The evolution of China's ancient prime minister system from Qin Dynasty to Ming Dynasty?

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With the change of dynasties, the official official names of prime ministers have appeared successively: Prime Minister, Xiangguo, Dasitu, Zhongshuling, Shangshuling, Participating in Political Affairs, Cabinet University, Military Minister and so on. According to records, as early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Taizai, Yin and Taishi were known. Although these official positions were intended to assist the Emperor in managing the country, they did not have the nature of the chief of staff in the state machine at that time. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the name of Xiang appeared. For example, Guan Zhong is the phase of Qi, and Lin Xiangru is the phase of Zhao. Due to the prevailing trend of cultivating scholars at that time, many knowledgeable people were recruited by various countries. Thailand was the first country to establish a county system in the Warring States Period because of its thorough changes and rapid development, and in the second year of Qin Wuwang (39 BC), it was appointed as prime minister with Wuliji and Gan Mao as the left and right sides. The name of the prime minister began from this. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, the prime minister was first determined as an official system. In the Yin and Zhou Dynasties before Qin Dynasty, the supreme ruler of the country ruled through enfeoffment princes. The king of Shang Dynasty or the emperor of Zhou Dynasty could not interfere in the internal affairs of enfeoffment countries, and because the monarch of enfeoffment countries was hereditary by nobles, the emperor had no right to relieve them of their ruling power in enfeoffment countries. After Qin Shihuang, the feudal system was abolished, counties were established, governors were abolished, and officials were established. The emperor no longer ruled through patriarchal kinship, but appointed bureaucrats to give orders to the whole country. Therefore, it is necessary to organize a bureaucracy and assist government affairs with the help of prime ministers. The prime minister came into being under this historical condition. With the development of feudal countries, the prime minister system has been followed for two thousand years.

prime ministers of various dynasties

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Prime ministers are the general name of the chief executive in ancient China. "slaughter" means to dominate, and in Shang dynasty, it was the official who managed housework and slaves; In the Zhou Dynasty, there were Taizai who was in charge of state affairs, Jiazai who was in charge of aristocratic housework, and Yizai who was in charge of a city, which was a general name for officials. Xiang, originally a man of courtesy, has the meaning of assistance. The joint title of prime ministers first appeared in Han Feizi Xianxue, but only the Liao Dynasty thought it was the official name, and the official names referred to by other generations were different in terms of their wide and narrow functions and powers, and there were many names. Usually it is the same concept as the prime minister.

Prime ministers originated in the Spring and Autumn Period. Guan Zhong was the first outstanding prime minister in the history of China. By the Warring States period, the position of prime minister had been established in various vassal states.

in the Qin dynasty, the official name of the prime minister was the prime minister. Sometimes it is divided into left and right sides, with right as the top, which is called "right prime minister" and "left prime minister"

The Han Dynasty is similar to the Qin Dynasty, except that it has a higher status if it is called Xiangguo, and the Imperial Doctor is the deputy. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a group of Confucian scholars were employed as prime ministers to handle daily administrative affairs, while the government affairs center was transferred to the Imperial Palace. The functions and powers of the prime minister gradually shifted to the hands of the chief executive of Shangshutai. Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty changed the Prime Minister to Da Situ, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was ruled by Situ, Sikong and Qiu. When Han offered the emperor, he was reinstated as prime minister, and Cao Cao served as the prime minister.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, prime ministers or prime ministers were mostly pretentious ministers, which became a means to usurp the throne and seize power. The system of the Northern and Southern Dynasties was changeable, and the prime minister was the one with whom the emperor talked about political affairs or entrusted secrets. The official names were Zhongshujian, Zhongshuling, Shi Zhong, Shangshuling, Servant Shooting or General. The person with the highest position and the greatest power is to record the history.

the sui dynasty established a three-province system, and the governors of the three provinces made internal history orders of the province, Nayan of the province under the door and Shangshu orders of the province under the door were all prime ministers. The Tang Dynasty changed the province of civil history into the province of Chinese calligraphy, the order of civil history into the order of Chinese calligraphy, and accepted it as a servant. After Tang Gaozong, only those who added "three things in the same book" and "things in the same book" were the prime ministers.

