching and dyeing the top skins of cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, deer and other animals. Various colors, swelling and polishing.

2. Open-edged beaded leather: also known as coated leather, it is thrown along the spine, trimmed the first layer of loose abdomen and limbs or the second layer of open-edged cowhide, and the surface is made of PVC films with various solid colors, metallic colors, bright pearls and magic colors.

3. Patent leather: leather made of two layers of leather blanks sprayed with various chemical raw materials by calendering or extinction.

4. Leather trimming: it is a poor top leather blank. The surface is polished to remove the scars and traces of blood tendons. After spraying various popular colors of leather paste, it is pressed into leather with grain or smooth effect.

5. Embossed leather: generally, various patterns or patterns are pressed with trimmed leather or open-edged beaded leather. Such as crocodile pattern, lizard pattern, ostrich pattern, python pattern, water ripple pattern, beauty pattern, litchi pattern, deer pattern, and various stripes, plaids, three-dimensional patterns or creative patterns that reflect various brand images.

6. Printed or burnt leather: The material is the same as embossed leather, but the processing technology is different. It is printed or burned into the first or second skin with various patterns or patterns.

7. Leather grinding: the leather surface is polished, and the grain surface scars or coarse fibers are ground off to expose neat and uniform leather fiber tissues, and then dyed into various popular colors. Yan?

8. Suede leather: also known as suede leather, it is the first layer of leather that polishes the surface of leather blank into suede and then dyes it into various popular colors.

9. Laser leather: Also called laser leather, it refers to the latest leather variety that uses laser technology to etch various patterns on the leather surface.

Second, reclaimed leather: it is made by grinding waste skins and leather scraps of various animals and mixing them with chemical raw materials. Its surface processing technology is the same as leather trimming and embossed leather, which is characterized by neat edges, high utilization rate and low price. However, the leather body is generally thick and the strength is poor, so it is only suitable for making cheap briefcase, trolley bag, club cover and other shaped products and cheap belts. The fiber structure in the longitudinal section is uniform, and the solidification effect of fluid mixed fiber can be recognized.

Third, artificial leather: also known as imitation leather or rubber compound, is the floorboard of artificial materials such as PVC and PU. It is formed by foaming or laminating PVC and PU with different formulations on textile fabric or non-woven fabric. It can be made according to different requirements of strength, wear resistance, cold resistance, color, luster and pattern. It has the characteristics of various colors, good waterproof performance, neat edge width, high utilization rate and lower price than real leather, but most artificial leather can not reach the effect of real leather in hand feel and elasticity. In its longitudinal section, fine bubble holes, cloth base or surface film and dry man-made fibers can be seen. It is a very popular material in the early days and is widely used to make various leather products or some genuine leather materials. Its increasingly advanced production technology is being widely used in the processing and production of double skin. At present, the artificial leather with genuine leather characteristics on the market has almost reached the effect of genuine leather in surface technology and fiber structure of base material, and its price is equivalent to that of top leather in China.

Introduction, Difference and Comparison of Natural Leather and Artificial Leather

With the development of science and technology, synthetic products are full of all aspects of our lives, and their value and influence have caused great impact on human life. For example, there are "test-tube babies" now, and maybe there will be "synthetic babies" in the future. Of course, this is only a hypothesis, but we can deeply feel the technical magic of synthetic manufacturing; On the other hand, synthetic products have their own value, but in people's minds, they can't give up products made of natural raw materials, and this natural product has established irreplaceable absolute value in people's minds, such as; Diamonds and leather products, natural products are often more attractive. Now we will use the simple method of "natural leather and artificial leather" to let you increase some knowledge as a little help in your work.

(1) natural leather:

Definition A: The skin of any animal is processed and tanned, and the skin before processing is raw. The processed leather is ripe leather, which can be used to make various leather materials of consumer goods after various appearance treatments (dyeing, painting, rubbing, etc.). We often call them "dermis", but in fact, "natural skin" is the exact statement.

B characteristics: the characteristics of natural leather, natural surface grain, good air permeability, large elongation, good plasticity, strong toughness and not easy to break, are most suitable for leather products, such as leather shoes, leather clothes, purses, belts and leather gloves.

