Confucius' supplement in the text is omitted ... below. ...

When the water is full, it will overflow, and it seems to know that contentment is always happy; The water trickles into a hundred rivers, which seems to be broad-minded. . . . . .

Respondent: Yong Ai Taste-the probation period is 5-2 1 18:34.

The water is blocked, either slowly or slowly, and he seems to know humility and courtesy; Water can be a drop, but it can also be an ocean. He seems very generous. Ambitious people will never come back. He seems to be adaptable. ......

Responder: lotus of wheatgrass-magician level 4 5-2 1 18:49

Confucius (55 BC1-479) was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. His ancestors were aristocrats in the Song Dynasty, and they declined several generations before Confucius. Confucius worked as a small official several times when he was young, but spent most of his life in education. According to legend, he has as many as 3,000 disciples and has taught many knowledgeable and talented students. Thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Because my parents prayed for the birth of a child on Niqiu Mountain, they named it Qiuzi. Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. He edited poetry books, defined rites and music, prefaced Zhouyi and wrote Chunqiu. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.

Kong Zi or Confucius.

Erudition and academic contribution

Less "poor", longer, once served as "Commissioner" (accountant) and "farm" (animal husbandry) and so on. Learn from an ordinary teacher. According to legend, Li was invited, learned the truth of being a man from Changhong, and learned the piano from this teacher. Gather disciples to give lectures and engage in political activities. At the age of 50, he was promoted as a shepherd by the governor of Lu, and took photos of the incident. Later, he traveled around Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Qi, Chu and other countries, claiming, "If you are useful to me, what about the Eastern Zhou Dynasty?" Finally, it is useful. In his later years, he devoted himself to education, sorted out ancient documents such as poems and books, and edited the Spring and Autumn Annals written by Lu historians, which became China's first chronological historical work. According to legend, there are 3,000 disciples, including more than 70 famous (sages). His thought is centered on "benevolence", which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence. The existing book The Analects of Confucius records the questions and answers between Confucius and his disciples, which is the main material for studying Confucius' theory.

The essence of Confucius' thoughts and theories can be found in The Analects of Confucius, with 20 articles and more than 11,000 words. The Analects of Confucius is a quotation of Confucius, a memorial to the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and some of them are records of the words and deeds of Confucius' disciples. This book has a profound influence on the history of China. Its ideological content, mode of thinking and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives and cast our national character. The Analects of Confucius embodies the core connotation of Confucianism-benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all norms about "benevolence" and "happiness" are only the ultimate means to serve the morality of "benevolence". As a representative of China culture, The Analects of Confucius was introduced to Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, and was also designated as a compulsory course for Japanese students in Japan. Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin in 1594, and then it was translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, which were widely circulated in western countries.

Confucius takes "benevolence" as the core of his thought, which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the viewpoint of "not suffering from inequality, not suffering from poverty, but suffering from worry". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with great influence.

When it comes to governing the country, Confucius attaches importance to the sufferings of people's livelihood, calls for benevolent governance, and hopes that rulers will treat people with benevolence and righteousness. He said that "tyranny is fiercer than tigers", and he also stressed that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must first set an example. "They are upright and have no orders to do things; Its body is not right, although it cannot be done. " In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" means being loyal to others and working hard; "Forgiveness" means putting yourself in others' shoes, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and "the beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult". In dealing with people and things, Confucius advocated self-love and love. Confucius was cautious about fate, and he believed in man's own strength. He believes that "sex is similar, learning from each other is far away", and everything depends on personal efforts. Of course, there are also some thoughts in The Analects that deviate from the historical trend, such as his political retro tendency, over-emphasis on hierarchical order, introverted personality value orientation, etc., which have undeniably brought negative effects on the development of China society and need us to correct them with modern consciousness. However, we can't hide our shortcomings. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization was just dawning, our ancestors had such profound wisdom in life that our descendants could be proud of it.

life experience

Confucius said, "Five out of ten, I am determined to learn; I am thirty years old; Forty without confusion; At the age of fifty, I knew my destiny; I am obedient at the age of sixty; I am still obedient at the age of seventy; I didn't cross the line. " This is Confucius' summary of all stages of his life.

Confucius lost his father at the age of 3 and moved to Kuili with his mother Yan Zhizai, where he was taught. When Confucius was young, he was "a child's play, forbidding the army as a gift." . When I was a child, my family was poor. 15 years old was determined to study. The dragon, on the other hand, became a "Commissioner" in charge of warehouses and a "farmer" in charge of cattle and sheep. He is open-minded and eager to learn, and has no regular teacher. According to legend, he invited Li to learn the truth of being a man from Changhong and the piano from the teacher. At the age of 30, he has become a well-known local scholar, and started a private school under his tutelage. Its ideological core is "benevolence", and "benevolence" means "love". He regards "benevolence" as the norm and purpose of benevolence, so that "benevolence" and "courtesy" can be used mutually. It is advocated that rulers should govern the people with virtue and treat others with courtesy, so as to reproduce the prosperous time of the Western Zhou Dynasty when "rites and music were conquered from the emperor" and realize their ideal of "great harmony".