In the Song Dynasty, Tongping Zhangshi was the prime minister's official name, and his participation in political affairs was the vice. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the emperor's courtesy to the prime minister was gradually degraded, and Song Taizu abolished the "sitting theory" ceremony, which greatly reduced the status of the prime minister. Yuanfeng was restructured, and there were two prime ministers. The prime minister said that Shangshu's left servant shot and assistant minister under the door, and his right servant shot and assistant minister under the door. In addition, there are assistant ministers in the door, assistant ministers in the book, and ministers left and right. In politics and times, the left servant shot was changed to Taizai and assistant minister, and the right servant shot was Shaozai and assistant minister of Chinese books. Jian Yan, and then change the official name of the prime minister to Shang Shu, the servant and shooter, and the deputy minister to participate in politics. The main road was changed to the left and right prime ministers.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Song Taizu constantly strengthened the imperial power, divided and weakened the relative power. The prime minister is not an official name, but actually a group and the highest leadership except the emperor. In the early Song Dynasty, the system of "two houses and three departments" was implemented, and the functions and powers of the prime minister were divided into three. Although the central government has three provinces, the heads of the three provinces and six ministries are not allowed to manage their own affairs without special permission and become idle posts. The actual power belongs to the organization "Zhongshumen", also known as the government affairs hall and the capital hall, which manages the state administrative affairs, with Tongpingzhang as the chief executive, and most of them are assistant ministers from Zhongshumen and Menmen provinces, with no quota. In addition, the administrative power is divided with the participation in political affairs as the deputy phase. The Privy Council is the highest military institution in the central government, and its chief is a Tang emissary. Together with the Government Hall, it is called the "Second House" in the East and West. The "three divisions" (the Ministry of Housing, Salt and Iron, and the Ministry of Finance) are in charge of finance, so-called "planning the province", and the chief executive is the "three divisions ambassador", so-called "planning the phase", which is slightly lower than the "second government". The two governments and three departments are independent of each other and are directly responsible to the emperor, which constitutes the highest auxiliary government organ.

Song Shenzong Yuanfeng changed its system, abolishing the system of two houses and three departments, with left and right servants as prime ministers, with left servants serving as assistant ministers and right servants serving as assistant ministers of Chinese books.

at the beginning of the southern song dynasty, the left and right servants were appointed as prime ministers, and they no longer served as assistant ministers in two provinces, but instead took part in political affairs. After Xiaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty, the prime minister was the left and right prime minister, and the deputy prime minister was still involved in political affairs. In addition, Zong, Ning Zong and Li Zong all set up "Pingzhang Military Affairs" and "Pingzhang Military Affairs", which were held by veteran ministers or powerful ministers to deal with military affairs. The high-ranking prime minister

In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhongshu Province was the center of government affairs, and the chief official, Zhongshu Order, was often led by the crown prince, followed by the left and right prime ministers, followed by Pingzhang political affairs, and the deputy was Zuocheng and participated in political affairs.

in the early Ming dynasty, there was also a province of Chinese books, which influenced the prime minister. In the 13th year of Hongwu (138), he stopped writing books and abolished the prime minister, and the emperor personally decided the state affairs. The prime minister system was abolished. After the emperor, he set up a cabinet college assistant document because of the numerous political affairs. After the cabinet position became heavier and heavier, the university students became the de facto prime ministers, called auxiliary ministers, and the first one was the records.

During the Qing Dynasty, military department was established during the reign of Yongzheng, the cabinet became idle Cao, and the minister of military aircraft became the de facto prime minister. In Ming and Qing dynasties, it was customary to say that conferring a bachelor was a worship ceremony, but there was no official title of prime minister.

among all the official positions, the prime minister has changed the most, because the monarch not only needs the prime minister's help in handling political affairs, but also worries that the prime minister's power is too heavy, endangering his own power

Historical fame

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Guan Zhong Tian Dan Wei Ran Shang Yang Lv Buwei Lisi Xiao He Cao Can zhou bo: Prime Minister of Chinese Emperor. Cao Cao Zhuge Liang Lu Xun Wang Meng Xie 'an (Eastern Jin Dynasty) Fang Xuanling Du Ruhui Di Renjie Yao Chong Zhao Pu Kou Zhun Wang Anshi Sima Guang Wen Tianxiang Lu Xiufu: The Prime Minister of the Ming Dynasty who jumped into the sea when he was a young emperor in Song Dynasty Yu Qian Zhang Juzheng Li Dongyang Fang Xiaoru Xie Qianqing Liu Tongxun Zhang Tingyu Nalan Mingzhu Suo Tuotu