C structure: each natural peel can be divided into two layers, the outermost layer (surface layer) is commonly called "pearl layer" and the bottom layer is called "Erlang layer", which is combined with natural growth, so the peeling strength is high (not easy to peel); Now the situation is as follows:

1. Beaded surface layer: The surface layer of animal skin is "breathable" due to capillary pores, and the patterns formed by the pores are the characteristics of natural skin appearance. According to different animals, there are different patterns, such as cows, birds, snakes, crocodiles and so on.

2. Erlang layer: It is formed by protein fiber structure, so its toughness (breaking strength) is poor and its elongation is small.

(2) Artificial leather:

One definition: There are many kinds of artificial leather, such as PVC (plastic) leather, PU leather (synthetic leather) and other leather materials made by imitating natural leather. In this paper, PU leather was analyzed.

B features: artificial leather, as its name implies, is artificial, and it must be made of artificial rollers and rollers to make surface patterns. So the surface pattern of artificial leather is consistent, repetitive and unnatural. For the convenience of production, it avoids the length direction (that is, the characteristics of general cloth), the extension direction is limited and the elongation is small.

C structure: artificial leather is made by adding PU material to the base fabric (if PVC is added). Made of PVC leather). In order to imitate the bead surface (appearance) and texture (physical properties) of natural leather, PU material is made into a film and covered on the bottom (PU leather is mostly brushed cotton), then embossed with release paper and then colored. Therefore, the cross section shows that the surface layer is a PU layer (film), the bottom layer is a base cloth layer, and the second layer is artificially bonded.

Introduction, Difference and Comparison of Natural Leather and Artificial Leather

With the development of science and technology, synthetic products are full of all aspects of our lives, and their value and influence have caused great impact on human life. For example, there are "test-tube babies" now, and maybe there will be "synthetic babies" in the future. Of course, this is only a hypothesis, but we can deeply feel the technical magic of synthetic manufacturing; On the other hand, synthetic products have their own value, but in people's minds, they can't give up products made of natural raw materials, and this natural product has established irreplaceable absolute value in people's minds, such as; Diamonds and leather products, natural products are often more attractive. Now we will use the simple method of "natural leather and artificial leather" to let you increase some knowledge as a little help in your work.

(1) natural leather:

Definition A: The skin of any animal is processed and tanned, and the skin before processing is raw. The processed leather is ripe leather, which can be used to make various leather materials of consumer goods after various appearance treatments (dyeing, painting, rubbing, etc.). We often call them "dermis", but in fact, "natural skin" is the exact statement.

B characteristics: the characteristics of natural leather, natural surface grain, good air permeability, large elongation, good plasticity, strong toughness and not easy to break, are most suitable for leather products, such as leather shoes, leather clothes, purses, belts and leather gloves.

C structure: each natural peel can be divided into two layers, the outermost layer (surface layer) is commonly called "pearl layer" and the bottom layer is called "Erlang layer", which is combined with natural growth, so the peeling strength is high (not easy to peel); Now the situation is as follows:

1. Beaded surface layer: The surface layer of animal skin is "breathable" due to capillary pores, and the patterns formed by the pores are the characteristics of natural skin appearance. According to different animals, there are different patterns, such as cows, birds, snakes, crocodiles and so on.

2. Erlang layer: It is formed by protein fiber structure, so its toughness (breaking strength) is poor and its elongation is small.

(2) Artificial leather:

One definition: There are many kinds of artificial leather, such as PVC (plastic) leather, PU leather (synthetic leather) and other leather materials made by imitating natural leather. In this paper, PU leather was analyzed.

B features: artificial leather, as its name implies, is artificial, and it must be made of artificial rollers and rollers to make surface patterns. So the surface pattern of artificial leather is consistent, repetitive and unnatural. For the convenience of production, it avoids the length direction (that is, the characteristics of general cloth), the extension direction is limited and the elongation is small.

C structure: artificial leather is made by adding PU material to the base fabric (if PVC is added). Made of PVC leather). In order to imitate the bead surface (appearance) and texture (physical properties) of natural leather, PU material is made into a film and covered on the bottom (PU leather is mostly brushed cotton), then embossed with release paper and then colored. Therefore, the cross section shows that the surface layer is a PU layer (film), the bottom layer is a base cloth layer, and the second layer is artificially bonded.