When Confucius was 35 years old, he left because of civil strife in Lu. In order to get close, he became a vassal of the nobles of Qi State. The following year, Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about political affairs. Confucius said, "A monarch should be like a monarch, a minister should be like a minister, a father should be like a father, and a son should be like a son." Gong Jing appreciated it very much and wanted to use Confucius, but Yan Ying and Qi Xiang stopped him and had to give up. I want to return to Shandong as soon as possible, continue to learn knowledge and train my disciples. 5 1 year-old, served as the governor in the capital of Lu (now a local official in Wenshang West). The result of good governance is "one year, all directions follow". At the age of 52, he was promoted from Zhongduzai to an ordinary scout in Lu. In 500 BC (the tenth year of Lu), Lu and Qi joined forces in Oracle bones, and Confucius put forward that "those who have military affairs must have weapons and those who have military affairs must have documents". Trying to intimidate Lu Jun into submission, Confucius reprimanded him with courtesy, which saved national dignity, so that Qi Huangong had to agree to form an alliance to make peace and return Lu 'an and the three places to Lu. When Confucius was 54 years old, he was entrusted by Ji to take pictures. In order to improve the authority of the monarch, he put forward the idea of "reducing the three capitals" and restraining the three Huan (Dr. Lu San), but the result was opposed by the three doctors and failed. At the age of 55, the monarch and minister of Lu accepted the beauty presented by Qi, and indulged in debauchery all day long. Disappointed, Confucius abandoned his official position and left Shandong, leading his disciples around the world to find another opportunity to display his talents. During this time, he worked for more than 70 emperors, but nothing happened. In 484 BC (eleven years), Ji Kangzi of Lu listened to the persuasion of Confucius disciples and sent someone to pick him up from Weiguo.

Confucius returned to Shandong, although he was honored as the "old man of the country", but he was still not reused. Instead of seeking official positions, he continued to devote himself to education and document arrangement. He trained more than 3,000 disciples in his life, 72 of whom were proficient in six arts (etiquette, music, archery, imperial defense, calligraphy and mathematics). In teaching practice, a whole set of educational theories, such as teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, paying equal attention to learning and thinking, drawing inferences from others, inspiring and inducing, studying and teaching others tirelessly, and the learning attitude of "knowing what it is, not knowing what it is" and "not ashamed to ask questions", are praised by future generations. He deleted poems, wrote books, ordered rites and music, revised Chunqiu, and comprehensively sorted out China's ancient literature. Grow old together with Yi, and reach the realm of "Bian Wei's Three Musts".

At the age of 69, his only son Kong Li died. 7 1 year-old, Yan Hui, a favorite pupil, died of illness. Confucius was extremely sad and sighed: "Heaven has fallen! The sky is lost! " This year, someone caught a monster named Lin in Luxi and died soon. He thought that the appearance and death of Kirin, a symbol of kindness and good fortune, was an ominous sign of chaos in the world, so he stopped compiling the book Spring and Autumn Annals. At the age of 72, I was deeply saddened to learn that my son had died in a national disaster. The following year (479 BC), in February of the summer calendar, Confucius fell ill for 7 days and died.

The main words and deeds of Confucius' life were compiled by his disciples and his disciples into The Analects of Confucius, which became the classics of later Confucianism.

political career

Like Li Bai, Confucius had a bumpy political experience. Confucius was keen on politics all his life. He had the passion to serve the country and his own political opinions. However, the supreme ruler always takes a distant and respectful attitude towards him. He has only been in politics for more than four years. In these four years, he has done a lot of things and his position has been promoted rapidly. But after all, they parted ways because of their different political views with those in power. By this time, he was over 50 years old. Forced by the situation, he left Shandong and began a political lobbying activity that was later called traveling around the world. /kloc-running around in the middle of 0/4, many times in distress, almost killed. Although he was welcomed back by Lu, Lu did not use Confucius after all.

Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about various issues of governing the country and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but the doctor Yan Ying stopped him. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and his achievements were outstanding. He was promoted to a small ordinary, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos to take care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the Third Ring Road (the third-generation leader and uncle Heshi were called the Third Ring Road because they were three grandchildren), the state power of Lu at that time was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees), and Confucius took measures to reduce the Third Ring Road (that is, demolishing the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Later, the action of capturing the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and the Third Ring Road was also exposed. 13 years, Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Huan's family accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, when Lu offered meat to the doctors after the sacrifice in the suburbs, he didn't give it to Confucius as usual, indicating that Ji didn't want to hire him any more. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and began to travel around the world.

Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return.

In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. Doctors in Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.

Ideological characteristics

Confucius was an educator, thinker and half politician, but most importantly, he was a noble intellectual. He is upright, optimistic and enterprising, pursuing truth, goodness and beauty all his life and pursuing an ideal society all his life. His success and failure are related to his personality. His character has influenced China people for thousands of years, especially the intellectuals in China.

Angry and forgetful, happy and forgetful.

When Confucius was 63 years old, he once described himself like this: "You forget to eat when you are angry, but forget your worries when you are happy. I don't know that my old age is coming. " At that time, Confucius had led his disciples around the world for nine years and had gone through all the hardships. Not only did he not get the appointment of the governor, but he almost died. But Confucius was not discouraged, still optimistic, stuck to his ideals, and even knew that he could not do it.

Be content with poverty

Confucius said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me". In Confucius' mind, upholding justice is the highest value of life. When there is a contradiction between rich and poor and morality, he would rather be poor than give up morality. But we can't regard his peace and happiness as not seeking wealth, but seeking to maintain Tao, which is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Rich and expensive, people want what they want; You can't go anywhere unless you take the main road. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; If you don't take the main road, you won't go. " "Money is available, although there are many whips, I can do it. If you can't get it, just do as I say. "

Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching.

Confucius was famous for his eagerness to learn and showed great interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was very famous at that time, and was almost regarded as an omniscient saint, but Confucius himself didn't think so. Confucius said, "A saint cannot learn, but never tires of teaching." Confucius learned that there was no teacher. Whoever has knowledge and who doesn't understand will worship him as a teacher. So he said, "A threesome must have a teacher."

Follow the path of integrity-conduct integrity.

Confucius was upright in nature and advocated going straight. He once said, "I treat others, who will ruin my reputation?" If you are famous, you have to try. Simin also, the reason why the three generations went straight. "Historical Records records that Confucius asked Lao Tzu to be polite when he was in his thirties. When he left, Laozi gave a message: "Smart and thorough, close to death, considerate. Those who argue the broad masses are in danger, and those who are evil are also. A son should not have his own, and a minister should not have his own. "This is Lao Tzu's kind reminder to Confucius, and it also points out some shortcomings of Confucius, that is, he looks at the problem too deeply and speaks too sharply, hurting some people with positions and bringing great danger to himself.

help others

Confucius founded the moral theory with benevolence as the core. He is also a kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "A gentleman's adult beauty is not evil", and "Do your best until you die" are all his life principles.

Confucius' family background

The sixth ancestor of Confucius was Kong Fujia, a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He worked as a Fu and was killed in the civil strife in the imperial court. His son Mu fled to Lu to avoid genocide. From then on, Kong settled down in the city and became a Lu native.

Confucius' father is called Ge (a word, and Ge is a name), and his mother is called Yan Zhizai. Shu Lianggan was a famous warrior in Lu at that time. He made two military exploits and worked as a doctor in Qiaoyi. Shu married Shi first, gave birth to nine daughters and no children. He married another concubine and gave birth to a son named Bernie, also named Meng Pi. There was something wrong with Meng Pi's foot, and Shu was very dissatisfied, so he married Yan Zhizai again. At that time, Shu was 66 years old and Yan Zhizai was less than 20 years old.

Confucius gave birth to Kong Li, named Apollo, and lived for 50 years.

Kong Li, who was born with Confucius and Zisi, lived 62 years old. His works have the golden mean and become one of the Confucian classics.

Downloading in turn is:

Compaq, literally, lived for 47 years.

Kong Qiu, Zi Zijia, lived for 45 years.

Kong Ji, a Chinese character, lived for 46 years.

Through the hole, the word is high, and I lived for 5 1 year.

Kong Shen, who lived for 57 years, is from Wei Xiang.

Kong Fu lived to be 57 years old and was a doctor in Chen She.

My nephew Kong Xiang lived to be 57 years old and was a doctor in Hui Di, Han Xiao.

Kong Zhong lived to be 57 years old.

Kong Zhongsheng went down to Kong Wu.

Kong Wu gave birth to Kong Yannian and Kong Anguo.

Kong Anguo was the doctor of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Kong Anguo's son is Kong Ang.

Kong Ang's son is Kong Xiang.

Qufu "three holes"

Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Confucius Forest are world-famous. Confucius Temple is a place for offering sacrifices to Confucius. It was founded in 478 BC. It was very small, just a temple in the former residence of Confucius. After the Western Han Dynasty, with the continuous sealing of Confucius by emperors, the scale of Confucius Temple also expanded. Confucius House is a huge courtyard, which is actually not the home of Confucius, but the residence of his descendants. Kong Lin is the graveyard of Confucius and his family, covering an area of 200 hectares.

Confucius House: It is the place where descendants of Confucius' hereditary "Duke of Feast" lived for generations, and it is the largest mansion in China after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Now, Confucius House covers an area of more than 240 mu, with 463 halls, halls, buildings, pavilions and other buildings, which are divided into three roads: Zhonghua Road, East Road and West Road. East Road is the temple, West Road is the academy, and Middle Road is the main building. The middle road is bounded by the inner house, which used to be a government office. There are three halls and six halls (lobby, hall 2, hall 3, Guan Gou Hall, Baihu Hall, Zhiyin Hall, Library Hall, Jing Hall and Yue Hall). Behind it is the inner hall, the front building, the front hall building, the back hall building and five back rooms. Finally, the feast duke and his family visited Confucius' garden.

Confucius Temple: The building is magnificent and resplendent, and it is the largest place to worship Confucius in China. The year after Confucius' death (478 BC), Lu Aigong converted his old house into a temple. Since then, the emperors